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BSC 2010 > Exam 3 Gen Bio 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Gen Bio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the poly (A) tail?

A

-stabilizes the mRNA
-required for the ribosome binding to the 5’ cap

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2
Q

What may increase mRNA stability in the cytoplasm

-it is needed for efficient splicing of the intron

A

5’ cap

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3
Q

5’ cap

A

cap consists of extra guanine nucleotides linked 5’ - 5’ to the mRNA molecule

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4
Q

Methylation

A

addition of methyl groups to the DNA molecule.

inhibits gene expression

“turn off” gene expression

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5
Q

Acetylation

A

addition of acetyl molecules

enhances gene expression

“turn on” gene expression

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6
Q

Activator: Cyclic AMP

A

protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription

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7
Q

Alternative splicing

A

recombination of different exons

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8
Q

Anaphase II (Meiosis II)

A

sister chromatids are separate from each other

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9
Q

Anaphase I (Meiosis I)

A
  • Microtubules of the spindle shorten
  • Homologs separate from each other
  • Sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres
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10
Q

Binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division process

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11
Q

Bivalent

A
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12
Q

cAMP

A
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13
Q

CAS

A
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14
Q

Cas9 (CRISPR)

A

a protein complex that binds with the crispr enzyme

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15
Q

Central dogma

A

info from in one direction

DNA –> RNA –> proteins

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16
Q

Centromeres

A

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

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17
Q

Chiasmata

A

structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged

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18
Q

Chromotid

A

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

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19
Q

Chromosome

A
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20
Q

Cofactor

A
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21
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

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22
Q

Crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism

Takes place in prophase 1

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23
Q

Cytokinesis

A
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24
Q

Daughter cells

A
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25
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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26
Q

Enhancers

A

segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene

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27
Q

Eukaryotic gene expression: Stages

A
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28
Q

Exons

A

sequence that will be translated
Stays inside and is not cut out

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29
Q

Fertilization

A

union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms

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30
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

caused by insertion or deletion of a single base

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31
Q

Self Q

Are Gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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32
Q

Gametes

A

Egg cells and Sperm cells

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33
Q

Genes

A

the physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

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34
Q

Glucose

A
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35
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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36
Q

Homolog

A
  • Each chromosome of a pair is a homologue.
  • One homologue of each pair had to come from mom, and one had to come from dad.
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37
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

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38
Q

Independent assortment

A
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39
Q

Intron

A

non–protein-coding intervening sequences

Cut out

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40
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle
microtubules during prometaphase

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41
Q

Trp

A

series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells

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42
Q

Lac

A

operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose

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43
Q

Lactase

A
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44
Q

Lactose

A
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45
Q

Mediators

A
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46
Q

Metaphase II (Meiosis II)

A

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

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47
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Terminal chiasmata hold homologs together the following crossing over
  • Microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homolog, not each sister chromatid
  • Homologues are aligned at the metaphase plate side-by-side
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48
Q

Methylation

A
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49
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

carries info from DNA that encodes proteins

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50
Q

miRNA

A
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51
Q

Missense mutation

A
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52
Q

Mutations

A
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53
Q

Negative control

A
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54
Q

Negatively induced

A
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55
Q

Negatively repressed

A
56
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

create stop codon

57
Q

Operator

A

region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells

58
Q

Operon

A

collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells

59
Q

Parent cells

A
60
Q

Ploidy

A
61
Q

PMATC

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokynisis

62
Q

Point mutation

A

alter a single base

63
Q

Polymerase

A
64
Q

Positive control

A
65
Q

Positively activated

A
66
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription

67
Q

Prophase I (Meiosis 1)

A

Chromosomes condense
Homologous chromosomes pair
Recombinant chromosomes

68
Q

Prophase II (Meiosis 2)

A

Nuclear envelopes dissolve
Spindle apparatus formse

69
Q

What phase consists of:

  • Chromosomes condense
  • Homologous chromosomes pair
  • Recombinant chromosomes
    Cross over occurs
A

Prophase I

70
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

71
Q

Repressible operons

A
72
Q

Repressible operons

A
73
Q

RISC

A

protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it

74
Q

RNAi

A

RNA molecule inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules

75
Q

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

A

structural component of the ribosome

76
Q

Silent mutation

A
77
Q

siRNA

A

are central to RNA inference

78
Q

Sister chromatids

A

two identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication, attached to each other by a structure called the centromere

79
Q

snRNA (small nuclear RNA)

A

Involved in pre-RNA splicing

80
Q

Somatic cells

A

all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells

81
Q

Introns are?

A

Non-coding regions

82
Q

Splicing

A

process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA

83
Q

Synapsis

A

formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I

84
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover

85
Q

Telophase I

A
  • Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes
  • Each new nucleus is now haploid
  • Sister chromatids are no longer identical because of crossing over
86
Q

Telophase II

A
87
Q

Tetrad

A

two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I

88
Q

Transcription

A

flow of information from DNA to RNA

89
Q

Transcription Complex

A
90
Q

Transcription factors

A
91
Q

Transcription factors: General

A
92
Q

Transcription factors: Specific

A
93
Q

Translation

A

flow of information from RNA to protein

94
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids to the ribosome from translation

95
Q

Tumor-suppressor genes

A

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

96
Q

Wobble effect

A
97
Q

Zygote

A
98
Q

Zygote

A

M

99
Q

Clicker Question

Making protein using an RNA template is known as:

A
100
Q

Clicker Question

DNA copying itself is known as:

A
101
Q

Clicker Question

Making an RNA copy from a DNA template is known:

A
102
Q

Clicker Question

During translation, the nucleotides of the mRNA are read in groups of three called:

A
103
Q

Clicker Question

The specific order of codons read in mRNA during translation:

A
104
Q

Clicker Question

DNA –> RNA –> protein

A

Central dogma

105
Q

Clicker Question

Many amino acids are coded for multiple codons. This makes the code,

A
106
Q

Clicker Question

Transcription proceeds through all these except which one?

A
107
Q

Clicker Question

After charging the tRNA molecule, what end of the amino acid is attached to the tRNA?

A
108
Q

Clicker Question

The amino acid Methionine uses the codon AUG. What would be the anticodon of the charged tRNA bringing it to the ribosome?

A
109
Q

Clicker Question

A group of functionally related genes mostly found in prokaryotes is referred to as:

A
110
Q

Clicker Question

You have grown E. coli on a medium high tryptophan. Describe what is going on at the level of the operon.

A

wc

111
Q

Clicker Question

The presence of glucose negatively regulates the breakdown of glucose. T or F

A
112
Q

Clicker Question

Methylation in gene regulation involves..?

A
113
Q

Meiosis vs Mitosis

A
114
Q

p-site

A

binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain

115
Q

A-site

A

binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid

116
Q

E-site

A

bind the tRNA that carried the last amino acid

117
Q

The ribosome has two primary functions:

A

decode the mRNA
form peptide bonds

118
Q

snRNP+ protein =

A

spliceosome

119
Q

Crossing-over occurs during:
a. anaphase 1
b. metaphase 1
c. prophase 1
d. prophase 2

A

Prophase 1

120
Q

Meiosis results in daughter cells that:
A. Have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell B. Are duplicated of the parent cell C. Are each clones of each other
D. Are clones of the parent

A
121
Q

Genetic variation is enhanced by all of the following except _______________
a. independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase I
b. Crossing over during prophase I in meiosis
c. Process of mitosis of somatic cells
d. Random fertilization

A
122
Q

coding strand

A

strand complementary to the template strand

123
Q

3 codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) in the genetic code are used to terminate translation

A

Stop Codon

124
Q

Start codon

A

(AUG) used to signify the start of translation

125
Q

Degenerate

A

some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

126
Q

What are the three steps transcription goes through?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

127
Q

What are the steps for transcription in Prokaryotes

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

128
Q

What are the steps for transcription in eukaryotes

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

129
Q

Humans have ~20,000 genes which create > 100,000 proteins used by our cells. What process enables this evolutionary success story?

A

Alternative splicing

130
Q

Initiation

A
  • Promotor
  • RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription
131
Q

What are the main structural differences between RNA and DNA?

A
132
Q

Elongation

A

Rna nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA

133
Q

Termination

A
  • Terminator
  • RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounter terminator in the DNA sequence
134
Q

CRISPR is an acronym for Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats1/10 A. True
B. False

A
135
Q

What may increase mRNA stability in the cytoplasm

-it is needed for efficient splicing of the intron

A

5’ cap

136
Q

what is the purpose of the poly (A) tail?

A

-stabilizes the mRNA
-required for the ribosome binding to the 5’ cap

BSC 2010 (1 decks)

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