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SLHS 302 > Exam 3 (Final) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute threshold

A

A listener’s ability to detect the presence of a tone (sinusoid) at various frequencies

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2
Q

Difference threshold

A

A listener’s ability to detect a change in either frequency or level of a tone (sinusoid)

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3
Q

Audibility threshold graph

A

a plot of just barely audible tones of varying frequencies

Measurements vary depending on which speaker or headphones are used

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4
Q

Weber’s law for differential selectivity

A

the weber fraction is often the same (constant) for all values of a physical parameter to be discriminated

the just-noticeable difference (JND, Dw) that could be detected was proportional to the smaller weight value (w)

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5
Q

Frequency weber fraction

A

Frequency JND is the smallest change in frequency (Δf) that can be perceived

X-axis: frequency (Hz)
Y-axis: difference threshold (Δf) in dB

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6
Q

Intensity weber fraction

A

Intensity JND is the smallest change in intensity (ΔI) that can be perceived

Best JNDs for sound level are ~1dB for sound levels above 20 dB SPL
Small improvement in discrimination as SPL increases is referred to as the “near miss to Weber’s law”

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7
Q

Masking relationship to signal

A

farther from masker, less masking occurs

closer a masker is in frequency to the signal, more masking occurs

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8
Q

psychophysical tuning curve

A

a frequency map of the masker sound levels needed to mask a fixed signal

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9
Q

masking pattern

A

a frequency map of the signal sound levels that are just detectable in the presence of a fixed masker

  • Fix the intensity at a specific frequency
  • Other frequencies will change
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10
Q

Asymmetry of masking or upward spread

A

Masking is much stronger for signals at frequencies above the masker than below

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11
Q

Broadband noise

A

fills up the internal auditory filter (AF) so its the filter BW matters

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12
Q

Narrower noise

A

has all power within the auditory filter, so the noise BW matters

Less maskining (easier to detect) as noise bandwidth gets smaller

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13
Q

Critical ratio (CR) filter

A

in the case of tone detection in broadband noise

Detection occurs at a fixed signal to noise ratio

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14
Q

Critical band (CB) filter

A

in the case of tone detection in narrowband noise

When the noise BW is smaller than the auditory bandwidth masking will increasing as BW noise gets bigger until BW noise= BW AF

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15
Q

Notched Noise, equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) filter

A

generally accepted as the most reliable filter

Varying the notch width of band-reject noise varies the amount of noise within the auditory filter and controls the amount of masking (wider notch width, less noise, less masking)
- Detection thresholds measured as a function of notch width

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16
Q

Consistent findings from ERB

A

Filter BW increases as center frequency increases
- Consistent with neural tuning BWs

Filter BW increases as sound level increases
- Reduction in OHC amplification as SPL increases (protecting the ear)

Filter BWs are broader in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss

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17
Q

binaural hearing

A

The fact that we can listen with 2 ears provides two main functional benefits

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18
Q

Three primary acoustic cues for horizontal sound localization

A

ILD
ITD
Spectral cues

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19
Q

ILD (Interval level difference)

A

Prominent at high frequencies

The difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

Frequencies > 1000Hz
Head blocks some of the energy reaching the opposite ear

ILD is largest at 90 and-90 degrees
Nonexistent for 0 and 180 degrees

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20
Q

ITD (Interval time difference)

A

Prominent at low frequencies

ITD for sound sources varying in azimuth (horizontal)
Peak of graph, directly opposite the RE

ITD time differences for different positions around the head

90 degrees= 640us
180 degrees= 0us
Can vary depending on the size of the head

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21
Q

Spectral cues from pinna

A

Most prominent as direction-dependent spectral notches at high frequencies
Seen in HRTFs

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22
Q

Duplex theory of localization

A

ITD used at low frequencies
ILD used at high frequencies

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23
Q

Head related transfer functions (HRTFs)

A

A measure that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space (azimuth and elevation)

Each person has their own HRTF (based on their body) and uses it to help sound localization

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24
Q

binaural masking level differences (BMLDs)

A

Comparisons of tone-detection-in-noise performance across different combinations of signals and masker being the same or different at the two ears

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25
Q

Monotic

A

Signal and masker same
Poor signal detection

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26
Q

Diotic

A

Signal and masker are the same at both ears
Poor signal detection

27
Q

Dichotic

A

Signal different (only one ear)
Masker same at both ears
Good signal detection

28
Q

Subjective measures of sound

A

loudness and pitch

29
Q

Objective measures of sound

A

threshold for intensity and frequency

30
Q

Loudness

A

attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud

31
Q

Pitch

A

the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high

32
Q

Phon

A

level in dB SPL of an equally loud 1-kHz tone (the reference is the loudness of a fixed level 1 kHz tone)

33
Q

Sone

A

1 sone is defined as the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone presented at 40 dB SPL (=40 phons)

1 sone is equal to 40 phons
also called loudness scaling

34
Q

Loudness recruitment

A

steeper growth in loudness with elevated thresholds

People with cochlear hearing loss also show this more rapid increase in loudness
Important in fitting hearing aids
Need gain at low sound levels to provide audibility

35
Q

Fundamental frequency (F0)

A

lowest frequency of harmonic spectrum
Auditory system is acutely sensitive to natural relationships between harmonics

36
Q

Missing fundamental effect (missing F0)

A

The pitch a listener hears corresponds to F0 even if it is missing
Periodicity information is still available so it can still be heard

37
Q

General theories for pitch perception

A

Temporal theory
Spectral theory (template matching)

38
Q

Temporal theory

A

Pitch can be estimated from the temporal periodicity of complex sounds

Temporal periodicity is unaffected by missing fundamental

39
Q

Spectral theory (template matching)

A

Pitch can be estimated from the frequency spacing of harmonics

Even if the fundamental (or other harmonics) are missing, this can still work by finding the best F0 to match the harmonic spacing

Any random set of harmonics can produce pitch

40
Q

Resolved harmonics

A

Because apical (low-frequency) filters have small bandwidths, they only pass individual harmonics (pure tones)

This allows spectral theories to work well for low harmonic numbers

41
Q

Unresolved harmonics

A

Because basal (medium-high) frequency filters have larger bandwidths, they pass several harmonics (which interact to create modulations, periodicity at F0)

Allows for temporal theories to work well for medium-high harmonic numbers
- But a less salient pitch

42
Q

Timbre

A

subjective attribute of sound

psychological sensation by which listeners can judge that two sounds with the same fundamental loudness and pitch are dissimilar

Conveyed by spectral shape of harmonics and other frequencies

43
Q

Motor theory of speech perception

A

Motor processes used to produce speech sounds are used in reverse to understand the acoustic speech signal

Supported by McGurk Effect
- McGurk and MacDonald showed that what someone sees can affect what they hear

44
Q

Statistical learning

A

certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together and babies are sensitive to those probabilities

45
Q

2 types of assessment techniques

A

Behavioral and Electrophysiologic

46
Q

behavioral assessment

A

Patient has to respond
- Raise hand when you hear beep
- Repeat the word/sentence

Involves the entire auditory system and brain

47
Q

electrophysiologic assessment

A

No response required from patient
- sit/lie quietly
- Relax or sleep in armchair

Measures specific aspects of auditory function
- TM, middle ear
- OHC
- Brainstem, cortex

48
Q

Goals of audiologic assessment

A

Degree of hearing loss
Type of hearing loss
- Site of lesion and/or cause of the problem
Configuration of hearing loss
- Flat, sloping, etc
Impact of hearing loss on the individual
Patient’s needs

49
Q

Air conduction (AC) testing

A

Tests entire auditory system
- Outer, middle and inner ear

Uses earphones
- Threshold: level where tone is just detectable 50% of the time

50
Q

Bone conduction (BC) testing

A

Tests the inner ear (cochlea) and beyond directly by vibrating skull bones and contents
Uses a bone oscillator (vibrator)
- Another threshold test
With AC testing, determines the location of the problem
- Outer or middle ear vs inner ear

51
Q

Degrees of Hearing Loss

A

Normal (10-25 dB)
Mild (36-40 dB)
Moderate (41-55 dB)

52
Q

Conductive hearing loss (CHL)

A

Disorder in outer or middle ear
- Will have a normal inner ear

Can be treated medically

Impaired AC thresholds and normal BC thresholds result in air-bone gap
Difference in threshold between air and bone

53
Q

Conductive mechanism

A

outer and middle ear “conduct” sounds to the inner ear

54
Q

CHL communication difficulties

A

Problems with conductive mechanism leads to loss of amplification
Usually need additional volume
Speech understanding is relatively unaffected

55
Q

Causes of CHL

A

Cerumen occlusion
External otitis
TM perfoations
Ossicular damage
Otitis media
- Ear infection, fluid in ear
Middle ear tumors

56
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss (SHL)

A

Disorder in inner ear (sensory loss)
- Will have normal and middle ear

AC and BC thresholds measure the same inner ear disorder

No air-bone gap

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is usually permanent and can’t be treated medically

57
Q

Senorineural mechanism

A

inner ear (sensory) and nerve (neutral)

58
Q

SHL communication difficulties

A

Problems with delicate cochlear mechanism
Frequency coding
Intensity coding
Leads to loss of volume
Leads to decreased speech understanding (distortion)
Increased difficulty in noise
Tinnitus

59
Q

SHL causes

A

Age (presbycusis)
Noise exposure
Trauma
Genetics
Maternal infections
Structural malformations
Illness/infections
Ototoxic drugs
Tumors of the VIII nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)

60
Q

Mixed Hearing Loss

A

Disorder in outer or middle ear and inner ear

Impaired AC thresholds
- Measure effects of both problems

Impaired BC thresholds
- Measure effects of inner ear disorder only

Results in air bone gap, but BC thresholds are not normal

61
Q

causes of mixed hearing loss

A

Any combo of outer or middle ear and inner ear disorder
- Excess cerument and noise induced HL
- Ear infection and age related HL

62
Q

(Central) Auditory Processing Disorder

A

Normal peripheral hearing sensitivity
- Normal outer, middle and inner ear

Normal AC and BC thresholds

Difficulty in challenging listening environments

Comprehension goes down with background noise

Poor perfomance on degraded speech tests

63
Q

Auditory Neuropathy

A

Disorder in the neural mechanism

  • Inner hair cell to VIII nerve transmission or VIII nerve itself

Audiometrically presents at SNHL

AC and BC thresholds measure the same neural disorder
No air bone gap

64
Q

Communication difficulties and causes of auditory neuropathy

A

Communication difficulties
- Extreme difficulty in understanding speech
- Poorer than expected based on audiogram

Causes
- Unknown
- Risk factor: stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at birth

SLHS 302 (3 decks)

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