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Human Nutrition > Exam 3 extra topics > Flashcards

Exam 3 extra topics Flashcards

1
Q

define calorie

A

amount of energy it takes for 1 gram of H2) to change 1 degree Celsius
-objective unit used to measure the energy value of food

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2
Q

define up thermoregulate

A

increase heat

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3
Q

2 ways to measure the rate of heat production

A
  1. Direct Calorimetry
    - water at a constant temperature
    - increase=energy production
  2. Indirect Calorimetry
    - 02 uptake=energy expenditure
    - in mg/O2/kg min (VO2)
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4
Q

define MET

A

a measure of intensity of activity

-1 met load=3.5 mLO2/kg/min

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5
Q

between the 2 measurements of heat production, which is more accurate?`

A

Direct calorimetry

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6
Q

Types of open circuit indirect calorimetry

A
  1. partable

2. bag technique

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7
Q

how to calculate MET

A

1 Met= Cal(1/kg)(1/hour)

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8
Q

what are the 3 factors that energy expenditure is based on

A
  1. RMR
  2. Thermodynamic effect of food
  3. BMR and sleep
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9
Q

define Basal Metabolic Rate

A
  1. O2 consumed during waking state

2. more O2 consumed=higher BMR

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10
Q

how to measure BMR

A

Food< 12 hours
Exercise< 12 hours
Rest 30-60 min in temp and light controlled room

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11
Q

What percentage of energy do the following factors have:
TEF
Exercise
RMR

A

TEF=10%
Exercise= 30%
RMR= 60%

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12
Q

define Thermodynamic effect of food

A

requires digestion, absorption, and excretion and it peaks about an hour after consuming food

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13
Q

by how much does physical activity increase RMR

A

10 times

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14
Q

what 3 components make up the Total Daily energy expenditure

A

RMR
TEF
Exercise

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15
Q

2 things that can affect RMR

A

climate

pregnancy

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16
Q

calculation for BMI

A

weight(kg)/height(m^2)

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17
Q

purpose of the BMI

A

blood pressure
obesity
diabetes
CHD

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18
Q

what percentage of US adults were obese in 2015

A

65%

19
Q

what percentage of a persons weight is determined by genetics

A

80%

20
Q

what occurs when a person has 2 copies of the FTO gene

A

70% chance that they will have increased weight

21
Q

what occurs when a person has 1 copy of FTO and 1 copy of FTO2

A

30% chance of increased weight

22
Q

what occurs when a person has 2 copies of FTO2

A

0-10%chance of increased weight

23
Q

what race burns about 100 calories less per day

A

African Americans

24
Q

what is the function of the Ob gene when it functions properly

A
  1. promotes formation of hormone-like leptin
  2. exercise and metabolism control (hypothalamus)
  3. Leptin helps to regulate fat stores
25
Q

what occurs when the Ob gene becomes mutated

A
  1. there is an absence of leptin which causes continual hunger and marked obesity
  2. abnormal response to leptin
    - hunger cues
    - energy expenditure
26
Q

what is the nurture category for weight

A
  1. active or inactive time
  2. income levle
  3. education level
  4. parent education level
  5. stress levels: higher cortisol
  6. eating habits
27
Q

what happens during the plateau stage of weight loss

A

the person stops achieving weight loss because their RMR decreases since they have lost weight

28
Q

what is the set point theory

A

set point theory states that the hypothalamus has a predetermined weight that and individual should be and if they decrease their weight it automatically makes them hungrier and vice versa if they gain weight

29
Q

ways to treat obesity

A
  1. make eating a ritual
  2. use smaller dishes
  3. eat slowly
  4. follow a meal plan
  5. make smart choices about fat
  6. physical activity
  7. well balanced and less of it
30
Q

Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  1. weight is below 85% of normal body weight
  2. restriction of diet
  3. body image issues
  4. menstrual abnormalities: missed period for 3 months
31
Q

Bulimia characteristics

A
  1. binge eating: 2 times per day for 3 months
  2. Purging: 2 times per day for 3 months
  3. no restricted intake
  4. body image issues
  5. fear of being fat
  6. no abnormal body weight or menstrual abnormalities
32
Q

what are the signs for Bulimia

A
  1. dry brittle hair
  2. Russell’s signs on knuckles
  3. poor dental health
33
Q

Binge eating characteristics

A
  1. can’t stop eating
  2. body image
  3. 2 times per day for 3 months
  4. low self esteem
  5. don’t purge
  6. no menstrual abnormalities
34
Q

define amenorrhea

A

3 missed periods or haven’t menstruated by age 15

35
Q

how to identify adonis complex

A

frequent washings
checking appearance
baggy or tight clothing
excessive exercise

36
Q

what is required on nutrition labels

A
  1. calories
  2. total fats
  3. total carbs
  4. fiber
  5. cholesterol
  6. sodium
37
Q

What are Daily values for:

  1. Total Fat
  2. Saturated fat
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Total carb
  5. fiber
  6. sodium
  7. protein
A
  1. fat: 65g
  2. saturated fat: 20 g
  3. cholesterol: 300 mg
  4. total carb: 300 g
  5. fiber: 25 grams
  6. sodium 2400 mg
  7. protein: 50 grams
38
Q

define organics

A

free from

  1. pesticides, herbicides. insecticides, fungicides
  2. synthetic fertilizers
  3. ionizing radiation
  4. GMO’s
  5. Antibiotics
  6. Hormones
39
Q

what process do farmers have to go through in order to grow organic products

A

3 year process

  1. 1st year still marketed as conventional
  2. 2nd year in conversion
  3. organically sold
40
Q

how many days of pasture must cows have access to in order to be considered organic

A

120 days

41
Q

how many days do cows need to have access to pasture to be considered grass-fed

A

365

42
Q

benefits of GMO’s

A
  1. stress resistant
  2. more nutritionally sound
  3. increased productivity
43
Q

drawbacks of GMO’s

A

carcinogenic

Human Nutrition (3 decks)

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