Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the three functional components of the cardiovascular system?
Pump
Fluid
Vessels
What are the general parts of the heart?
pericardium
pericardial fluid
heart
heart wall
What are included in the three different functional components of the cardiovascular system?
Pump- heart
Fluid- blood or hemolymph
Vessels- veins, arteries, capillaries
What are the two parts of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Describe the pericardium.
fibrous sac that holds the heart
connective tissue
Describe the fibrous pericardium.
tough outer most later
allows heart to move
What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Describe the parietal layer of the serous pericardium.
outer layer
smooth and moist
Describe the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
inner layer
adhered to cardiac muscle
What are the two divisions of the heart?
base
apex
Describe the heart.
Center of the cardiovascular system
muscular pump
pumps blood throughout the body
What is the function of the pericardial fluid?
provides lubrication
prevents friction
contraction
When does the pericardial fluid increase?
periods of infection or injury which can constrict heart motion
What are the three sections of the heart wall?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Describe the Epicardium of the heart wall.
outer most layer
same as visceral layer of serous pericardium
Describe the Myocardium of the heart wall.
muscle layer
thickest layer of the heart tissue
What type of muscle is the myocardium?
Involuntary striated muscle
Describe the Endocardium of the heart wall.
inner lining of the heart wall
What type of muscle is the endocardium?
simple squamous epithelium
What are the eight main parts of the anatomy of the heart?
Chambers
Valves
Chordae tendineae
Atrium
Ventricle
Major vessels
Veins
Arteries
What is the function of the atrium?
receives blood returning it to the heart
Thin muscle tissue
How is the atrium divided?
into the left and right atrium
What is the function of the ventricle?
pumps blood from heart to the rest of the body
What type of muscle is the atrium? The ventricle?
atrium- thin muscle
ventricle- thick muscle
How is the ventricle divided?
right and left ventricle
What does the right ventricle do?
pumps blood to the lungs
What does the left ventricle do?
pumps blood to the body
What are the two right valves?
atrioventricular valve
pulmonary valve
Where is the right valve located?
between right atrium and right ventricle
How many cusps are in the right valve?
3 cusps (connective tissue segments)
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
What are the two left valves?
Left atrioventricular valve
Aortic valve
What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?
Bicuspid or mitral valve
Where is the left atrioventricular valve located?
between left atrium and left ventricle
2 cusps
Where is the aortic valve located?
between the left ventricle and aorta
What are the major vessels in the heart?
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Where does the vena cava come from?
entering from the right atrium
What are the two parts of the vena cava?
Superior- upper body
Inferior- lower body
What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery?
oxygenation
arteries carry blood away from heart
What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein?
oxygenated
veins carry blood toward the heart
What is the largest artery of the body?
aorta
goes from the left ventricle out to the rest of the body
What is the color of hemoglobin with oxygen?
red
What is the color of hemoglobin without oxygen?
blue
What are the two components of fluid?
Plasma
cellular elements
What are the contents of plasma?
90% water
proteins
electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)
Nutrients (glucose, AA, minerals, lipids)
What are the proteins in plasma?
Fibrinogen (coagulant)
Albumins (transport)
Globulins
What are the nutrients in lipids?
Chylomicrons
HDL
LDL
VLDL
What do chylomicrons do?
transport triglycerides and cholesterol
What do LDL (low-density lipoproteins) do?
deliver cholesterol and phospholipids to cells
“bad” cholesterol
What do HDL (high-density lipoproteins) do?
removes excess cholesterol from cells to liver
“good cholesterol
What are the cellular elements of plasma?
erythrocytes (red blood cells) - oxygen transport
leukocytes (white blood cells) - immunity
thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting
What is hemoglobin?
respiratory pigment
iron and oxygen
What is the cell shape of erythrocytes?
flat
no nucleus
What causes the heart to beat and blood to flow through it?
pacemaker cells
What is the resting membrane potential of pacemaker cells?
-90 mV
What are the two nodes of the pacemaker cells?
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Describe the sinoatrial nodes of the pacemaker cells.
upper right atrial wall
heart rate and impulse for heartbeat
60-100 bpm
Describe the atrioventricular node of the pacemaker cells.
right atrium above the tricuspid valve
40-60bpm
Where is the bundle of His found?
interventricular septum (separates left and right)
Describe the purkinje fibers
small terminal fibers that extend from bundle of His and spread through myocardium
What do electrocardiograms do?
record the electrical activity of the heart
What is one cardiac cycle?
each complete beat of the heart (contraction/relaxation)
What is the Diastole part of the cardiac cycle?
period of relaxation of the heart chamber before and during filling
What is the Systole part of the cardiac cycle?
period of contraction and emptying of the heart chamber
What produces the “lub” sound of the heart?
closure of right and left AV valves
What produces the “dub” sound of the heart?
closure of aortic and pulmonic valve
How long it take to make one complete trip from left ventricle to right atrium?
40 to 60 seconds
What does the length of circulation time depend on?
resting state
animal size
normal heart rate
What is the order in which the blood travels?
right atrium
right ventricle
lungs
left atrium
left ventricle
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava
What do arterioles do?
distribute the cardiac output among the organ system
What do the capillaries do?
site of gas/nutrient exchange between blood and cells
What do the venules do?
connective segment leaving the capillaries toward the heart
How does the blood in the body flow?
flows to lower blood pressure
constriction of vessel increases pressure and reduce flow
What is autoregulation controlled by?
controlled by level of oxygen getting to cells
Define systolic blood pressure?
measures the pressure in the blood vessels when your heart beats
Define diastolic blood pressure
measures the pressure in the blood vessels when your heart rests between beats
Define respiration
all of the processes of gas movement and metabolism
Internal and external
What are the functions of internal (cellular) respiration?
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and cellular mitochondria
Bulk transport- systematic circulation
What are the functions of external respiration?
intercellular metabolic processes carried out by mitochondria
Bulk transport- systematic circulation
What are the four parts of respiration?
Ventilation
Respiratory exchange
circulation
cellular exchange
What are the functions of cellular respiration?
Cells of respiratory system provided O2 and remove CO2
Regulation of body pH
Temperature regulation
Water elimination
Phonation
Olfaction
What are the two divisions of the respiratory tract?
upper
lower
What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?
nares
nose
nasal passages
mouth
pharynx
larynx
What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?
trachea
lungs
What are the parts of the lungs?
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
alveoli
Describe the nares/nose
external opening
air flow into body
What does pliability and dilation of the nares/nose depend on?
species of animal
What type of cells are present in the nasal passages?
ciliates pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What does the nasal passage do?
warms and humidifies the air
cools blood for the brain
What is in the nasal passages?
Nasal turbinates
Describe the nasal turbinates
thin
scroll-like bones that divide passageways for sinuses
What two tracts is the pharynx a part of?
respiratory
digestive
Where does the pharynx open?
dorsally- esophagus to digestive system
Ventrally- larynx to respiratory system
What is another term used to describe the larynx?
voice box
What two things does the larynx connect?
pharynx with the trachea
What three things is the larynx composed of?
segments of cartilage
smooth muscle
supported by hyoid bone
What are the three functions of the larynx?
voice production
prevention of inhalation of foreign material
controls airflow to and from the lungs
How do the vocal chords produce sound?
2 connective tissue bands attached to cartilage
Bands vibrate as air passes over them
muscles attached to cartilage control tension of vocal chords
How does the Larynx prevent the inhalation of foreign materials?
muscle contraction during swallowing pulls epiglottis over the opening
How does the larynx control airflow?
small adjustments in size of glottis control movement of air
What is the major function of the trachea?
primary passageway for air
What does the trachea connect?
larynx and primary bronchi
What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea?
prevent collapse during air expulsion
lined with ciliated epithelium
What is the pleura of the lungs?
sac around the lungs
What are the two cavities of the pleura?
visceral
parietal
What is the purpose of the intrapleural space?
negative pressure generation
helps keep lungs inflated
What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
superior
anterior
middle
posterior
What is the first division of the trachea?
Bronchi
What do the bronchi branch into?
bronchioles
Where do the bronchioles end?
alveolar ducts
What do the alveolar ducts contain?
many alveoli
What happens in the alveoli?
site of gas exchange with the blood in the capillaries
Describe the alveoli.
tiny
thin walled sacs
arranges like bunches of grapes
What type of cells are alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
What are the two different cell types of the alveoli?
Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
What is the function of Type I alveolar cells?
form the wall of the alveoli
primary site of gas exchange
What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?
secrete pulmonary surfactant
What is the purpose of the pulmonary surfactant?
lowers surface tension at the air/liquid interface to keep lungs open
lipid/protein mixture
Describe the diaphragm
thin sheet of skeletal muscle
forms the caudal boundary of the thorax
flattens when it contracts
What is the thoracic cavity bound by?
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
intercostal muscles
sternum
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
heart
lungs
tracheae
esophagus
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic structures
What are the three basic processes of respiration?
Pulmonary respiration
external respiration
internal respiration
Where does external respiration occur?
lungs at the alveoli level
Where does internal respiration occur?
all over the body
What happens during the inspiration (inhalation) phase?
Enlargement of lungs and thorax
contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
inflow of air
What happens during the expiration phase?
exhaling
elastic recoil of lungs
passive or active
What requires more effort the inspiration phase or expiration phase?
inspiration
What are the four types of breathing?
Eupnea
Diaphragmatic
Costal
Hypernea
Describe eupnea breathing.
quiet breathing
diaphragm and external intracostals
When does eupnea breathing occur?
at rest
Describe diaphragmatic breathing.
deep breathing
Describe costal breathing
shallow breathing
intercostals and movement of the ribs
When does costal breathing occur?
periods of abdominal or thoracic pain or high heart rate
Describe hyperpnea breathing.
forced breathing
uses diaphragm, intercostals, and abdominal muscles
When does hyperpnea breathing occur?
activity
singing
Describe the basics of simple diffusion.
according to concentration gradient
move from area of high concentration to lower concentration
Describe simple diffusion in respiration.
oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli to blood of the alveolar capillary then carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
How does deoxygenated blood enter the lungs?
pulmonary arteries
How does oxygenated blood return to the left side of the heart?
pulmonary veins
What are the three forms of pressure necessary for ventilation?
atmospheric pressure
Intra-alveolar pressure
Intrapleural pressure
What is atmospheric pressure?
pressure from the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects
What is intra-alveolar pressure?
pressure inside the alveoli
What two types of pressure are equal?
atmospheric and intra-alveolar
What is the intrapleural pressure?
pressure from outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity
Which one of the pressures is the least?
intrapleural pressure
What affects the respiratory cycle?
body size
age
condition
environmental temperature
pregnancy
degree of filling of digestive tract
state of health
What are the normal respiration differences between sexes, sizes, maturity?
females breathe faster than males
smaller animals breathe faster than larger
immature animals breathe faster than mature
What are the two types of clearance when something enters the respiratory tract that does not belong?
upper respiratory tract clearance
alveolar clearance
What enables upper respiratory tract clearance?
externally moving mucus blanket
What are the four methods for clearing the alveolar?
phagocytized by macrophages
passing into interstitial space
dissolved/transported by blood/lymph system
sequestered by connective tissue
What happens if in alveolar clearance the foreign material is sequestered by connective tissue?
loss of alveolar function
What are the hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary?
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
growth hormone
What does ACTH stimulate?
cortisol secretion
What is ACTH secreted by?
corticotropes
What secretes prolactin?
lactotropes
What does prolactin do in females?
stimulate milk production
What does prolactin do in males?
may induce testicular LH receptors
What does prolactin do in both sexes?
osmoregulation
promotion of growth
support of metabolism
water drive
What regulates prolactin?
prolactin inhibiting hormone
prolactin releasing hormone
What is the follicle stimulating hormone secreted by?
gonadotropes
What does follicle stimulation hormones do in females?
stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes secretion of estrogen by the ovaries
What does follicle stimulation hormones do in males?
stimulates spermatogenesis
What regulates follicle stimulating hormone?
estrogen and inhibin
What secretes luteinizing hormone?
gonadotropes
What does luteinizing hormone do in females?
ovulation
luteinization
formation of CL
What does luteinizing hormone do in males?
stimulates the leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone
What secretes the growth hormones?
secreted by somatotropes
What secretes the growth hormones?
secreted by somatotropes
What does vasopressin do?
enhances water retention in the kidney
What does oxytocin do?
causes contraction of utrine smooth muscle to aid in parturition
What controls the blood glucose levels when they get too low?
parathyroid hormone
What controls the blood glucose levels when they get too high?
calcitonin
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
regulation of metabolism
increase insulin action
stimulate lipid metabolism
regulate blood calcium levels
What are the cell types of the adrenal gland?
chromaffin
steroidogenic
What does the outer layer (adrenal cortex) do?
steroid secreting
What does the inner layer of the adrenal cortex do?
catecholmic-secreting
What gland sits adjacent to the kidney?
adrenal gland
What are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroids
What does the adrenal medulla do?
fight or flight response
What hormones are regulated by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
norepinephrine
