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Pathophysiology 2 > Exam 3 - high yield > Flashcards

Exam 3 - high yield Flashcards

1
Q

Astroglia? What does it make?

A

Connective tissue of CNS. Wraps around vessels and CNS. Makes BBB.

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2
Q

Oligodendroglia? In what disease?

A

Myelinates multiple neurons/axons. In MS.

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3
Q

Ependymal cells? What make?

A

Line ventricles. Secrete and absorb CSF.

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4
Q

Microglia? What job?

A

Signaling. Removes debris.

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5
Q

MS due to lack of which glia?

A

Oligodendroglia

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6
Q

Where Schwann Cells found? What do and what similar to?

A

In PNS. Myelinate 1:1. Similar to Oligodendroglia.

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7
Q

Define Gyri. Separated by?

A

Ridges/folds in cortex. Separated by Sulci.

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8
Q

Define Sulci

A

Groove between ridges. Folds of the cortex.

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9
Q

What to Gyri and Sulci increase?

A

Surface area

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10
Q

Define Fissure

A

Deep and large Sulci

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11
Q

White matter? Job?

A

Myelinated nerve fibers. Communicate between CNS regions.

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12
Q

Fasciculus? Connects what?

A

Bundles/tracts of fibers (white matter). Connect sensory input to motor output.

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13
Q

Commisures connect what?

A

Transverse connections between right and left hemispheres

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14
Q

Projection Fibers connect what to what?

A

Connect spinal cord to brain

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15
Q

Association Fibers connect what to what?

A

CNS to regions of cortex

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16
Q

Gray Matter? Arrangement?

A

Contain cell bodies and neurons. Arranged in columns.

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17
Q

Primary area job?

A

“Raw” individual sensory input or motor output

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18
Q

Secondary area job?

A

Gives meaning to primary sensory area

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19
Q

Association Area job? What provide?

A

Integrates sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experiences

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20
Q

Six lobes of brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular, Limbic

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21
Q

MCA supplies which lobes?

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal

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22
Q

Parietal lobe mainly involved what? Which artery?

A

Somatosensory. MCA.

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23
Q

Three main areas of Parietal Lobe? (BA numbers and names)

A

3,1,2=Somatosensory
5,7=Somatosensory Association (what in hand dominant, who in room non-dom)
39,40=Somatosensory Association for language and math (posterior Wernicke dom, musical speech non-dom)

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24
Q

Temporal Lobe mainly involved in what? Artery?

A

Auditory processing. MCA.

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25
Three main areas of Temporal Lobe? (BA numbers and names)
41=Primary Auditory Area 42=Auditory Association Area 22=Wernicke's (dominant); understand musical speech (non-dom)
26
Occipital Lobe mainly involved in what? Artery?
Visual processing. PCA.
27
Frontal Lobe mainly involved in what? Artery?
Motor function. MCA.
28
Six main areas of Frontal Lobe? (BA numbers and names)
``` 4=Primary Motor 6=Premotor 8=Frontal eye fields 10-12=Classic prefrontal area 9,46,47=Classic Motor Association 44,45=Brocha (dom), musical speech (non-dom) ```
29
Dominant Left Hemisphere involved in?
Usability, analytics, language. Aphasia
30
Non-dominant/right hemisphere involved in?
Creativity, design, 3D, art, music, intuition
31
Two main areas of Occipital Lobe? (BA numbers and names)
17=Primary Visual Area | 18,19=Visual Association Area
32
Area 4 job? Lesion causes? Lobe?
Frontal lobe. Primary Motor Area=contralateral voluntary movement Lesion=contralateral hemiparesis (spastic) or hemiplegia (total loss)
33
Contralateral hemiparesis (spastic) or hemiplegia (total loss) is associated with which area? Artery and lobe?
Area 4. MCA, Frontal lobe.
34
Area 6 job? Lesion causes? Lobe?
Frontal lobe. Premotor area, prepares and plans instructions. Lesion=Inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement. Contralateral Apraxia=unable to do learned voluntary movement
35
Define Contralateral Apraxia. Which areas, lobe, artery?
Unable to do learned voluntary movement. Area 6 Premotor and Area 9,46,47 Classic Motor Association. Frontal lobe, MCA.
36
Area 8 job? Lesion causes? Lobe?
Frontal lobe. Frontal eye fields. Conuugate/lateral gaze to opposite side to avoid double vision. Destructive Lesion=eyes deviate toward lesion Irritative Lesion=eyes deviate away from lesion
37
Destructive Lesion and Irritative Lesion cause what? Area, lobe, artery?
Destructive Lesion=eyes deviate toward lesion Irritative Lesion=eyes deviate away from lesion Area 8, frontal lobe, MCA
38
Dominant 44,45 function and lesion? Lobe?
Frontal lobe. Brocha's Speech Area for motor production of writing, speech, and signing. Lesion: Aphasia=can understand, can't speak Dysarthria=Difficult articulating words with tongue and mouth Dysphagia=Difficult to swallow
39
Aphasia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia due to lesions where? Area, lobe, artery?
Lesions on dominant 44,45 (Brocha's). Frontal lobe. MCA.
40
Define Aphasia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia
Aphasia=can understand, can't speak Dysarthria=Difficult articulating words with tongue and mouth Dysphagia=Difficult to swallow
41
Non-dominant 44,45 function and lesion? Lobe?
Frontal lobe. Produces pitch, tone, rhythm, and variation of speech. "Musical speech." Lesion=Motor Dysprosody=Can't produce pitch, rhythm, musical speech
42
Motor Dysprosodia due to lesions where? Area, lobe, artery?
Lesion in non-dominant 44,45. Frontal lobe, MCA. | No musical part of speech.
43
Area 10-12 function? Lesion? Lobe?
Frontal lobe. Classic Prefrontal Area. Appropriate social behavior. Lesion=Apathy, inappropriate social behavior, perseveration, poor focus, personality changes.
44
Apathy, inappropriate social behavior, perseveration, poor focus, personality changes due to lesion where? Which area, lobe, artery?
Lesion of Area 10-12 Classic Prefrontal Area | Frontal lobe, MCA.
45
Area 9,46,47 function? Lesion? Lobe?
"Classic Motor Association Area. Planning and behavior component of motor function; decide what to do. Lesion=Contralateral motor apraxia=impaired motor planning, impaired behavioral inhibition, impaired motor inhibition
46
Impaired motor planning, impaired behavioral inhibition, impaired motor inhibition lesion on which area? Lobe and artery?
Lesion of 9,46,47. Frontal lobe, MCA.
47
Define Akinetic Mutism. Due to what? Which lobe?
Due to bilateral frontal lobe lesion. Conscious but no motivation to move or speak. Frontal lobe.
48
Define Akinesia. Which lobe?
No movement. Frontal lobe.
49
Define Mutism. Which lobe?
No speak. Frontal lobe.
51
Define Dysarthria. Where lesion?
Difficultly in articulating words with tongue. Lesion dominant on 44,45 Brocha's.
52
Define Dysphagia. Where is lesion found?
Difficult in swallowing. Lesion on dominant 44,45 Brocha's.
53
Define Motor Dysprosody. Where lesion?
Can't produce musical aspect of speech. Lesion on non-dominant 44,45.
54
Define Agnosia. What area is lesion?
Loss of sensory input. Can't recognize object, people. Dominat 5,7 lesion
55
Define Astereoagnosia. What area of lesion?
Tactile amnesia. Can't tell what is in hand. Dominat 5,7 lesion.
56
Define Agraphesthesia. What area of lesion?
Can't tell letter or number drawn on skin. Dominat 5,7 lesion
57
Define Anosagnosia. What area of lesion?
Neglect. Unaware of who in room, unaware of own injury. Non-dominant 5,7.
58
Define Motor Apraxia. What area of lesion?
Decreased purposeful movement, impaired motor planning, impaired motor inhibition, impaired behavioral inhibition. Area 9,46,47.
59
Define Dyslexia. What area of lesion?
Impairment in fluency/comprehension with reading, writing, phonies. Dominant 39,40
60
Define Agraphia. Area of lesion?
Can't write. Dominant 39,40.
61
Define Acalculia. What area of lesion?
Can't write. Dominant 39,40
62
Define Finger Agnosia. Area of lesion?
Can't distinguish fingers. Dominant 39,40.
63
Define Sensory Dysprosodia. Area of lesion? (Hint: 2 areas)
Can't understand musical aspect of speech. Non-dominant 39,40, Non-dominant 22.
64
Lesion of 3,1,2 Primary Somatosensory causes?
Anesthesia
65
Lesion of area 8 Frontal Eye Field causes eyes to do what if destructive or irritative?
Destructive=Eyes toward lesion | Irritative=Eyes away from lesion
66
Seizure associated with lesion on which area? What type of lesion? What happens to eyes?
Irritative lesion on Area 8 Frontal Eye Field. Eyes deviate away from lesion.
67
Brocha Aphasia due to damage in which area?
Dominant 44,45
68
What area is referred to as "Posterior Wernicke's"?
39,40 Somatosensory Association for language and math
69
Which area is Wernicke's?
Dominant 22
70
Which artery supplies motor and sensory areas of lower body?
Anterior Cerebral Artery
71
Lower extremity contralateral hemiparesis/paresthesia and urinary incontinence due to occlusion/infarct of which artery?
ACA
72
Which artery supplies the lateral aspects of each hemisphere?
MCA
73
Occlusion of which branches of the MCA leads to Brocha's Aphasia?
Superior branches of MCA
74
Occlusion of which branches of the MCA leads to Wernicke's Aphasia and visual hemianopsia?
Inferior branches of MCA
75
Hemiparesis of apraxia, lower face, trunk, upper extremities, and horizontal conjugate gaze due to which artery occluding?
MCA
76
Post-concussion Syndrome starts at which month of symptoms?
3 months
77
What age range gets TBIs the most?
15-30
78
What are top two causes of TBI?
MVA, falls
79
Shear, tensile, compressive strain causing Primary TBI due to what type of injury?
Acceleration-Deceleration Injury
80
Initial injury at site of direct impact followed by injury of opposite site what type of injury?
Coup-Countercoup
81
Epidural Hematoma affects what types of vessels?
Arterial or venous
82
Subdural Hematoma affects which type of vessels?
Veins
83
Which brain bleed has highest mortality?
Subdural Hematoma
84
Subarachoid Hemorrhage most common region?
Posterior fossa
85
What is primary functional loss in Alzheimer's Disease
Loss and shrinkage of dentrites
86
Not being able to perform task like combing hair or using tool what type of apraxia?
Idoemotor Apraxia
87
Can't formulate idea for plan with multiple steps what type of Apraxia?
Sensory Apraxia
88
Perseveration, apathy, crap task focus due to which areas?
10-12
89
Inability to interpret significant of sound called? Due to?
Auditory Agnosia. Bilateral area 42 lesions.
90
Episodic Recall on which dominant or non-dominant hemisphere?
Non-dominant.
91
Semantic Recall on dominant or non-dominant hemisphere?
Dominant
92
Define Visual Agnosia?
Can't recognize object by sight. 5,7 dominant.
93
How many minutes for necrosis to start during a stroke?
20 min
94
"Shadow" on secondary site of ischemic stroke called?
Penumbra
95
Two types of hemorrhagic stroke?
Intrecerebral, Subarachnoid
96
Anesthesia due to lesion where?
3,1,2 Primary Somatosensory Area

Pathophysiology 2 (15 decks)

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