Exam 3 extra topics Flashcards
define calorie
amount of energy it takes for 1 gram of H2) to change 1 degree Celsius
-objective unit used to measure the energy value of food
define up thermoregulate
increase heat
2 ways to measure the rate of heat production
- Direct Calorimetry
- water at a constant temperature
- increase=energy production - Indirect Calorimetry
- 02 uptake=energy expenditure
- in mg/O2/kg min (VO2)
define MET
a measure of intensity of activity
-1 met load=3.5 mLO2/kg/min
between the 2 measurements of heat production, which is more accurate?`
Direct calorimetry
Types of open circuit indirect calorimetry
- partable
2. bag technique
how to calculate MET
1 Met= Cal(1/kg)(1/hour)
what are the 3 factors that energy expenditure is based on
- RMR
- Thermodynamic effect of food
- BMR and sleep
define Basal Metabolic Rate
- O2 consumed during waking state
2. more O2 consumed=higher BMR
how to measure BMR
Food< 12 hours
Exercise< 12 hours
Rest 30-60 min in temp and light controlled room
What percentage of energy do the following factors have:
TEF
Exercise
RMR
TEF=10%
Exercise= 30%
RMR= 60%
define Thermodynamic effect of food
requires digestion, absorption, and excretion and it peaks about an hour after consuming food
by how much does physical activity increase RMR
10 times
what 3 components make up the Total Daily energy expenditure
RMR
TEF
Exercise
2 things that can affect RMR
climate
pregnancy
calculation for BMI
weight(kg)/height(m^2)
purpose of the BMI
blood pressure
obesity
diabetes
CHD
what percentage of US adults were obese in 2015
65%
what percentage of a persons weight is determined by genetics
80%
what occurs when a person has 2 copies of the FTO gene
70% chance that they will have increased weight
what occurs when a person has 1 copy of FTO and 1 copy of FTO2
30% chance of increased weight
what occurs when a person has 2 copies of FTO2
0-10%chance of increased weight
what race burns about 100 calories less per day
African Americans
what is the function of the Ob gene when it functions properly
- promotes formation of hormone-like leptin
- exercise and metabolism control (hypothalamus)
- Leptin helps to regulate fat stores
what occurs when the Ob gene becomes mutated
- there is an absence of leptin which causes continual hunger and marked obesity
- abnormal response to leptin
- hunger cues
- energy expenditure
what is the nurture category for weight
- active or inactive time
- income levle
- education level
- parent education level
- stress levels: higher cortisol
- eating habits
what happens during the plateau stage of weight loss
the person stops achieving weight loss because their RMR decreases since they have lost weight
what is the set point theory
set point theory states that the hypothalamus has a predetermined weight that and individual should be and if they decrease their weight it automatically makes them hungrier and vice versa if they gain weight
ways to treat obesity
- make eating a ritual
- use smaller dishes
- eat slowly
- follow a meal plan
- make smart choices about fat
- physical activity
- well balanced and less of it
Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa
- weight is below 85% of normal body weight
- restriction of diet
- body image issues
- menstrual abnormalities: missed period for 3 months
Bulimia characteristics
- binge eating: 2 times per day for 3 months
- Purging: 2 times per day for 3 months
- no restricted intake
- body image issues
- fear of being fat
- no abnormal body weight or menstrual abnormalities
what are the signs for Bulimia
- dry brittle hair
- Russell’s signs on knuckles
- poor dental health
Binge eating characteristics
- can’t stop eating
- body image
- 2 times per day for 3 months
- low self esteem
- don’t purge
- no menstrual abnormalities
define amenorrhea
3 missed periods or haven’t menstruated by age 15
how to identify adonis complex
frequent washings
checking appearance
baggy or tight clothing
excessive exercise
what is required on nutrition labels
- calories
- total fats
- total carbs
- fiber
- cholesterol
- sodium
What are Daily values for:
- Total Fat
- Saturated fat
- Cholesterol
- Total carb
- fiber
- sodium
- protein
- fat: 65g
- saturated fat: 20 g
- cholesterol: 300 mg
- total carb: 300 g
- fiber: 25 grams
- sodium 2400 mg
- protein: 50 grams
define organics
free from
- pesticides, herbicides. insecticides, fungicides
- synthetic fertilizers
- ionizing radiation
- GMO’s
- Antibiotics
- Hormones
what process do farmers have to go through in order to grow organic products
3 year process
- 1st year still marketed as conventional
- 2nd year in conversion
- organically sold
how many days of pasture must cows have access to in order to be considered organic
120 days
how many days do cows need to have access to pasture to be considered grass-fed
365
benefits of GMO’s
- stress resistant
- more nutritionally sound
- increased productivity
drawbacks of GMO’s
carcinogenic