Exam 3 (FINAL EXAM) Flashcards
What is a disorder?
An impairment(s) in daily functioning
Pros and cons of DSM-V
Pros (struggling to find this in notes):
-Used to justify payment and treatment
-Consistent with diagnoses used by medical doctors worldwide
Cons:
-Calls too many people “disordered”
-Border between diagnoses seem arbitrary
-Decisions about what is a disorder seem to include value judgments
-Diagnostic labels direct how we view and interpret the world
Anxiety disorders
GAD
Panic disorder
Phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia
OCD
PTSD
Mood disorders
MDD
SAD
Bipolar disorder
Schizophrenia
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Emotional-cognitive symptoms include worrying, having anxious feelings & thoughts about many things, and sometimes having “free-floating” anxiety with no attachment to any subject
Panic disorder
Repeated and unexpected panic attacks, as well as a huge fear of the next panic attack
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
A mix of obsessions and compulsions.
Obsessions: intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind
Compulsions: repeated strong feeling of “needing” to carry out an action, even though it doesn’t feel like it makes sense
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
At least 4 weeks to lifetime of the following:
Repeated intrusive recall of traumatic memories
Nightmares and other re-experiences
Social withdrawal or phobic avoidance
Jumpy anxiety or hypervigliance
Insomnia or sleep problems
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Must include one/both of the following for a min. of 2 weeks:
-Depressed mood most of the day
-Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
Include at least 3 of the following:
-Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight
-Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep
-Physical agitation
-Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
-Worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
-Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions
-Recurring thoughts of death and suicide
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter’s short, dark, and cold days
Bipolar disorder
Mix of depression and mania
Mania (in bipolar disorder)
Period of hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, and even grandiose
Schizophrenia
Disorder with the following symptoms:
Disorganized thinking (delusions)
Disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)
Diminished and unusual emotions, including flat affect
Onset and course
Onset and development of Schizophrenia
Onset: typically, schizophrenic symptoms appear at the end of adolescence and in early adulthood (later for women than men)
Development: course of schizophrenia can be acute/reactive or chronic
Positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive (presence of problematic behaviors):
-Hallucinations
-Delusions
-Disorganized thoughts and nonsensical speech
-Bizarre behaviors
Negative (absence of healthy behaviors):
-Flat affect
-Reduced social interaction
-No feeling of enjoyment (Anhedonia)
-Less motivation, initiative, focus (Avolition)
-Speaking less (Alogia)
-Moving less (Catatonia)
Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Low birth weight
Maternial diabetes
Older paternal age
Famine
Oxygen deprivation during delivery
Maternal virus during mid-pregnancy
Personality disorders
DID
APD
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder
Possessing multiple and different personalities called “alters”
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Persistently acting without conscience, without a sense of guilt for harm done to others
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder
Anorexia nervosa
Compulsion to lose weight coupled with certainty about being fat despite being underweight/skinny
Bulimia nervosa
Compulsion to binge, quickly eating large amounts, then purge by losing the food through vomiting, laxatives, and extreme exercise
Binge-eating disorder
Compulsion to binge, followed by guilt and depression
3 parts of emotion
Behaviors
Thoughts
Bodily Arousal
4 theories of emotion
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schachter-Singer
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus
James-Lange Theory
Emotion is our conscious awareness of our biological responses to stimuli (feel it in bones before we are aware).
So body arousal occurs first, then cognitive awareness, then labeling.
[ex: if you stub your toe, your body feels it first, then your brain is aware, and then you are sad/mad because it hurts]
Cannon-Bard Theory
Having a conscious/cognitive experience of an emotion at the same time as our body is responding (body and consciousness are parallel)
Schacter-Singer Theory
Emotions do not exist until we label the body sensations we feel (label completes the emotion)
[ex: you have depression because you feel depressed. without the label of depression, you are not depressed (or at least as much)]
Zajonc, LaDoux, and Lazarus Theory
Emotion reaction without conscious thought
[ex: you start crying without knowing why]
Role of the autonomic nervous system
Physiological arousal felt during various emotions is orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system (triggers activity and changes in various organs). Then, the parasympathetic nervous system calms down the body.
Every emotion is a combo of SNS and PSNS!
Detecting emotion in others
-Introverts are better at detecting emotions; extroverts have emotions that are easier to read.
-We are primed to quickly detect negative emotions
-Anger: eyes and Happiness: lips
Gender and emotional expression and detection
(these are overgeneralization)
-Women seem to have greater and more complex emotional experiences
-Women also are more skilled at detecting emotions in others
-We often associate anger more in men & happiness more in women
What are the four basic emotions?
Mad, Sad, Glad, Fear
(any other emotion is a combo of any of these four)
Catharsis myth (anger)
The idea that we can reduce anger by “releasing” it, and we do this by acting aggressively.
Expressing anger makes the feeling of anger worse!!!
What is happiness?
A mood, an attitude, a social phenomenon, a cognitive filter, and a way to stay hopeful/motivated/connected
Can money buy happiness?
NO!
Correlates of happiness
Happiness are in seen in these people:
High self-esteem
Optimism, outgoing personality, and agreeable
Possessing close friendships/relationships/marriage
Having work & leisure engaging our skills
Having an active religious faith
Sleeping well & exercising
Feeling in control in our lives
Happiness is NOT related to:
Age
Gender
Parenthood
Physical attractiveness
Ways of increasing your happiness
Look beyond wealth
Bring habits in line with goals
Smile & act happy
Find work & leisure that engages our skills
Exercise/move
Focus on the needs & wishes of others
Work, rest, and SLEEP
Notice what goes well & express gratitude
Nurture spirituality, meaning, and community
Make close relationships a priority
