Exam 3 HA Flashcards
Diastole
ventricles are relaxed and the AV valves are open. The pressure in the atria is higher than in the ventricles, therefore blood pours rapidly into the ventricles.
Systole
Blood has filled the ventricles and the ventricle pressure rises, closing the AV valves shut (S1 sound)
abdominojugular test
Position pt supine and instruct them to breathe quietly with their mouth open. Hold your right hand over the mid-abdomen and watch the level of jugular pulsation as you push in with your hand
Pulse deficit
auscultating the apical beat while simultaneously palpating the radial pulse
Jugular venous pressure:
Hold a vertical ruler on the sternal angle. Align a straightedge on the ruler like a T-square. Read the level of intersection on the vertical ruler; normal jugular venous pulsation is 2 cm or less above the sternal angle.
Aortic valve area
2nd right interspace
Pulmonic valve area
2nd left interspace
Tricuspid valve area
Left lower sternal border
Mitral valve area
5th interspace at around left midclavicular line
When does S1 occur?
It occurs with the closure of the AV valves; loudest at apex. Beginning of systole
When does S2 happen?
the closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole; loudest at base of heart
Arteriosclerosis
The thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries
Lift or heaves
forceful cardiac contractions that cause a slight to vigorous movement of sternum and ribs
Arteries
Carry freshly oxygenated blood away from heart
Veins
Carry blood to heart; absorb CO2 and waste products
Jugular venous pulse
backwash, waveform moving backward caused by regular cardiac cycle
Assessment of JVP
Use the angle of Louis as reference point
Use a vertical ruler and algin into a ‘T’
Must be at 2cm or less to be consider normal & you cannot not see the extension of the jugular vein
Person must be at 30-45 angle in supine position
What happens when JVP slows or speeds up?
Elevated pressure (<3cm @45degrees) = heart failure; must perform the abdominojugular test
Angina pectoris (ischmeic)
Pressurelike pain like tightening which lasts 3 to 5 mins and causes by activity & resolves with rest
Pericarditis (noniscmic)
Sudden sharp and stabbing pain often relived by sitting or leaning foward & worsen when laying down
Modified-allen test
adequate circulation is palmar blush, a return to the normal color of the hand in less than 7 seconds.
The Wells Score for Leg DVT
Score of 1 or 2= moderate probability of DVT.
Score of 3 points or more= high probability of DVT.
Lymphatic System’s functions
Conservative fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of capillaries
Participates in the body’s immune response
Absorbs lipids from the small intestines
Lymphatic system parts
Bone marrow, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, and Thymus
What does the clerical node drain?
Head and neck
What does the auxiliary node drain?
Breast and upper arm
What does the epitrochlear node drain?
Located at the antecubital fossa and drains the hands
What does the inguinal node drain?
located at the groin and drains the lower extremities, external genitalia and abdominal wall
Tonsil function
respond to local inflammation in the entrance of the respiratory and GI
Thymus function
develop T lymphocytes & B lymphocytes
Spleen function
1) destroy old red blood cells (2) produce antibodies (3) store red blood cells (4) filter microorganisms
Filtration
Fluid moves according to a pressure gradient– the pumping action of the heart pushes more fluid out of the capillaries than the venules can absorb, and the lymph vessels absorb this fluid
Diffusion
concentration gradient; free roaming bacteria, abnormal cells, and other matter
Atherosclerosis
Plaque buildup
Symmetric chest expansion
abnormal = asymmetrical and pain] & make a “w” with hands at the xiphoid process
Tactile fremitus
palpable vibration while the clients says “99” at 8 locations
Bronchophony
person states “99” [abnormal= clear sound ]
Egophony
person states “eeeee”[abnormal = you hear “AAAAA”]
Whisper Pectoriloquy
person states “one two three”[abnormal = clear sound ]
COPD
abnormal respiratory condition characterized by airflow obstruction
Emphysema
obstruction caused by the enlargement alveoli distal to the terminal bronchioles
Atelectasis
collapsed, shrunken and deflated sections of alveoli
Pleural effusion
abnormal fluids between the layers of pleura
Resonance
low pitch, clear, a hollow sound which is an indication of a healthy lung
Intermittent cladication
Muscular pain brought on by exercise
Raynaud phenomenon
Occurs in hands and feet as a result of exposure to cold, vibration, and stress
Assessing arterial deficit
The color should return in 10 seconds
