Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

greek exam 3 > Exam 3 Ilardi > Flashcards

Exam 3 Ilardi Flashcards

1
Q

What is trauma?

A

Exposure to death, threatened death, actual.threatened serious injury, or actual/threatened sexual violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 ways people experience trauma

A
  1. direct exposure
  2. witnessing in person
  3. indirect exposure through a friend/relative
  4. Repeated indirect exposure to aversive details of the event (first-responders, paramedics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long do trauma symptoms need to past to become PTSD?

A

one month or longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of PTSD?

A

Intrusion
Avoidance
Altered Cognition/Mood
Hyperarousal (SNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

A

7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What percent of the population will experience some type of trauma?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What percent of the population who experiences trauma will develop full blown PTSD?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two stress hormones associated with trauma?

A

cortisol and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cortisol funciton

A

interference with memory consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Norepinephrine function

A

promoting the formation of new memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in PTSD, there is abnormally low/high levels of cortisol and NE?

A

Low cortisol= so no suppression of traumatic memory (you remember it)
High NE= memory imprint on trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 6 predictors of PTSD?

A
  1. genetic vulnerability (.3)
  2. neurological vulnerability
  3. lack of social support
  4. perceived severity of trauma
  5. use of physical violence in trauma
  6. DSM co-morbidity (2x risk with another diagnoses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the adverse childhood experience study?

A

evidence that childhood trauma can permanently change the brain-
3x more likely to develop PTSD.
2x more likely to become clinically depressed.
20x as likely to be suicidal
aversive event=unpleasant event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 5 treatments of PTSD?

A 
medication
CBT
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)
psychodymanic therapy
CISD?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medications for PTSD

A

antidepressant and anti-anxiety. Benzos=more likely to develop PTSD (suppresses cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CBT for PTSD

A

graded exposure to traumatic memories, processing trauma, and modifying beliefs (making sense of yourself and what happened by coming up with new scemas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EMDR for PTSD

A

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. exposure therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Psychodynamic theory for PTSD

A

talk therapy, gradual (freud!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CISD?

A

critical incident stress debriefing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (9)

A 
depressed mood
loss of interest/pleasure in activities
changes in sleep
change in weight/appetite
psychomotor retardation/agitation
loss of energy
excessive guild/worthlessness
concentration difficulty/ making decisions
thoughts of death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DMS requirements for major depressive disorder diagnoses

A

5 or more symptoms for two or more weeks (most of the day, everyday)
1 of the 5 must be depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure in activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Major Depressive episode=

A 
unipolar symptoms (go from OK to depressed to OK)
episode- major feature of MDD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is important when storing memories?

A

The mood state you are in at that time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lifetime risk prevalence of major depressive disorder

A

23%…..maybe closer to 50 now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how much has antidepressant use gone up since 1990?

A

more than tripled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many Americans are currently taking antidepressants?

A

1/9 americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Aneuresis describes what?

A

kids who wet the beds because of antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The risk of a child having a suicidal thought ________ when on antidepressants

A

doubles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

gender ratio of depression

A

2:1 F:M (1:1 during childhood and old age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the highest risk of onset age?

A

12-24 years (45-54 for women)=peri-menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the risk of relapse of depression? After 3 episodes?

A

80%…..90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What helps buffer against risk of another depressive episode?

A

social support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the cost of depression?

A

$50 billion a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Depression is the leading cause of __________ globally

A

disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

depression increases the risk of _________ because of inflammation

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many suicides are there per year?

A

30,000-40,000 (more if reported correctly…not because sparing the family)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How many suicide attempts are fatal?

A

1/10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how many suicides involve alcohol or other disinhibiting agents?

A

1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why do risk of suicide increase when the person starts to get better?

A

their energy level is up (they have the drive to actually pull the trigger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 4 elements of suicide risk?

A

Ideation 50%
intent
plan
means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the “contract for safety”

A

when people make a contract with a professional they says they wont end their lives during treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is involuntary commitment composed of? (3 things, but really 2)

A
  1. help person identify their reason to live

2. extenuate the cost of suicide

43
Q

what is social contagion?

A

by seeing someone else (high profile=celebrity) commit suicide it’ll increase the risk of someone who is suicidal to actually do it

44
Q

what is parasuicidality?

A

“self harm=seems like suicidal but isnt”

parallel to suicide but isnt. some just like the endorphins from cutting

45
Q

What are the 3 types of insomnia?

A

Onset- trouble falling asleep
Middle- trouble staying asleep
**terminal-waking up early and wont go back to asleep

46
Q

what percent of depressed individuals commit suicide?

A

4% 1/25

47
Q

what percent of suicide victims are clinically depressed?

A

85%

48
Q

what is the second leading cause of death in young adults and adolescents?

A

suicide

49
Q

what is the best psychological predictor of suicide?

A

hopelessness

50
Q

chromosome 17- serotonin transporter gene component

A

long or short
regulates how many serotonin transporters you have
long=more, short=less
serotonin= emotion response gene (mood), social drive, stress response

51
Q

(Neurobiology) what are the 3 neurotransmitter systems involved in depression?

A

Serotonin, social drive
dopamine, pleasure/rewards, goals, motivation
CRH- stress response protein- master protein!

52
Q

what releases CRH

A

hypothalamus

53
Q

(neuroendocrine) what are the hormones associated with depression?(3)

A

cortisol= stress hormone
estrogen/progesterone, testosterone=drop in mood
inflammatory hormones= shuts down stress response

54
Q

What is a supplement that bring down inflammation?

A

Omega 3s

55
Q

frontal cortex role in depression

A

reduction of left frontal cortex activity

56
Q

sleep with depression

A

less slow wave, more REM. bad. (terminal insomnia!)

57
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSRIs

1. Prozac=

A

fluoxetine

58
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSRIs

2. Paxil

A

paroxetine

59
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSRIs

3. Zoloft

A

setraline

60
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSRIs

4. Celexa

A

citalopram

61
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSRIs

5. Lexapro

A

escitalopram

62
Q

Depression drug treatments : SNRIs

1. Effexor=

A

venlafaxine

63
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSNIs

2. pristique=

A

desvenlafaxine

64
Q

Depression drug treatments: SSNIs

3. cymbalta

A

duloxetine

65
Q

short term recovery of SSRIs and SNRIs

A

25-35%

66
Q

what are the 4 ranges of depression?

A

mild, moderate, severe, very severe

67
Q

which range of depression showed the meds beating placebo?

A

very severe

68
Q

what is the STAR*D trial?

A

> 4000 patients, start on Celexa, keep trying new meds until patient recovers (<6% fully recover for 1 yr.)

69
Q

Tricycles

A

like SSRI but lethal overdose potential
imipramine/tonofranil
anitriptyline/elavil

70
Q

Atypical antidepressants (2)

A

Wellbutrin (bupropion)

Remeron (mirtzapine)

71
Q

wellbutrin

A

works on reward circuits of the brain
increases anxiety
can increase seizure likelihood

72
Q

St. John’s Wort

A 
herbal antidepressant (uses hypericum-increases serotonin signaling, anti-inflammatory)
cheaper than meds, less side effects
73
Q

Environmental mutations=

more modern=

A

humans used to live in hunter-gatherer conditions for 99% of existence
higher rates of depression

74
Q

Ancestral environment had less stress/depression because of these built in anti-depressant factors (6)

A
  1. aerobic exercise-goals (serotonin and BDNF)
  2. omega 3 fatty acids (anti-inflammatory)
  3. natural sunlight(vitamin D, reset body clock)
  4. sleep (8hr target)
  5. social connectivity/community (no cell phones)
  6. engaging activity vs. idle alone time (rumination)
75
Q

what is the most widely used procedure for any psyc disorder?

A

cognitive therapy (connecting how we think about things and how we feel about them)

76
Q

who invented CT? What was his research based on from other philosophers?

A

aaron beck
change mind=change life
cognitive modification=behavioral activation

77
Q

effects of CT long and short term

A

50-60% short term (same as meds)

long term- a little higher

78
Q

involuntary negative interpretation of events

A

automatic thoughts

79
Q

“all or nothing” thinking, gives rise to automatic thoughts

A

logical errors

80
Q

mental representations about our world, core beliefs

A

schemas

81
Q

Possible side effects of antidepressants (main 4)

A

anorgasmia/sexual response
emotional numbing
activation syndrome(aggression)
birth defects

82
Q

how more likely are people with bipolar disorder to commit suicide?

A

3x more likely (12%)

83
Q

What is mania?

A

elevated irritable mood, and increased energy/activity

84
Q

DSM diagnostic criteria mania

A

one week or more of elevated mood
(3 of these; grandiosity self esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, racing thoughts, increased goal directed activities, extreme distractibility, increase in painful activity that emits pleasure)
funcitonal impariment

85
Q

hypomania

A

symptoms of mania, just no functional impairment

86
Q

mixed episode

A

symptoms of both mania and depression= deadly

87
Q

Bipolar=

A

high and low of mania and depression

88
Q

Bipolar Type I

A

mania (with or without depression history)

89
Q

Bipolar Type II

A

hypomania (with depression history)

90
Q

Bipolar Type III

A

mania induced by drugs

91
Q

prevalences of bipolar disorder

A

4%

92
Q

what can trigger bipolar?

A

antidepressants, stimulants (psychoactive medications)

a bad life-style, sleep deprivation, light

93
Q

what percent of bipolar diagnoses are originally diagnosed with unipolar depression?

A

> 25%

94
Q

reduced life expectancy of those with bipolar disorder

A

9-12 years less

95
Q

% of people unemployed and on disability welfare who are bipolar

A

50%, 40%

96
Q

bipolar is an interesting link to:

A

creativity (divergent thinking)

97
Q

bipolar heritability=

A

.7 highest of any psych disorder!

98
Q

Causes of bipolar disorder

A 
genetics .7
first degree relatives
excessive amygdala activity (emotions)
super active dopamine circuits
left frontal cortex active
99
Q

What is the kindling hypothesis?

A

episodes of bipolar/mania are neurotoxic(brain damaging)- over time they get worse, and more severe, longer, and more easily triggered (like kindling a fire- the more you add the easier it is to light up)

100
Q

rapid cycling

A

over time episodes tend to occur more frequently together

101
Q

Treatments for bipolar disorder

A

mood stabilizing medicines
omega 3s
magnesium
kinda psychotherapy

102
Q

major mood stabilizing medicines

A 
lithium (30-50%) naturally occurring element in springs
depakote (30-50%)
anticomvulsants
antidepressants- equal to placebo
novel antipsychotics
103
Q

Magnesium significance in bipolar disorder

A

anti-manic, anti-anxiety, anti-insomnia

greek exam 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions