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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Exam 3 functions and important knowledge > Flashcards

Exam 3 functions and important knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

buccal papillae

A

sensory structures that allow lamprey to position

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2
Q

teeth on oral disk

A

cornified epidermis; not homologous with teeth on other veterbrates

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3
Q

rasping teeth on tongue

A

gorges hole in hosts body

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4
Q

naris (lamprey)

A

brings water into the oral cavity

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5
Q

“Esophagus” (lamprey )

A

anterior part of intestine (consider lack of regionalization)
dorsal opening of oral cavity

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6
Q

respiratory tube (lamprey)

A

posterior part of oral cavity. Water moves in pharynx and out pharyngeal slits

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7
Q

velum (lamprey)

A

flap that can close the pharynx

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8
Q

What structures on the gills stop food from escaping as water is pushed through pharyngeal slits.

A

branchial arch lamellae and gill rakers

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9
Q

spiracle

A

allows water to enter pharynx

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10
Q

function of the mouth and naris in cat

A

bring food, water, and air into the oral cavity.

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11
Q

what are the advantages of a heterodont dentition?

A

all teeth have a different function

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12
Q

Why is the soft palate soft? Why is the hard palate hard?

A

Bone; muscle

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13
Q

secondary palate (cat)

A

separates air coming in through the naris from the rest of the oral cavity

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14
Q

location of oropharynx (cat)

A

posterior section of oral cavity

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15
Q

how is the nasopharynx separated from the orophraynx?

A

soft palate

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16
Q

how is the oropharynx separated from the laryngopharynx?

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

epiglottis

A
  • separates laryngopharynx from orapharynx

* may fold posteriorly to close off the trachea (ventral) while keeping esophagus (dorsal) open

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18
Q

respiratory tube (lamprey)

A 
Blind sac (i.e. it goes back as far as the last pharyngeal slit and the terminates)
Water passes through oral cavity and respiratory tube and out through pharyngeal slits.
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19
Q

How many pharyngeal slits does the lamprey have?

A

seven gill slits

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20
Q

why does the shark have fewer pharyngeal slits than lamprey

A

the first pair of gill slits have been modified into jaws

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21
Q

How does a lamprey deal with needing to breathe while feeding?

A

the velum closes off the respiratory tube and water is pulled in and pushed out through the pharyngeal slits

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22
Q

branchial basket

A

cartilagenous; supports lamprey’s respiratory structures.

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23
Q

location of interbranchial septa (shark)

A

lies between each pharyngeal slit

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24
Q

what are holobranch gills?

A

“complete gills” have lamellae on posterior and anterior surfaces

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25
Q

what are hemibranch gills?

A

only has lamellae on one side

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26
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the shark?

A

primary gill lamellae

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27
Q

How does the shark use primary gill lamellae to breathe?

A

water is forced over the gill lamellae, which has capillaries within

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28
Q

What muscles are attached to interbranchial septa?

A

branchial adductors and and interbranchial muscle

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29
Q

What is the path of branching of the trachea in cat?

A

right/left primary bronchii

  • secondary bronchii
  • -tertiary bronchii
  • –bronchioles
  • —alveoli
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30
Q

location of phrenic nerve

A

dorsal to heart and “on top” of diaphragm

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31
Q

diaphragm in cat

A

contraction and relaxation brings in and forces out air

increases space into pleural cavity

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32
Q

location of vagus nerve

A

runs along trachea

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33
Q

esophagus location (lamprey)

A

immediately anterior to intestine

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34
Q

intestine location (lamprey)

A

posterior to esophagus

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35
Q

parietal peritoneum (lamprey)

A

lines body cavity

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36
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

lines viscera

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37
Q

What are the two divisions of the coelom in sharks?

A

pericardial cavity

pleuroperitneal cavity

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38
Q

mesentery

A

attaches organ to body wall

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39
Q

mesentary (shark) that connects stomachs or intestines to the dorsal region

A

greater omentum/ mesogaster

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40
Q

papillae and rugae

A

papillae in esophagus

rugae in stomach

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41
Q

two coeloms in cat

A

thoracic

abdominopelvic

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42
Q

(cat) what separates the thoracic and abdiminopelvic cavities?

A

diaphragm

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43
Q

(shark)pyloric region of stomach

A

first constriction of stomach

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44
Q

(shark) pylorus

A

second constriction of stomach just before intestine

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45
Q

(shark) pyloric sphincter

A

muscular ring within pylorus that can restrict and relax to mediate the amount of food that can enter the duodenum

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46
Q

(sharks) reason for evolution of the stomach

A

allowed shark to gorge on food when it was available, but allows reserves when food is scarce

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47
Q

(cat) two types of pleura in thoracic cavity; serous epithelium

A

parietal and visceral pleura; secrete lubricating fluid

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48
Q

greater omentum (technichally omental bursa)

A

serous tissue, i guess

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49
Q

rugae

A

expand surface area and absorb nutrients slowly

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50
Q

(lamprey ) gall bladder

A

present in larvae but not adults

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51
Q

liver in lamprey location

A

large structure anterior within coelom

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52
Q

(shark) liver

A

filtration
bile production
oil that reduces sharks specific gravity and assists in buoyancy

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53
Q

(shark) falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to the ventral body wall

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54
Q

(shark) gastohepatoduodenal ligament (lesser omentum)

A

holds together hepatic portal vein, bile duct, and other vessels

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55
Q

(shark) hepatic portal vein

A

transporting nutrients absorbed from food and stomach to the liver

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56
Q

(shark) hepatic ducts

A

transport bile from liver to gall bladder

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57
Q

(shark) bile ducts

A

transport bile from gall bladder to duodenum

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58
Q

gall bladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

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59
Q

(cat) liver

A

bile production

filtration

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60
Q

(cat) falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to ventral body wall

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61
Q

(cat) lesser omentum

A

connects liver to stomach

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62
Q

(cat) hepatic ducts

A

drain bile from liver and join up with cystic ducts

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63
Q

(cat) cystic ducts

A

empty gall bladder

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64
Q

(cat) common bile duct

A

joining of cystic duct and common bile duct to empty into duondenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla

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65
Q

(cat) hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

sphincter at the end of the common bile duct where it empites into duodenum

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66
Q

(cat) Hepatoduodenal ligament

A

holds together hepatic ducts, cystic ducts, common bile duct.

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67
Q

Does a lamprey have a spleen or pancreas?

A

No. Particular cells within the liver and intenstine produce similar chemicals to the pancreas

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68
Q

spleen

A

filters blood an acts as a resivoir for red blood cells

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69
Q

exocrine tissues

A

produce digestive enzymes and buffer solution

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70
Q

endocrine tissues

A

produce insulin and glucagon hormones

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71
Q

pancreas

A

produces exocrine and endocrine tissues.

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72
Q

What do insulin and glucagon do?

A

regulate blood sugar levels

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73
Q

(lamprey) intestine

A

major site of nutrient absorption and water absorption

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74
Q

(lamprey) typhosole

A

prominent fold within intestine; longitudinal ridge

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75
Q

ally make sure your sketchbook has lamprey urogential

A
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76
Q

(shark) digitiform gland

A

secretes highly concentrated sodium chloride out of the body

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77
Q

(shark) spiral valve (within valvular intestine)

A

increases internal surface area of intestine

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78
Q

(cat) small intestine components

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

79
Q

(cat) small intestine

A

major site of nutrient absorption and water absorption

80
Q

(cat) ileocecal valve

A

separates ileum from large intestine

prevents backflow from large intestine into the ileum

81
Q

(cat) large intestine

A

absorption of water and fermentation of food

82
Q

(cat) cecum

A

proximal potion of large intestine

where most fermentation takes place

83
Q

(lamprey) gonads

A

single structure that runs throughout pleuroperitoneal cavity alongside intestine

84
Q

(lamprey) gametes are shed

A

directly into the body cavity and simply “float around” as they find their way to the posterior end

85
Q

(lamprey) urogenital sinus (within urinary papilla)

A

exit of gametes (external fertilization) from the posterior end of body

exit of filtrate

86
Q

(lamprey) kidney

A

filter blood plasma and filtrate is drained into the archenephric duct

87
Q

(lamprey) archenephric duct

A

drains from kindey out of body

88
Q

(shark) testes

A

paired structures behind liver where sperm is produced

89
Q

(shark) location of kidneys

A

retroperitoneal along dorsal side of body cavity

90
Q

(shark) mesorchium

A

a broad ligament that attaches each testis to the pleuroperitoneal walls

91
Q

(shark) efferent ductules

A

run through mesorchium from testis to epididymus

92
Q

(shark) epididymus

A

dorsal to plueroperitoneal wall, anterior to kidneys

93
Q

(male shark) kidney (anterior portion aka Leydig’s gland)

A

produces secretions that assist in the transportation of sperm in arcenephric duct

94
Q

(male shark) arcenephric duct

A

where secretions from Leydig’s gland and sperm mix.
Travels posteriorly ventral to kidney
becomes seminal vesicle just before cloaca

95
Q

(shark) seminal vesicle

A

from arcenephric duct into sperm sac

96
Q

(male shark) sperm sacs

A

right by cloaca

empty into urogential papilla

97
Q

(male shark) accessory urinary duct

A

drains filtrate from kidneys, passes to urogenital papilla

98
Q

(female shark) mesovarium

A

connects each ovary to the pleuroperitoneal wall

99
Q

(female shark) ostium tubae

A

through which eggs travel through body cavity

opening to oviduct

100
Q

(female shark) arcenephic ducts

A

drain kidneys to urinary papilla

101
Q

(female shark) urinary papilla

A

emptying of arcenephric ducts

102
Q

(female shark) uterus

A

where pups develop and then are birthed through paired openings

103
Q

(female shark) oviduct

A

run from ostium tubae to uterus

104
Q

(female shark) falciform ligament

A

connects liver to ventral wall

oviducts run to

105
Q

(male shark) hook and clasper

A

pelvic fins that deliver sperm from male to female in internal fertilization

106
Q

(cat) renal capsule

A

thin membrane that surrounds kidney

107
Q

(cat) renal pyramid

A

each collecting duct travels down a renal pyramid

108
Q

(cat) renal papilla

A

renal pyramid-renal papilla-renal pelvis

109
Q

(cat) renal cortex v. renal medulla

A
110
Q

(cat) renal pelvis

A

renal pyramid–renal papilla–renal pelvis–empties into ureter

“empty area” everything drains into before ureter

111
Q

(cat) ureter

A

leaves kidney and travels to urinary bladder

112
Q

(cat) urinary bladder

A

stores filtrate

113
Q

(cat) urethra

A

between urinary bladder and urogenital sinus

114
Q

(male cat) scrotum

A

houses testes
sac that allows sperm to develop at an optimal temperature that is lower than the high body temp maintained by many mammals

115
Q

(male cat) cremasteric pouch

A

homologous to mesorchium

ligament like pouch that houses each testis

116
Q

(male cat) gubernaculum

A

connects cremasteric pouch to scrotum (shortening=pulling testis futher away)

117
Q

(male cat) epididymus

A

runs along testis

sperm is produced within the testis and moves into epididymus

118
Q

(male cat) inguinal canal

A

epididymus travels back into peritoneal body cavity

119
Q

(male cat) vas deferens

A

epididymus in body cavity, after inguinal canal

120
Q

(male cat) testicular artery and testicular vein

A

run alongside vas deferens and deliver blood to and from kidney

121
Q

(male cat) spermatic cord

A

wraps vas deferens, testicular artery, and testicular vein as they pass through inguinal canal

122
Q

(male cat) prostate and bulborethral gland

A

produce seminal fluid that assists in the transportation of sperm

123
Q

(male cat) urogenital opening

A

sperm pass from vas deferends and leave body via urogenital opening

124
Q

(male cat) penis

A

specialized structure assists in delivering sperm from male to female

125
Q

(male cat) baculum

A

bone within penis that aids in maintaining erection

126
Q

(female cat) ostium tubae

A

opening to infundibulum

127
Q

(female cat) fimbrae

A

“fingers” at beginning of infundibulum that help “catching” eggs

128
Q

(female cat) infundibulum

A

the very beginning of the tube, just past ostium tubae

129
Q

(female cat) uterine tube

A

after infundibulum wraps around ovary; narrowed tube for egg to pass through

130
Q

(female cat) uterine horn

A

infundibulum–uterine tube–uterine horn

posterior to ovary, enlarged greatly

eggs attach to wall of uterine horn and this is where they will develop if fertilized

131
Q

(female cat) uterus

A

joining of each uterine horn

132
Q

(female cat) suspensory ligament

A

holds ovary to the anterior region of the cat

133
Q

(female cat) broad ligament

A

mesometrium and mesovarim

134
Q

(female cat) mesovarium

A

medial side of uterine horn and uterus

135
Q

(female cat) mesometrium

A

lateral side of ovarian horn and ovary

136
Q

(female cat) ovarian ligament

A

connects ovary to uterine tube and uterine horn

137
Q

(female cat)vagina

A

from uterus into vagina

138
Q

(female cat) cervix

A

pinch point between uterus and vagina

139
Q

(female cat) external urethral orifice

A

where urethra empties into the distal end of the vagina

140
Q

(female cat) urogenital sinus

A

distal to external urogenital orifice

where urinary and reproductive system will pass before leaving body

141
Q

(female cat) clitoris

A

on distal end of urogenital sinus

142
Q

(female cat) buabellum

A

small clitoral bone

143
Q

What nervous system components does the lamprey possess?

A

all 5 brain regions
10 pairs of cranial nerves
pineal organ and lateral line system

144
Q

(shark) lateral line system and lateral line canal

A

system responds to changes in pressure caused by movements/vibrations in the water

extends into head region where it extends into Ampullae of Lorenzini

145
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

pores that communicate with external environment (electrical signals)

146
Q

(shark) endolymphatic pores

A

connect to sacculus and help fine tune equilibrium

147
Q

(shark) naris

A

incurrent/excurrent of water, pick up on chemical sensory information

148
Q

(shark) eye

A

picks up on light information

149
Q

“ear region” of shark’s purpose

A

mainly responsible for mainintining balance and equilibrium

150
Q

(shark) otic capsule

A

consists of three semicircular canals that empty into sacculus

151
Q

(shark) 3 semicircular canals

A

empty into sacculus

152
Q

(shark) sacculus

A

lies at the center of the three semicircular canals

maintaining equilibrium

153
Q

(shark) endolymphatic ducts

A

travel down to sacculus and relay information regarding external evironment

154
Q

(shark) telencephalon

A

“smelling brain”

processes olfactory info

155
Q

(shark) diencephalon

A

brings in sensory (visual) info (optic nerves)

thalamus and hypothalamus

156
Q

(shark) mesencephalon

A

relays sensory input to telencephalon

motor output to particular muscles (check this)

157
Q

(shark) metencephalon

A

“cerebellum”

fine motor

158
Q

(shark) mylencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

159
Q

(shark) olfactory bulbs

A

pick up olfactory info

  • –olfactory tract
  • —telencephalon
160
Q

(shark) olfactory sac

A

consists of sensory neurons responsible for detecting chemical stimuli

161
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus

A

idk

162
Q

tela choroidea

A

thin membrane that covers the diencephalon

163
Q

choroid plexus

A

ventricle responsible for the production of Cerebral Spinal Fluid

164
Q

epiphysis=pineal gland

A

melatonin production

165
Q

infundibulum (in mammalian brain)

A

connects hypothalamus with the hypophysis

166
Q

hypophysis=pituitary gland

A

produces majority of endocrine hormones

167
Q

optic lobes

A

communicate with motor neurons for visual sensory information

168
Q

tectum

A

dorsal side of optic lobes responsible for relaying visual information (optic tectum) and relaying auditory and lateral line information

169
Q

tegmentum

A

ventral portion of optic lobes and intitiates motor output to eye muscles via trochlear and oculomotor nerves

170
Q

optic chaism

A

where optic nerves come together and cross over

171
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination

172
Q

medulla oblongata

A

autonomic functions

173
Q

terminal nerve

A

sensory

helps with olfactory information

174
Q

olfactory nerve

A

sensory

175
Q

optic nerve

A

sensory

relays sensory information being picked up by the eye to the brain

176
Q

oculomotor n.

A

motor

innervates eye muscles

177
Q

trochlear n.

A

motor

innervates dorsal oblique

178
Q

trigeminal nerve; components

A

superficial opthalamic
deep opthalamic
mandibular
maxillary

179
Q

trigeminal nerve; functions

A

innervates area of head associated with eye

180
Q

abducens nerve

A

motor

brings eye away from body

181
Q

which two muscles control exactly one muscle of eye?

A

trochlear and abducens

182
Q

facial n.

A

innervates muscles of face

183
Q

statoacoustic n. (shark)

A

picks up on sensory info from sacculus ( i think)

184
Q

vestibulacochlear n.

A

auditory info in cat.

185
Q

glossopharyngeal n.

A

sensory and motor

tongue muscles and pharynx

186
Q

vagus n.

A

wanders

187
Q

pathway of auditory info in cat

A

pinnae

  • external auditory meatus
  • -tympanic membrane
  • –malleus-incus-stapes
  • —vestibule ——–(vestibular nerve)
  • —-cochlea———-(cochlear nerve)
188
Q

(cat) telencephalon

A

“cerebrum”

lots of sensory info and motor output

189
Q

(cat) diencephalon

A

optic chiasm

choroid plexus

190
Q

mesencephalon

A

integration of sensory info into motor

191
Q

(cat)metencephalon

A

“cerebellum”

pons and trigeminal nerve

192
Q

(cat) mylencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

193
Q

(cat) accesory n.

A

innervates clavomastoid, sternomastoid, traps

194
Q

(cat) hypoglossal n.

A

motor control of tongue

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (3 decks)

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