Exam 3 Gen Bio 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the purpose of the poly (A) tail?
A
-stabilizes the mRNA
-required for the ribosome binding to the 5’ cap
2
Q
What may increase mRNA stability in the cytoplasm
-it is needed for efficient splicing of the intron
A
5’ cap
3
Q
5’ cap
A
cap consists of extra guanine nucleotides linked 5’ - 5’ to the mRNA molecule
4
Q
Methylation
A
addition of methyl groups to the DNA molecule.
inhibits gene expression
“turn off” gene expression
5
Q
Acetylation
A
addition of acetyl molecules
enhances gene expression
“turn on” gene expression
6
Q
Activator: Cyclic AMP
A
protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription
7
Q
Alternative splicing
A
recombination of different exons
8
Q
Anaphase II (Meiosis II)
A
sister chromatids are separate from each other
9
Q
Anaphase I (Meiosis I)
A
- Microtubules of the spindle shorten
- Homologs separate from each other
- Sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres
10
Q
Binary fission
A
prokaryotic cell division process
11
Q
Bivalent
A
12
Q
cAMP
A
13
Q
CAS
A
14
Q
Cas9 (CRISPR)
A
a protein complex that binds with the crispr enzyme
15
Q
Central dogma
A
info from in one direction
DNA –> RNA –> proteins
16
Q
Centromeres
A
region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes
17
Q
Chiasmata
A
structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged
18
Q
Chromotid
A
single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere
19
Q
Chromosome
A
20
Q
Cofactor
A
21
Q
CRISPR
A
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
22
Q
Crossing over
A
exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism
Takes place in prophase 1
23
Q
Cytokinesis
A
24
Q
Daughter cells
A
25
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
26
Enhancers
segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene
27
Eukaryotic gene expression: Stages
28
Exons
sequence that will be translated
Stays inside and is not cut out
29
Fertilization
union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms
30
Frameshift mutation
caused by insertion or deletion of a single base
31
Self Q
Are Gametes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
32
Gametes
Egg cells and Sperm cells
33
Genes
the physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.
34
Glucose
35
Haploid
1 set of chromosomes
36
Homolog
- Each chromosome of a pair is a homologue.
- One homologue of each pair had to come from mom, and one had to come from dad.
37
Homologous chromosomes
Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father
38
Independent assortment
39
Intron
non–protein-coding intervening sequences
Cut out
40
Kinetochore
protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle
microtubules during prometaphase
41
Trp
series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells
42
Lac
operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose
43
Lactase
44
Lactose
45
Mediators
46
Metaphase II (Meiosis II)
chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
47
Metaphase I
- Terminal chiasmata hold homologs together the following crossing over
- Microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homolog, not each sister chromatid
- Homologues are aligned at the metaphase plate side-by-side
48
Methylation
49
mRNA (messenger RNA)
carries info from DNA that encodes proteins
50
miRNA
51
Missense mutation
52
Mutations
53
Negative control
54
Negatively induced
55
Negatively repressed
56
Nonsense mutation
create stop codon
57
Operator
region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells
58
Operon
collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells
59
Parent cells
60
Ploidy
61
PMATC
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokynisis
62
Point mutation
alter a single base
63
Polymerase
64
Positive control
65
Positively activated
66
Promoter
DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription
67
Prophase I (Meiosis 1)
Chromosomes condense
Homologous chromosomes pair
Recombinant chromosomes
68
Prophase II (Meiosis 2)
Nuclear envelopes dissolve
Spindle apparatus formse
69
What phase consists of:
- Chromosomes condense
- Homologous chromosomes pair
- Recombinant chromosomes
Cross over occurs
Prophase I
70
Proto-oncogenes
normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene
71
Repressible operons
72
Repressible operons
73
RISC
protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it
74
RNAi
RNA molecule inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules
75
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
structural component of the ribosome
76
Silent mutation
77
siRNA
are central to RNA inference
78
Sister chromatids
two identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication, attached to each other by a structure called the centromere
79
snRNA (small nuclear RNA)
Involved in pre-RNA splicing
80
Somatic cells
all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells
81
Introns are?
Non-coding regions
82
Splicing
process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA
83
Synapsis
formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I
84
Synaptonemal complex
protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover
85
Telophase I
- Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes
- Each new nucleus is now haploid
- Sister chromatids are no longer identical because of crossing over
86
Telophase II
87
Tetrad
two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I
88
Transcription
flow of information from DNA to RNA
89
Transcription Complex
90
Transcription factors
91
Transcription factors: General
92
Transcription factors: Specific
93
Translation
flow of information from RNA to protein
94
tRNA
carries amino acids to the ribosome from translation
95
Tumor-suppressor genes
segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division
96
Wobble effect
97
Zygote
98
Zygote
M
99
Clicker Question
Making protein using an RNA template is known as:
100
Clicker Question
DNA copying itself is known as:
101
Clicker Question
Making an RNA copy from a DNA template is known:
102
Clicker Question
During translation, the nucleotides of the mRNA are read in groups of three called:
103
Clicker Question
The specific order of codons read in mRNA during translation:
104
Clicker Question
DNA --> RNA --> protein
Central dogma
105
Clicker Question
Many amino acids are coded for multiple codons. This makes the code,
106
Clicker Question
Transcription proceeds through all these except which one?
107
Clicker Question
After charging the tRNA molecule, what end of the amino acid is attached to the tRNA?
108
Clicker Question
The amino acid Methionine uses the codon AUG. What would be the anticodon of the charged tRNA bringing it to the ribosome?
109
Clicker Question
A group of functionally related genes mostly found in prokaryotes is referred to as:
110
Clicker Question
You have grown E. coli on a medium high tryptophan. Describe what is going on at the level of the operon.
wc
111
Clicker Question
The presence of glucose negatively regulates the breakdown of glucose. T or F
112
Clicker Question
Methylation in gene regulation involves..?
113
Meiosis vs Mitosis
114
p-site
binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain
115
A-site
binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid
116
E-site
bind the tRNA that carried the last amino acid
117
The ribosome has two primary functions:
decode the mRNA
form peptide bonds
118
snRNP+ protein =
spliceosome
119
Crossing-over occurs during:
a. anaphase 1
b. metaphase 1
c. prophase 1
d. prophase 2
Prophase 1
120
Meiosis results in daughter cells that:
A. Have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell B. Are duplicated of the parent cell C. Are each clones of each other
D. Are clones of the parent
121
Genetic variation is enhanced by all of the following except _______________
a. independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase I
b. Crossing over during prophase I in meiosis
c. Process of mitosis of somatic cells
d. Random fertilization
122
coding strand
strand complementary to the template strand
123
3 codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) in the genetic code are used to terminate translation
Stop Codon
124
Start codon
(AUG) used to signify the start of translation
125
Degenerate
some amino acids are specified by more than one codon
126
What are the three steps transcription goes through?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
127
What are the steps for transcription in Prokaryotes
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
128
What are the steps for transcription in eukaryotes
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
129
Humans have ~20,000 genes which create > 100,000 proteins used by our cells. What process enables this evolutionary success story?
Alternative splicing
130
Initiation
- Promotor
- RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription
131
What are the main structural differences between RNA and DNA?
132
Elongation
Rna nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing RNA
133
Termination
- Terminator
- RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounter terminator in the DNA sequence
134
CRISPR is an acronym for Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats1/10 A. True
B. False
135
What may increase mRNA stability in the cytoplasm
-it is needed for efficient splicing of the intron
5' cap
136
what is the purpose of the poly (A) tail?
-stabilizes the mRNA
-required for the ribosome binding to the 5' cap
