Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gen Path > Exam 3 - GI Pathology > Flashcards

Exam 3 - GI Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Oral manifestations of GI disease can:

A

precede the onset of lower GI disease
be present during the disease process and be similar to lower GI lesions
persist even after disease has resolved
reflect systemic alterations secondary to GI disease (malabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the secretions of each salivary gland.

A

Parotid - serous
Sublingual - mucous
Submandibular - mixed
Minor gland - mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What conditions result in inflammatory salivary gland lesions?

A

Sialoliths (stones)
Mumps
Sarcoidosis
Sjogren Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are symptoms of inflammatory lesions in the salivary gland?

A

dry mouth
swelling
pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are characteristics of Sjogren Syndrome?

A

Autoimmune disease
More common in females 4th-5th decades
dry mouth, dry eyes, keratoconjunctivitis sicca
intense lymphocytic infiltrate in salivary glands
increased risk for lymphoma (40x)
Parotid enlargement (unilateral/bilateral)
Can be primary or secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe primary Sjogren Syndrome.

A

People just develop the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe secondary Sjogren Syndrome.

A

Occurs when the person has another autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which salivary gland is most frequently affected by tumors?

A

parotid - 75% –> and 75% of those are benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of benign salivary gland tumors we are focusing on?

A 
Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor)
Warthin Tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the type of malignant salivary gland tumor we are focusing on?

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some increased risks of oral disease of someone with Sjogren syndrome?

A

increase caries risk (esp root caries)

increased candidiasis risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some characteristics of pleomorphic adenoma?

A 
most common neoplasm
60% occur in parotid gland
lobulated, firm on palpation
variably encapsulated
10% recurrence
may undergo malignant transformation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe characteristics of Warthin tumor.

A

occurs in the parotid gland
more common in males
10% are bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

A

most common malignant salivary gland tumor
affects parotid and minor salivary glands
May look bluish in color b/c mucin and cystic growth pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is mucoepidermoid carcinoma aggressive?

A

not usually, but can be if it occurs in the parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the normal epithelium of the esophagus?

A

light keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can cause the esophagus to be obstructed?

A

mechanical or functional issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of mechanical esophageal obstructions?

A

post-inflammatory fibrosis/stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are examples of functional esophageal obstructions?

A

discoordinated muscular contractions/spasms
diverticula
achalasia (lower sphincter doesn’t open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a vascular disease of the esophagus?

A

esophageal varices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe esophageal varices.

A

arise from portal hypertension
seen in 40% of cirrhotic pts (hepatitis or alcohol)
often asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What occurs if an esophageal varice ruptures?

A

massive hemorrhage or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is esophagitis?

A

inflammation of the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What extrinsic agents cause esophagitis?

A 
chemicals
iatrogenic (caused by medical tx)
infections
trauma
heavy smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are intrinsic agents that cause esophagitis?
GERD/reflux
26
What are iatrogenic agents?
caused by medical procedures: chemo, radiation, graft versus host disease
27
What type of people is esophagitis more likely to occur?
immunosuppressed pts
28
If someone had GERD/reflux, what are some oral signs/symptoms?
enamel erosion on lingual/palatal surfaces
29
What is Barret Esophagus?
alteration/intestinal metaplasia within the esophagus squamous mucosa (associated with GERD)
30
If someone had GERD, they are at increased risk for ______.
adenocarcinoma
31
Do patients with Barret Esophagus develop tumors?
No
32
What diagnostic features does someone with Barret Esophagus have?
extension of abnormal mucosa above the gastro-esophageal junction demonstration of squamous metaplasia
33
Barret Esophagus can be in short segments or longer segments. Which is associated with more risk?
long segment
34
Name the two types of benign esophageal neoplasms/tumors we are focusing on.
Leiomyoma (tumors of smooth muscle) | Mucosal polyps
35
What are the two types of malignant esophageal tumors/neoplasms we are focusing on?
adenocarcinoma | squamous cell carcinoma
36
What percent of esophageal neoplasms are malignant?
8%
37
Describe esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
caused by smoking and alcohol use more common in males (esp African American) 9% 5 yr survival (poor prognosis)
38
What region of the esophagus does squamous cell carcinoma occur?
middle 1/3 of the esophagus | most common worldwide
39
What are regional variations of squamous cell carcinoma due to?
diet (minerals, vitamins, nitrates, fungal contamination) environment genetics
40
What disease can result from squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus?
Plummer Vinson (iron deficiency anemia) achalasia esophagitis
41
Describe esophageal adenocarcinoma
Not as widespread as squamous cell carcinoma results from Barret esophagus more common in white males
42
What portion of the esophagus does esophageal adenocarcinoma occur?
distal 1/3 of the esophagus
43
What are some symptoms of esophageal adenocarcinoma?
dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), chest pain, weight loss
44
What is gastritis, and what are the different types?
inflammation of the stomach acute chronic autoimmune
45
Describe acute gastritis.
abrupt, transient | asymptomatic, epigastric pain, hemorrhage
46
What is the pathogenesis of acute gastritis?
cigarettes, alcohol, stress, ischemia, NSAIDs, aspirin, infection
47
Pathology of acute gastritis.
punctate hemorrhage erosion edema acute inflammation
48
What is the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori (90% of cases) autoimmune (pernicious anemia) acquired in childhood present in 85-100% of duodenal ulcers
49
Pathology of chronic gastritis
atrophic epithelium chronic inflammation intestinal metaplasia ulcerations
50
How do you treat chronic gastritis?
antibiotics | proton pump inhibitors
51
Why can chronic gastritis be autoimmune? What occurs?
Pernicoious anemia. | The body develops antibodies to intrinsic factors --> parietal cells
52
Is H. pylori gram negative or gram positive?
gram negative, curved
53
What contributes to peptic ulcer disease?
H. pylori NSAID use smoking
54
Pathology of peptic ulcer disease.
Gastric hyperacidity | recurrent ulcers w/ intermittent healing
55
Where do peptic ulcers typically occur in the body?
98% duodenum or | stomach
56
True or False: | If someone has peptic ulcer disease they are 10% (males) 4% (females) more likely to have lifetime risk of cancer.
True
57
What are some complications from peptic ulcers?
``` intractable pain hemorrhage perforation obstruction-edema fibrosis ```
58
What is an important structure contained in the small intestine?
Villi - increase surface area for absorption
59
What diseases are associated with small intestine malabsorptive diarrhea?
``` Celiac disease (gluten allergy) Tropical sprue (aerobic bacteria) Lactase deficiency abetalipoproteinemia (mono & triglycerides) ```
60
How common is Celiac disease?
1:100-200 people
61
What protein group do Celiac patients have hypersensitivity to?
gliadin
62
What occurs histologically in a Celiac patient?
Villi are blunted leading do decreased absorption
63
Treatment of Celiac disease.
Withdrawal of wheat gliadin and related proteins from diet
64
What might you see clinically in malabsorption?
anemia (B12, folate, Vit K deficiency) | Osteopenia, tetany, amenorrhea, infertility
65
If you have osteopenia/tetany what are you deficient in?
calcium magnesium vitamin D protein absorption
66
If you have deficiencies in vitamin A or B12 what occurs?
peripheral neuropathy | nyctalopia (difficult to see at night)
67
What are some oral manifestations if you have malabsorption?
atrophic glossitis (bald, red tongue) patchy dorsum overt tongue lesions - usually tender glossopyrosis (burning sensation)
68
Are there any villi in the colon?
No villi
69
What other histology do you find in the colon?
tubular crypts surface absorptive cells goblet, endocrine occasionally paneth cells in cecum and ascending colon
70
What is a polyp?
an extension into the lumen
71
What are the different types of colon polyps?
hyperplastic ( increase number of cells) inflammatory harmartomatous (increase in tissue normally at this site) adenomatous (neoplastic, tumor)
72
What is the most important predictor of malignant change in colon adenomas?
size; larger is more likely to be malignant
73
What shape can colon adenomas take?
tubular tubulo-villous villous
74
What gene is mutated in familial adenomatous polyposis?
APC gene
75
What is the percentage of penetrance for adenomas in FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis)?
90%
76
What types of extracolonic tumors is a person with FAP at risk of developing?
``` upper GI desmoid (connective tissue) osteoma thyroid brain, etc. ```
77
What feature in FAP may be present early on, in children?
CHRPE | congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium
78
If FAP goes untreated what percentage ends with cancer?
100%
79
What is Gardner Syndrome?
It is just like FAP, but with additional head and neck features
80
What types of extraintestinal features are noted in Gardner Syndrome?
epidermoid cysts jaw osteomas supernumerary and unerupted teeth increased odontomas
81
What is the second most common polyposis syndrome?
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
82
What is different about the polyps in Peutz Jeghers?
the polyps are not precancerous, but the patient is at increased risk for GI adenocarcinoma
83
What are some key features of Peutz-Jegher Syndrome?
perioral pigmentation non-sun dependent freckling around the lips/vermilion zone melanin deposits around nose, lips, buccal mucosa
84
What type of GI polyps are found in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome?
harmartomatous polyps which can cause intussusception (strangling of the bowel)
85
What surfaces does ulcerative colitis affect?
It is contiguous, non-transmural, and is limited to the rectosigmoid area and extends proximally.
86
What are the two types of ulcerative inflammatory diseases of the colon we are focusing on?
Crohn disease | ulcerative colitis
87
What surfaces does Crohn disease affect?
It is segmental ("skip lesions"), transmural, and involved in any portion of the GI tract.
88
Is ulcerative colitis often found in the oral cavity?
No, oral manifestations are rare
89
Are oral manifestations common with Crohn disease?
Yes they are frequently seen
90
What is the most common place to fine Crohn disease?
terminal ileum
91
What are some other pathological findings in Crohn disease?
thickened bowl wall "cobblestone" oral mucosal ulcer noncaseating granulomas
92
What are some pathological findings in ulcerative colitis?
mucosal ulceration | continuous pseudo-polyps
93
What is the pathology of oral lesions if they are seen with ulcerative colitis?
scattered, arc-shapped pustules on erythematous mucosa
94
What is the pathology of oral manifestation if seen with Crohn disease?
hyperplastic gingivitis contiguous ulcerations cobblestone mucosal ulcers granular lesions
95
What is the term used for the arc-shaped pustules on erythematous mucosa found in the oral cavity associated with ulcerative colitis?
Pyostomatitis Vegetans
96
What percentage of patients with ulcerative colitis develop arthritis in the TMJ?
10%
97
What is pseudomembranous colitis associated with?
C. difficile
98
What types of benign tumors of the stomach are we focusing on?
inflammatory reactive Leiomyomas
99
What areas of the stomach do leiomyomas affect?
smooth muscle
100
What malignant tumors of the stomach are we focusing on?
adenocarcinoma lymphoma carcinoid (neuroendocrine tumor) spindle cell tumors
101
What are the risks for gastric carcinoma?
diet genetics adenoma chronic gastritis
102
What determines the prognosis of gastric carcinoma?
depth of invasion and metastasis
103
Where can gastric carcinoma metastasize?
``` liver lung ovaries supraclavicular lymph node (Virchow's node) ```
104
What type of cells are present in gastric cancers?
signet ring cells
105
What are some small intestine tumors?
Benign: adenoma, leiomyoma Malignant: adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, sarcoma
106
What is the most common type of malignancy in the GI tract?
Colon adenocarcinoma
107
What are important indicators for prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma?
depth of invasion | lymph node metastases
108
What percentage of all cancer deaths is colon adenocarcinoma responsible for in the USA?
15%
109
What are risk factors for colorectal cancers?
``` high fat, low fiber diet over age 50 family hx of colorectal carcinomas IBD FAP family hx personal hx of adenoma/colorectal carcinomas ```
110
What classification system is used for colon cancers?
TMN classification
111
What does TMN stand for?
``` T - depth of tumor invastion * 1. submucosa *2. muscularis propria *3. subserosa or pericolic fat *4. contiguous structures N - lymph nodes M - metastasis ``` Higher stage = lower survival

Gen Path (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions