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BSC 2010 > Exam 3 Gen Bio 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Gen Bio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the poly (A) tail?

A

-stabilizes the mRNA
-required for the ribosome binding to the 5’ cap

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2
Q

What may increase mRNA stability in the cytoplasm

-it is needed for efficient splicing of the intron

A

5’ cap

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3
Q

5’ cap

A

cap consists of extra guanine nucleotides linked 5’ - 5’ to the mRNA molecule

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4
Q

Methylation

A

addition of methyl groups to the DNA molecule.

inhibits gene expression

“turn off” gene expression

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5
Q

Acetylation

A

addition of acetyl molecules

enhances gene expression

“turn on” gene expression

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6
Q

Activator: Cyclic AMP

A

protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription

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7
Q

Alternative splicing

A

recombination of different exons

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8
Q

Anaphase II (Meiosis II)

A

sister chromatids are separate from each other

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9
Q

Anaphase I (Meiosis I)

A
  • Microtubules of the spindle shorten
  • Homologs separate from each other
  • Sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres
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10
Q

Binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division process

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11
Q

Bivalent

A
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12
Q

cAMP

A
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13
Q

CAS

A
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14
Q

Cas9 (CRISPR)

A

a protein complex that binds with the crispr enzyme

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15
Q

Central dogma

A

info from in one direction

DNA –> RNA –> proteins

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16
Q

Centromeres

A

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

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17
Q

Chiasmata

A

structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged

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18
Q

Chromotid

A

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

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19
Q

Chromosome

A
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20
Q

Cofactor

A
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21
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

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22
Q

Crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism

Takes place in prophase 1

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23
Q

Cytokinesis

A
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24
Q

Daughter cells

A
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25
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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26
Q

Enhancers

A

segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene

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27
Q

Eukaryotic gene expression: Stages

A
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28
Q

Exons

A

sequence that will be translated
Stays inside and is not cut out

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29
Q

Fertilization

A

union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms

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30
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

caused by insertion or deletion of a single base

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31
Q

Self Q

Are Gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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32
Q

Gametes

A

Egg cells and Sperm cells

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33
Q

Genes

A

the physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

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34
Q

Glucose

A
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35
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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36
Q

Homolog

A
  • Each chromosome of a pair is a homologue.
  • One homologue of each pair had to come from mom, and one had to come from dad.
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37
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

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38
Q

Independent assortment

A
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39
Q

Intron

A

non–protein-coding intervening sequences

Cut out

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40
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle
microtubules during prometaphase

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41
Q

Trp

A

series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells

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42
Q

Lac

A

operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose

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43
Q

Lactase

A
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44
Q

Lactose

A
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45
Q

Mediators

A
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46
Q

Metaphase II (Meiosis II)

A

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

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47
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Terminal chiasmata hold homologs together the following crossing over
  • Microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homolog, not each sister chromatid
  • Homologues are aligned at the metaphase plate side-by-side
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48
Q

Methylation

A
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49
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

carries info from DNA that encodes proteins

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50
Q

miRNA

A
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51
Q

Missense mutation

A
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52
Q

Mutations

A
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53
Q

Negative control

A
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54
Q

Negatively induced

A
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55
Q

Negatively repressed

56
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

create stop codon

57
Q

Operator

A

region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells

58
Q

Operon

A

collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells

59
Q

Parent cells

60
Q

Ploidy

61
Q

PMATC

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokynisis

62
Q

Point mutation

A

alter a single base

63
Q

Polymerase

64
Q

Positive control

65
Q

Positively activated

66
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription

67
Q

Prophase I (Meiosis 1)

A

Chromosomes condense
Homologous chromosomes pair
Recombinant chromosomes

68
Q

Prophase II (Meiosis 2)

A

Nuclear envelopes dissolve
Spindle apparatus formse

69
Q

What phase consists of:

  • Chromosomes condense
  • Homologous chromosomes pair
  • Recombinant chromosomes
    Cross over occurs
A

Prophase I

70
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

71
Q

Repressible operons

72
Q

Repressible operons

73
Q

RISC

A

protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it

74
Q

RNAi

A

RNA molecule inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules

75
Q

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

A

structural component of the ribosome

76
Q

Silent mutation

77
Q

siRNA

A

are central to RNA inference

78
Q

Sister chromatids

A

two identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication, attached to each other by a structure called the centromere

79
Q

snRNA (small nuclear RNA)

A

Involved in pre-RNA splicing

80
Q

Somatic cells

A

all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells

81
Q

Introns are?

A

Non-coding regions

82
Q

Splicing

A

process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA

83
Q

Synapsis

A

formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I

84
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover

85
Q

Telophase I

A
  • Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes
  • Each new nucleus is now haploid
  • Sister chromatids are no longer identical because of crossing over
86
Q

Telophase II

87
Q

Tetrad

A

two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I

88
Q

Transcription

A

flow of information from DNA to RNA

89
Q

Transcription Complex

90
Q

Transcription factors

91
Q

Transcription factors: General

92
Q

Transcription factors: Specific

93
Q

Translation

A

flow of information from RNA to protein

94
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids to the ribosome from translation

95
Q

Tumor-suppressor genes

A

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

96
Q

Wobble effect

97
Q

Zygote

98
Q

Zygote

99
Q

Clicker Question

Making protein using an RNA template is known as:

100
Q

Clicker Question

DNA copying itself is known as:

101
Q

Clicker Question

Making an RNA copy from a DNA template is known:

102
Q

Clicker Question

During translation, the nucleotides of the mRNA are read in groups of three called:

103
Q

Clicker Question

The specific order of codons read in mRNA during translation:

104
Q

Clicker Question

DNA –> RNA –> protein

A

Central dogma

105
Q

Clicker Question

Many amino acids are coded for multiple codons. This makes the code,

106
Q

Clicker Question

Transcription proceeds through all these except which one?

107
Q

Clicker Question

After charging the tRNA molecule, what end of the amino acid is attached to the tRNA?

108
Q

Clicker Question

The amino acid Methionine uses the codon AUG. What would be the anticodon of the charged tRNA bringing it to the ribosome?

109
Q

Clicker Question

A group of functionally related genes mostly found in prokaryotes is referred to as:

110
Q

Clicker Question

You have grown E. coli on a medium high tryptophan. Describe what is going on at the level of the operon.

111
Q

Clicker Question

The presence of glucose negatively regulates the breakdown of glucose. T or F

112
Q

Clicker Question

Methylation in gene regulation involves..?

113
Q

Meiosis vs Mitosis

114
Q

p-site

A

binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain

115
Q

A-site

A

binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid

116
Q

E-site

A

bind the tRNA that carried the last amino acid

117
Q

The ribosome has two primary functions:

A

decode the mRNA
form peptide bonds

118
Q

snRNP+ protein =

A

spliceosome

119
Q

Crossing-over occurs during:
a. anaphase 1
b. metaphase 1
c. prophase 1
d. prophase 2

A

Prophase 1

120
Q

Meiosis results in daughter cells that:
A. Have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell B. Are duplicated of the parent cell C. Are each clones of each other
D. Are clones of the parent

121
Q

Genetic variation is enhanced by all of the following except _______________
a. independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase I
b. Crossing over during prophase I in meiosis
c. Process of mitosis of somatic cells
d. Random fertilization

122
Q

coding strand

A

strand complementary to the template strand

123
Q

3 codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) in the genetic code are used to terminate translation

A

Stop Codon

124
Q

Start codon

A

(AUG) used to signify the start of translation

125
Q

Degenerate

A

some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

126
Q

What are the three steps transcription goes through?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

127
Q

What are the steps for transcription in Prokaryotes

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

128
Q

What are the steps for transcription in eukaryotes

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

129
Q

Humans have ~20,000 genes which create > 100,000 proteins used by our cells. What process enables this evolutionary success story?

A

Alternative splicing

130
Q

Initiation

A
  • Promotor
  • RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription
131
Q

What are the main structural differences between RNA and DNA?

132
Q

Elongation

A

Rna nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA

133
Q

Termination

A
  • Terminator
  • RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounter terminator in the DNA sequence
134
Q

CRISPR is an acronym for Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats1/10 A. True
B. False

135
Q

What may increase mRNA stability in the cytoplasm

-it is needed for efficient splicing of the intron

136
Q

what is the purpose of the poly (A) tail?

A

-stabilizes the mRNA
-required for the ribosome binding to the 5’ cap

BSC 2010 (1 decks)

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