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Histology Exam 3 > Exam 3 Hematopoietic CT: Blood > Flashcards

Exam 3 Hematopoietic CT: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Normal blood volume

A

5L or 7% body weight

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2
Q

Fluid portion of blood

A

Plasma and Serum

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3
Q

Plasma

A

= serum + proteins

Protein carriers, antibodies, coagulation proteins, complement proteins, osmotic proteins

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4
Q

Serum

A

=mostly water and electrolytes

devoid of clotting proteins and cells
plasma-clotting factors

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5
Q

Cellular portion of blood

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

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6
Q

Blood in a test tube

A

RBCs settle to the bottom
Thin layer of WBCs
Plasma/serum at the top (largest portion)

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7
Q

Characteristics of Plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood; contains several different soluble molecules:

  • plasma proteins = 70% of solutes
  • Inorganic salts (NaCl) = 9% of solutes
  • Amino acids, vitamins, hormones, lipoproteins, carbohydrates = 21% of solutes
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8
Q

Plasma transports

A
  • nutrients (O2) to tissues and metabolic waste from tissues to kidneys
  • hormones for conveying cellular signals from distant sites
  • CO2 to the lungs for expiration
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9
Q

Plasma helps maintain the

A

acid-base balance of bodily fluids

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10
Q

Blood participates in regulation of

A

body temperature through conduction of heat from cutaneous vessels

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11
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, lipoproteins, complement proteins

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12
Q

albumin

A

creates osmotic force to “draw” water into the blood

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13
Q

Globulins

A

(alpha, beta, and gamma globulins)
-enzymes (alpha and beta)
antibodies for the immune system (gamma)

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14
Q

Fibrinogen (and clotting factor proteins)

A

provide coagulation of blood

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15
Q

Lipoproteins

A

transport mechanism for lipids/fats

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16
Q

Complement proteins

A

assist in immune system function

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17
Q

Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the

A

liver

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18
Q

Blood cells

A 
erythrocyte
leukocytes
agranulocytes
granulocytes
platelets
stem cells
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19
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell (RBC) - O2/CO2 transport

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20
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (WBC) - immune system (agranulocytes, granulocytes)

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21
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes (T and B cells), monocytes and macrophages

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22
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosionophils, basophils, mast cells

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23
Q

platelets

A

blood clotting

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24
Q

stem cells (bone marrow)

A

pluripotent cells capable of self-renewal to replace all blood cell types

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25
Q

Normal concentration of WBCs in Blood

A

3,900-10,800 cells/uL (mm^3)

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26
Q

Normal concentration of platelets in blood

A

150,000-400,000 cells/uL (mm^3)

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27
Q

RBCs normal concentration in blood

A

Female - 3.6-4.8 x 10^6
Male - 4.2-5.2 x10^6
*men have more RBCs than women

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28
Q

Stem cell differentiation

A
  • bone marrow consists of a pool of undifferentiated (pluripotent) stem cells
  • upon molecular signaling, stem cells become irreversibly differentiated cell types (ie: RBCs, WBCs, platelets - myeloid, lymphoid cells)
  • Stem cells that are recruited for differentiation are replaced by proliferation of other undifferentiated cells from the pool - process maintains a constant number of stem cells
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29
Q

Erythrocytes characteristics

A

filled with hemoglobin for transport of O2/CO2

  • mature RBCs do not contain mitochondria, ribosomes, or nuclei
  • under normal conditions, RBCs never leave the circulatory system

RBCs are flexible, which permits adaptation to irregular shapes and small diameter of capillaries

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30
Q

RBC Life span =

A

120 days

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31
Q

Old RBCs are removed by the

A

spleen

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32
Q

Hemoglobin Molecule characteristics

A

Composed of 4 protein molecules (2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains)
Each chain binds one O2 or CO2 molecule

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33
Q

Erythrocytes (Hb): Clinical Correlate - Sickle Cell disease

A

Inherited disorder of RBCs
Single AA mutation of the gene that produces hemoglobin
When deoxygenated, dysfunctional hemoglobin polymerizes abnormally,
Sickle-shaped RNC increases blood viscosity (can reduce or totally block blood flow through capillaries)

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34
Q

Normal range of Hemoglobin (gm/dL) Males

A

14-18

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35
Q

Normal range of hemoglobin (gm/dL) females

A

12-16

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36
Q

Normal range hematocrit (%) male

A

42-52%

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37
Q

Normal range hematocrit (%) female

A

36-48%

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38
Q

Reduced exercise capacity occurs at what hemoglobin range?

A

8-10

exercise cautiously

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39
Q

Reduced exercise capacity at hematocrit of

A

< 30%

40
Q

Light exercise recommended at hemoglobin

A

7-8 gm/dL light exercise if NOT SYMPTOMATIC

41
Q

Light exercise recommended at hematocrit

A

24-30%

42
Q

Hemoglobin value indicating not to perform activity

A

< 7 g/dL

43
Q

Don’t perform activity at hematocrit

A

< 24%

44
Q

Life span of neutrophils

A

6-7 hours in blood, and 1-4 days in connective tissue

45
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A
  • 1st line of defense against foreign agents
  • phagocytize bacteria and remove cell debris (die in area and release cell contents = pus)
  • increased number in the blood in the blood indicates a bacterial infection
46
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • pseudopodia surround microorganism (bacteria)
  • internalization into vacuoles called phagosomes
  • intracellular granules fuse with phagosomes
  • lysosomal enzymes (granules) destroy microorganism
  • free radicals are formed by PMN and are released to assist in killing other bacteria
47
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Microbe is detected
  2. Psuedopodia surround bacterium
  3. Bacterium is ingested forming a phagosome
  4. Fusion of lysosome and phagosome
  5. Digestion of the ingested material
  6. Release of digestion products from the cell - includes free radicals that are toxic to bacteria)
48
Q

Eosinophils characteristics

A

Filled with large granules that contain inflammatory mediator molecules

-and increased number indicates an allergic reaction or parasitic infection

49
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

Phagocytosis of parasites and viruses by recognizing antigen/antibody complexes on the foreign agents
-involved in allergic reaction (release molecules that increase vascular permeability and vasodilation)

50
Q

Basophils (mast cells)

A

release granules (histamine, heparin) associated with bodily reactions to allergens

51
Q

Granules released by basophils stimulate

A

Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

52
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

constricts airways

53
Q

Vasodilation

A

increase blood flow to local area

54
Q

Increased vascular permeability

A

creates local edema

55
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A 
B lymphocytes (B-Cells)
T lymphocytes (T-cells)
56
Q

Functions of Lymphocytes

A

immune system
-detect and destroy
invading microorganisms, foreign macromolecules, cancer cells

57
Q

B lymphocyte

A

provide antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)

58
Q

Activated B-cells become

A

Plasma cells

59
Q

Plasma cells

A

synthesize and secrete antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgE)

60
Q

Antibodies against microorganisms

A

IgM, IgG

61
Q

antibodies against allergens

A

IgE (bound to basophils/mast cells)

62
Q

Antibodies recognize

A

specific antigens on the surface of micro-organisms, cancer cells, and foreign molecule

63
Q

T-Lymphocyte

A

Provide cell mediated immunity

64
Q

T-cells recognize

A

Specific antigens on mico-organism, cancer cells, foreign cells, and damaged cells

65
Q

T-Cells bind to

A

pathogenic cells, viruses, cancer cells, and destroy them

66
Q

T-cells are responsible for transplant graft

A

rejection

67
Q

Killer T-Cells (Tk) function

A

Directly kill antigen or non-self cell by inserting a protein channel

68
Q

Suppressor T-Cells (T8 or Ts)

A

Reduce activity of T or B cells, i.e. limit immune response

69
Q

Memory T-Cells (Tm)

A

Activated during initial exposure, can activate quickly with re-exposure

70
Q

Lymphokine-producing T Cell

A

Produce lymphokines that further activate T, B cells, and macrophages

71
Q

T-Helper cells (T4 or Th)

A

Activate Tk and B-cells

72
Q

Monocytes

A

immature macrophages that exist within the circulation

73
Q

When monocytes leave the circulation

A

leave the circulation and differentiate into macrophages

74
Q

Monocyte functions (as macrophages)

A
  • phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and cellular debris
  • Activate lymphocytes by “presenting” antigens
  • Release cytokines and growth factors that direct inflammation and tissue healing
75
Q

Types of macrophages

A

2

Fixed and wandering

76
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Located in peripheral tissues/organs outside

77
Q

Wandering macrophages

A

circulate between blood and lymph fluid looking for foreign microbes

78
Q

Both types of macrophages serve to

A

recognize and phagocytize pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes

79
Q

Platelets

A

Non-nucleated, disk-like cell fragments formed from giant megakaryocytes

80
Q

Functions of platelets

A

blood clotting

  • repair gaps in walls of blood vessels
  • cell membrane of platelets contains glycoproteins which aid in platelet adhesion to vessel wall and to each other
81
Q

150,000-400,00 /uL platelet implications

A

normal

82
Q

50,000-150,000 /uL platelet implications

A

thrombocytopenia - moderate resistance exercise

83
Q

20,000-50,000 /uL platelet implications

A

light resistive exercise, walk, stationary bike

84
Q

<20,000 /uL platelet implications

A

no activity except ADLs and Ambulation

85
Q

<5,000 /uL platelet implications

A

No activity/bed rest

86
Q

Blood clot formation

A
  1. Damage to vessels stimulates platelet activity
    (platelets become “sticky when they come in contact with non-endothelial cells/molecules; platelets stick to walls of damaged vessel and to each other - make a platelet plug)
  2. Clotting proteins (fibrinogen) are stimulated by contact with damaged endothelium and non-endothelial tissue (enzymatic cascade results in conversion of inactive fibrinogen into active fibrin; fibrin “fibers” adhere to platelet plug and increase blood clot)
87
Q

Clotting Cascade: intrinsic pathway

A

stimulated by contact with extra-vascular tissue

88
Q

Clotting cascade: extrinsic pathway

A

stimulated by contact with damaged endothelial cells

89
Q

End result of clotting cascade

A

is formation of fibrin molecules that provide fiber network for clot - helps trap additional platelets, RBCs, and WBCs

90
Q

Blood clotting clinical application: Hemophilia

A

Sex-linked inherited disorders of blood coagulation

deficient or absent blood clotting factors

blood clotting is time prolonged; allows for pathological bleeding

patients can bleed severely after mild injuries; can result in fatal hemorrhage

91
Q

Blood clot removal

A

Plasminogen - blood protein that is trapped within a blood clot

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA or PLAT) - protein that is found on endothelial cells, enzymatically converts plasminogen into plasmin

Plasmin - dissolves the clot to restore flow through the previously damaged veseel

92
Q

Blood clotting: clinical application, tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

A

used on patients with an acute occlusion of coronary or cerebral arteries (CVA) due to embolic thrombus; dissolves clots and reduces time of ischemia; reduced ischemia reduces the overall cell/tissue damage that occurs; results in fewer deficits for patients

93
Q

Thrombi can form pathologically on..

A

roughened endothelial surface of a vessel due to: arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, infection, trauma

94
Q

thrombi reduce

A

blood flow through a vessel

95
Q

reduced blood flow through a vessel increases

A

coagulability of blood, promotes increased “growth” of clot

96
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

pathological thrombus formation within lower extremity veins

can break away from vessel wall (embolize)

97
Q

Embolized DVTs

A

follow circulation to pulmonary vessels (pulmonary embolus) and create lack of blood flow to lungs

Histology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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