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ANSI 3414 > Exam 3 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functional components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pump
Fluid
Vessels

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2
Q

What are the general parts of the heart?

A

pericardium
pericardial fluid
heart
heart wall

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3
Q

What are included in the three different functional components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pump- heart
Fluid- blood or hemolymph
Vessels- veins, arteries, capillaries

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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5
Q

Describe the pericardium.

A

fibrous sac that holds the heart
connective tissue

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6
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium.

A

tough outer most later
allows heart to move

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

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8
Q

Describe the parietal layer of the serous pericardium.

A

outer layer
smooth and moist

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9
Q

Describe the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

A

inner layer
adhered to cardiac muscle

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the heart?

A

base
apex

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11
Q

Describe the heart.

A

Center of the cardiovascular system
muscular pump
pumps blood throughout the body

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12
Q

What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

A

provides lubrication
prevents friction
contraction

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13
Q

When does the pericardial fluid increase?

A

periods of infection or injury which can constrict heart motion

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14
Q

What are the three sections of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

Describe the Epicardium of the heart wall.

A

outer most layer
same as visceral layer of serous pericardium

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16
Q

Describe the Myocardium of the heart wall.

A

muscle layer
thickest layer of the heart tissue

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17
Q

What type of muscle is the myocardium?

A

Involuntary striated muscle

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18
Q

Describe the Endocardium of the heart wall.

A

inner lining of the heart wall

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19
Q

What type of muscle is the endocardium?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What are the eight main parts of the anatomy of the heart?

A

Chambers
Valves
Chordae tendineae
Atrium
Ventricle
Major vessels
Veins
Arteries

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21
Q

What is the function of the atrium?

A

receives blood returning it to the heart
Thin muscle tissue

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22
Q

How is the atrium divided?

A

into the left and right atrium

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23
Q

What is the function of the ventricle?

A

pumps blood from heart to the rest of the body

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24
Q

What type of muscle is the atrium? The ventricle?

A

atrium- thin muscle
ventricle- thick muscle

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25
Q

How is the ventricle divided?

A

right and left ventricle

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26
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to the lungs

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27
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to the body

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28
Q

What are the two right valves?

A

atrioventricular valve
pulmonary valve

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29
Q

Where is the right valve located?

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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30
Q

How many cusps are in the right valve?

A

3 cusps (connective tissue segments)

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31
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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32
Q

What are the two left valves?

A

Left atrioventricular valve
Aortic valve

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33
Q

What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve

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34
Q

Where is the left atrioventricular valve located?

A

between left atrium and left ventricle
2 cusps

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35
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

between the left ventricle and aorta

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36
Q

What are the major vessels in the heart?

A

Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta

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37
Q

Where does the vena cava come from?

A

entering from the right atrium

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38
Q

What are the two parts of the vena cava?

A

Superior- upper body
Inferior- lower body

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery?

A

oxygenation
arteries carry blood away from heart

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40
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein?

A

oxygenated
veins carry blood toward the heart

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41
Q

What is the largest artery of the body?

A

aorta
goes from the left ventricle out to the rest of the body

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42
Q

What is the color of hemoglobin with oxygen?

A

red

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43
Q

What is the color of hemoglobin without oxygen?

A

blue

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44
Q

What are the two components of fluid?

A

Plasma
cellular elements

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45
Q

What are the contents of plasma?

A

90% water
proteins
electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)
Nutrients (glucose, AA, minerals, lipids)

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46
Q

What are the proteins in plasma?

A

Fibrinogen (coagulant)
Albumins (transport)
Globulins

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47
Q

What are the nutrients in lipids?

A

Chylomicrons
HDL
LDL
VLDL

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48
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

transport triglycerides and cholesterol

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49
Q

What do LDL (low-density lipoproteins) do?

A

deliver cholesterol and phospholipids to cells
“bad” cholesterol

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50
Q

What do HDL (high-density lipoproteins) do?

A

removes excess cholesterol from cells to liver
“good cholesterol

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51
Q

What are the cellular elements of plasma?

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells) - oxygen transport
leukocytes (white blood cells) - immunity
thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting

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52
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

respiratory pigment
iron and oxygen

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53
Q

What is the cell shape of erythrocytes?

A

flat
no nucleus

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54
Q

What causes the heart to beat and blood to flow through it?

A

pacemaker cells

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55
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of pacemaker cells?

A

-90 mV

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56
Q

What are the two nodes of the pacemaker cells?

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node

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57
Q

Describe the sinoatrial nodes of the pacemaker cells.

A

upper right atrial wall
heart rate and impulse for heartbeat
60-100 bpm

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58
Q

Describe the atrioventricular node of the pacemaker cells.

A

right atrium above the tricuspid valve
40-60bpm

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59
Q

Where is the bundle of His found?

A

interventricular septum (separates left and right)

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60
Q

Describe the purkinje fibers

A

small terminal fibers that extend from bundle of His and spread through myocardium

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61
Q

What do electrocardiograms do?

A

record the electrical activity of the heart

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62
Q

What is one cardiac cycle?

A

each complete beat of the heart (contraction/relaxation)

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63
Q

What is the Diastole part of the cardiac cycle?

A

period of relaxation of the heart chamber before and during filling

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64
Q

What is the Systole part of the cardiac cycle?

A

period of contraction and emptying of the heart chamber

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65
Q

What produces the “lub” sound of the heart?

A

closure of right and left AV valves

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66
Q

What produces the “dub” sound of the heart?

A

closure of aortic and pulmonic valve

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67
Q

How long it take to make one complete trip from left ventricle to right atrium?

A

40 to 60 seconds

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68
Q

What does the length of circulation time depend on?

A

resting state
animal size
normal heart rate

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69
Q

What is the order in which the blood travels?

A

right atrium
right ventricle
lungs
left atrium
left ventricle
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava

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70
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

distribute the cardiac output among the organ system

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71
Q

What do the capillaries do?

A

site of gas/nutrient exchange between blood and cells

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72
Q

What do the venules do?

A

connective segment leaving the capillaries toward the heart

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73
Q

How does the blood in the body flow?

A

flows to lower blood pressure
constriction of vessel increases pressure and reduce flow

74
Q

What is autoregulation controlled by?

A

controlled by level of oxygen getting to cells

75
Q

Define systolic blood pressure?

A

measures the pressure in the blood vessels when your heart beats

76
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

measures the pressure in the blood vessels when your heart rests between beats

77
Q

Define respiration

A

all of the processes of gas movement and metabolism
Internal and external

78
Q

What are the functions of internal (cellular) respiration?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and cellular mitochondria
Bulk transport- systematic circulation

79
Q

What are the functions of external respiration?

A

intercellular metabolic processes carried out by mitochondria
Bulk transport- systematic circulation

80
Q

What are the four parts of respiration?

A

Ventilation
Respiratory exchange
circulation
cellular exchange

81
Q

What are the functions of cellular respiration?

A

Cells of respiratory system provided O2 and remove CO2
Regulation of body pH
Temperature regulation
Water elimination
Phonation
Olfaction

82
Q

What are the two divisions of the respiratory tract?

A

upper
lower

83
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nares
nose
nasal passages
mouth
pharynx
larynx

84
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea
lungs

85
Q

What are the parts of the lungs?

A

Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
alveoli

86
Q

Describe the nares/nose

A

external opening
air flow into body

87
Q

What does pliability and dilation of the nares/nose depend on?

A

species of animal

88
Q

What type of cells are present in the nasal passages?

A

ciliates pseudostratified columnar epithelium

89
Q

What does the nasal passage do?

A

warms and humidifies the air
cools blood for the brain

90
Q

What is in the nasal passages?

A

Nasal turbinates

91
Q

Describe the nasal turbinates

A

thin
scroll-like bones that divide passageways for sinuses

92
Q

What two tracts is the pharynx a part of?

A

respiratory
digestive

93
Q

Where does the pharynx open?

A

dorsally- esophagus to digestive system
Ventrally- larynx to respiratory system

94
Q

What is another term used to describe the larynx?

A

voice box

95
Q

What two things does the larynx connect?

A

pharynx with the trachea

96
Q

What three things is the larynx composed of?

A

segments of cartilage
smooth muscle
supported by hyoid bone

97
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

voice production
prevention of inhalation of foreign material
controls airflow to and from the lungs

98
Q

How do the vocal chords produce sound?

A

2 connective tissue bands attached to cartilage
Bands vibrate as air passes over them
muscles attached to cartilage control tension of vocal chords

99
Q

How does the Larynx prevent the inhalation of foreign materials?

A

muscle contraction during swallowing pulls epiglottis over the opening

100
Q

How does the larynx control airflow?

A

small adjustments in size of glottis control movement of air

101
Q

What is the major function of the trachea?

A

primary passageway for air

102
Q

What does the trachea connect?

A

larynx and primary bronchi

103
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea?

A

prevent collapse during air expulsion
lined with ciliated epithelium

104
Q

What is the pleura of the lungs?

A

sac around the lungs

105
Q

What are the two cavities of the pleura?

A

visceral
parietal

106
Q

What is the purpose of the intrapleural space?

A

negative pressure generation
helps keep lungs inflated

107
Q

What are the divisions of the mediastinum?

A

superior
anterior
middle
posterior

108
Q

What is the first division of the trachea?

A

Bronchi

109
Q

What do the bronchi branch into?

A

bronchioles

110
Q

Where do the bronchioles end?

A

alveolar ducts

111
Q

What do the alveolar ducts contain?

A

many alveoli

112
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

site of gas exchange with the blood in the capillaries

113
Q

Describe the alveoli.

A

tiny
thin walled sacs
arranges like bunches of grapes

114
Q

What type of cells are alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

115
Q

What are the two different cell types of the alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells

116
Q

What is the function of Type I alveolar cells?

A

form the wall of the alveoli
primary site of gas exchange

117
Q

What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant

118
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary surfactant?

A

lowers surface tension at the air/liquid interface to keep lungs open
lipid/protein mixture

119
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A

thin sheet of skeletal muscle
forms the caudal boundary of the thorax
flattens when it contracts

120
Q

What is the thoracic cavity bound by?

A

thoracic vertebrae
ribs
intercostal muscles
sternum

121
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

heart
lungs
tracheae
esophagus
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic structures

122
Q

What are the three basic processes of respiration?

A

Pulmonary respiration
external respiration
internal respiration

123
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

lungs at the alveoli level

124
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

all over the body

125
Q

What happens during the inspiration (inhalation) phase?

A

Enlargement of lungs and thorax
contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
inflow of air

126
Q

What happens during the expiration phase?

A

exhaling
elastic recoil of lungs
passive or active

127
Q

What requires more effort the inspiration phase or expiration phase?

A

inspiration

128
Q

What are the four types of breathing?

A

Eupnea
Diaphragmatic
Costal
Hypernea

129
Q

Describe eupnea breathing.

A

quiet breathing
diaphragm and external intracostals

130
Q

When does eupnea breathing occur?

A

at rest

131
Q

Describe diaphragmatic breathing.

A

deep breathing

132
Q

Describe costal breathing

A

shallow breathing
intercostals and movement of the ribs

133
Q

When does costal breathing occur?

A

periods of abdominal or thoracic pain or high heart rate

134
Q

Describe hyperpnea breathing.

A

forced breathing
uses diaphragm, intercostals, and abdominal muscles

135
Q

When does hyperpnea breathing occur?

A

activity
singing

136
Q

Describe the basics of simple diffusion.

A

according to concentration gradient
move from area of high concentration to lower concentration

137
Q

Describe simple diffusion in respiration.

A

oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli to blood of the alveolar capillary then carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli

138
Q

How does deoxygenated blood enter the lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries

139
Q

How does oxygenated blood return to the left side of the heart?

A

pulmonary veins

140
Q

What are the three forms of pressure necessary for ventilation?

A

atmospheric pressure
Intra-alveolar pressure
Intrapleural pressure

141
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

pressure from the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects

142
Q

What is intra-alveolar pressure?

A

pressure inside the alveoli

143
Q

What two types of pressure are equal?

A

atmospheric and intra-alveolar

144
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure?

A

pressure from outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity

145
Q

Which one of the pressures is the least?

A

intrapleural pressure

146
Q

What affects the respiratory cycle?

A

body size
age
condition
environmental temperature
pregnancy
degree of filling of digestive tract
state of health

147
Q

What are the normal respiration differences between sexes, sizes, maturity?

A

females breathe faster than males
smaller animals breathe faster than larger
immature animals breathe faster than mature

148
Q

What are the two types of clearance when something enters the respiratory tract that does not belong?

A

upper respiratory tract clearance
alveolar clearance

149
Q

What enables upper respiratory tract clearance?

A

externally moving mucus blanket

150
Q

What are the four methods for clearing the alveolar?

A

phagocytized by macrophages
passing into interstitial space
dissolved/transported by blood/lymph system
sequestered by connective tissue

151
Q

What happens if in alveolar clearance the foreign material is sequestered by connective tissue?

A

loss of alveolar function

152
Q

What are the hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
growth hormone

153
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

cortisol secretion

154
Q

What is ACTH secreted by?

A

corticotropes

155
Q

What secretes prolactin?

A

lactotropes

156
Q

What does prolactin do in females?

A

stimulate milk production

157
Q

What does prolactin do in males?

A

may induce testicular LH receptors

158
Q

What does prolactin do in both sexes?

A

osmoregulation
promotion of growth
support of metabolism
water drive

159
Q

What regulates prolactin?

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone
prolactin releasing hormone

160
Q

What is the follicle stimulating hormone secreted by?

A

gonadotropes

161
Q

What does follicle stimulation hormones do in females?

A

stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes secretion of estrogen by the ovaries

162
Q

What does follicle stimulation hormones do in males?

A

stimulates spermatogenesis

163
Q

What regulates follicle stimulating hormone?

A

estrogen and inhibin

164
Q

What secretes luteinizing hormone?

A

gonadotropes

165
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do in females?

A

ovulation
luteinization
formation of CL

166
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do in males?

A

stimulates the leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

167
Q

What secretes the growth hormones?

A

secreted by somatotropes

168
Q

What secretes the growth hormones?

A

secreted by somatotropes

169
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

enhances water retention in the kidney

170
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

causes contraction of utrine smooth muscle to aid in parturition

171
Q

What controls the blood glucose levels when they get too low?

A

parathyroid hormone

172
Q

What controls the blood glucose levels when they get too high?

A

calcitonin

173
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

regulation of metabolism
increase insulin action
stimulate lipid metabolism
regulate blood calcium levels

174
Q

What are the cell types of the adrenal gland?

A

chromaffin
steroidogenic

175
Q

What does the outer layer (adrenal cortex) do?

A

steroid secreting

176
Q

What does the inner layer of the adrenal cortex do?

A

catecholmic-secreting

177
Q

What gland sits adjacent to the kidney?

A

adrenal gland

178
Q

What are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroids

179
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

fight or flight response

180
Q

What hormones are regulated by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine

ANSI 3414 (2 decks)

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