Exam 3- Exercise Physiology

Question 1

The average VO 2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary
population is approximately

A) 45 ml * kg -1 * min -1.
B) 35 ml * kg -1 * min -1.
C) 22ml * kg -1 * min -1.
D) 83 ml * kg -1 * min -1

Answer 1

A) 45 ml * kg -1 * min -1.

Question 2

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO 2 max for 12
weeks) typically results in a ______

A) 1-5% improvement in VO 2 max
B) 15-25% improvement in VO 2 max
C) 5-10% improvement in VO 2 max
D) 40-60% improvement in VO 2 max

Answer 2

B) 15-25% improvement in VO 2 max

Question 3

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the
large variation in VO 2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal

A) heart rate.
B) stroke volume.
C) arteriovenous O 2 difference.
D) systolic blood pressure.

Answer 3

B) stroke volume.

Question 4

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO 2 max variability in
sedentary adults.
A) 20
B) 50
C) 30
D) 90

Answer 4

B) 50

Question 5

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a
bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to

A) an increased maximal cardiac output.
B) increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.
C) a decreased resting heart rate.
D) a greater anaerobic capacity.

Answer 5

B) increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.

Question 6

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower
(i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program.
This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the

A) central nervous system.
B) carotid bodies.
C) trained skeletal muscles.
D) lungs.

Answer 6

C) trained skeletal muscles.

Question 7

During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial
increase in VO 2 max is primarily due to

A) increases in stroke volume.
B) neural adaptations.
C) increases in maximal cardiac output.
D) Both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct.

Answer 7

B) neural adaptations.

Question 8

Which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training induced improvement in VO 2 max?

A) increased maximal cardiac output
B) increased maximal stroke volume
C) increased maximal heart rate
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 8

C) increased maximal heart rate

Question 9

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but
has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

A) overload
B) specificity
C) reversibility
D) none of these

Answer 9

B) specificity

Question 10

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large
increases in VO 2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO 2 max following a
prolonged and intense training program.

A) 20
B) 35
C) 90
D) 50

Answer 10

D) 50

Question 11

The removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called
A) mitogenesis.
B) mitophagy.
C) mitochondria endocytosis.
D) mitochondrial exocytosis.

Answer 11

C) mitochondria endocytosis.

Question 12

Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose
into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. Which of the following training-induced changes
contribute to this training effect?

A) an increase in mitochondria within muscle fibers
B) the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters
C) an increase in circulating catecholamines
D) a decrease in circulating insulin

Answer 12

B) the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

Question 13

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds)
can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.

A) 30-40%
B) 50-60%
C) 3-25%
D) 65-75%

Answer 13

C) 3-25%

Question 14

The increase in VO 2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise
training results from
A) an increase in the maximal a-vO 2 difference.
B) an increase in maximal cardiac output.
C) an increase in the maximal heart rate.
D) both an increase in the maximal a-vO 2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct

Answer 14

D) both an increase in the maximal a-vO 2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct

Question 15

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of
calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise
session.

A) seconds
B) minutes
C) hours
D) days

Answer 15

B) minutes

Question 16

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial
biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.
A) seconds
B) minutes
C) hours
D) days

Answer 16

C) hours

Question 17

Endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal
muscle fibers. The process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called ______.
A) mitophagy
B) mitochondrial proteostasis
C) mitochondrial biogenesis
D) none of these answers is correct

Answer 17

C) mitochondrial biogenesis

Question 18

The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to
A) the muscles involved in the activity.
B) the fiber types recruited.
C) the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity.
D) all of these are correct.

Answer 18

D) all of these are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance
exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO 2 difference?
A) increased mitochondria volume in the muscle
B) increased capillaries in the muscle
C) increased muscle blood flow
D) increased hemoglobin in the blood

Answer 19

D) increased hemoglobin in the blood

Question 20

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in
A) increased uptake of fatty acids.
B) decreased utilization of muscle glycogen.
C) sparing of blood glucose.
D) all of these answers are correct.

Answer 20

D) all of these answers are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?
A) increased end-diastolic volume
B) increased peripheral resistance
C) increased cardiac contractility
D) decrease in total peripheral resistance

Answer 21

B) increased peripheral resistance

Question 22

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate
production in the contracting muscles?
A) increased glycogen utilization
B) increased H 4 form of LDH
C) increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate
D) decreased pyruvate formation

Answer 22

A) increased glycogen utilization

Question 23

Which of the following training adaptations does NOT occur in skeletal muscles
following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training?
A) increased muscle buffer capacity
B) increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase
C) increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 23

D) None of these answers is correct

Question 24

Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the decline in VO 2 observed
during 84 days of detraining?
A) A decrease in maximal heart rate
B) A decrease in the maximal arterial-venous O 2 difference
C) A decrease in maximal stroke volume
D) None of these is correct

Answer 24

A) A decrease in maximal heart rate

Question 25

Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?
A) slower blood flow in muscle
B) increased fat storage in the liver
C) increased FFA transporters
D) increased beta oxidation enzymes

Answer 25

B) increased fat storage in the liver

Question 26

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base
balance during exercise?
A) increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle
B) increased M 4 form of LDH
C) increased glycolytic capacity
D) decreased beta oxidation capacity

Answer 26

A) increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Question 27

Which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or
detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle?
A) Five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial
volume by two times about normal.
B) Seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the
trained level.
C) After a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to
regain the lost mitochondrial volume.
D) All of these are true.

Answer 27

D) All of these are true.

Question 28

Aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after
age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of
muscle mass is termed
A) sarcopenia.
B) muscle fiber hypotrophy.
C) muscle fiber hyperplasia.
D) None of these is correct.

Answer 28

A) sarcopenia.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true?
A) Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people aged 13-65
years old.
B) Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in young men and
women less than 39 years old.
C) Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people of all ages.
D) Resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in
people greater than 65 years old.

Answer 29

D) Resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in
people greater than 65 years old.

Question 30

Muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord.
This neural signal is referred to as ________.
A) motor learning
B) efferent control
C) neural drive
D) motor endplate activation

Answer 30

C) neural drive

Question 31

A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is
labeled as _____________.
A) an antagonist
B) an agonist
C) a promoter
D) none of these is correct

Answer 31

B) an agonist

Question 32

During the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular
strength is primarily due to
A) neural adaptations.
B) muscle fiber hypertrophy.
C) muscle fiber hyperplasia.
D) Both muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle fiber hyperplasia are correct.

Answer 32

A) neural adaptations.

Question 33

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as
much as ______% above resting levels?
A) 20-30
B) 50-150
C) 35-45
D) 200-300

Answer 33

B) 50-150

Question 34

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can
remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained
individuals.
A) 10-15 hours
B) 15-20 hours
C) 35-50 hours
D) 20-25 hours

Answer 34

C) 35-50 hours

Question 35

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle
protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within
_____ following the exercise session.
A) seconds
B) minutes
C) hours
D) days

Answer 35

C) hours

Question 36

The term cross-education refers to ___________________.
A) the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength
increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb
B) the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength
does NOT increase in the untrained (contralateral) limb
C) the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength
decreases in the untrained (contralateral) limb
D) None of these is true

Answer 36

A) the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength
increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb

Question 37

Neural drive is defined as ___________________________________.
A) the size of the motor units activated during muscular contraction
B) the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate
C) the amount of afferent feedback to the central nervous system during exercise
D) the amplitude of the neural output from the cerebellum during exercise

Answer 37

B) the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate

Question 38

An important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit
activation during resistance training is ____________.
A) the muscle spindle
B) the inhibitory neurotransmitter acetylcholine
C) the Golgi tendon organ
D) both the muscle spindle and the Golgi tendon organ are correct

Answer 38

C) the Golgi tendon organ

Question 39

Resistance training increases the specific force production of ________.
A) type I muscle fibers
B) type IIa muscle fibers
C) type IIx muscle fibers
D) all muscle fiber types

Answer 39

A) type I muscle fibers

Question 40

The term hyperplasia refers to ________________.
A) muscle hypertrophy
B) an increase in muscle plasticity
C) an increase in the total number of muscle fibers
D) None of these is correct

Answer 40

C) an increase in the total number of muscle fibers

Question 41

Resistance training results in a __________________.
A) fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types
B) slow-to-fast shift in muscle fiber types
C) decrease in the number of slow muscle fibers
D) None of these is correct

Answer 41

A) fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types

Question 42

Resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which
is matched by _________________.
A) an increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis
B) an increase in the expansion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) a decrease in synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
D) an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

Answer 42

D) an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

Question 43

A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________.
A) TSC2
B) the lysosome
C) tyrosine
D) mTOR

Answer 43

D) mTOR

Question 44

Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can
activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis.
A) the amino acid taurine
B) the amino acid leucine
C) an increase in the muscle levels of TSC2
D) All of these are correct

Answer 44

B) the amino acid leucine

Question 45

Several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. These include:
A) testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone
B) testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone
C) insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucocorticoids, and growth hormone
D) testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and parathyroid hormone

Answer 45

A) testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone

Question 46

Research reveals that resistance training induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with
an increase in myonuclei. The source of these additional myonuclei is _____________.
A) from circulating stem cells that attach to muscle fibers
B) via the division of existing nuclei in the muscle fibers
C) via hyperplasia resulting in the addition of new muscle fibers
D) via satellite cell activation

Answer 46

D) via satellite cell activation

Question 47

It is estimated that _______% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can
be explained by genetic variation.
A) 30
B) 50
C) 80
D) 90

Answer 47

C) 80

Question 48

By comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of
detraining (i.e., loss of muscular strength) following a resistance training program is _________.
A) slower
B) faster
C) approximately equal
D) extremely rapid with 90% of the strength loss occurring within the first 10 days of
detraining

Answer 48

A) slower

Question 49

The phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both
muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as _________.
A) motor learning
B) the boomerang effect
C) satellite cell phenomenon
D) muscle memory

Answer 49

D) muscle memory

Question 50

Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:
A) a decrease in muscle protein synthesis
B) increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers
C) both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in
muscle fibers are correct
D) None of these is correct

Answer 50

C) both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in
muscle fibers are correct

Question 51

The addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers ______________.
A) appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training
B) is clearly NOT essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance
training
C) is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to
synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training
D) Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to
resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

Answer 51

D) Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to
resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

Question 52

In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of
mTOR is inhibited by ______.
A) phosphatidic acid
B) tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)
C) IGF-1
D) none of these answers is correct

Answer 52

B) tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)

Question 53

Increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged
inactivity (prolonged bedrest) and promotes muscle atrophy because:
A) oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers
B) oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers
C) oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation
D) All of these are correct

Answer 53

D) All of these are correct

Question 54

Several factors contribute to neural drive. Which one of the following factors is NOT a
contributor to neural drive?
A) total number of motor units activated
B) the firing rate of the motor neuron
C) activation of the Golgi tendon organ
D) motor unit synchronization

Answer 54

C) activation of the Golgi tendon organ

Question 55

It is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein
synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:
A) IGF-1 and Akt
B) IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid
C) IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)
D) phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

Answer 55

D) phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

Question 56

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and
resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone.
Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent
training impedes strength development?
A) Neural factors
B) Overtraining
C) Depressed muscle protein synthesis
D) none of these is correct

Answer 56

D) none of these is correct

Question 56

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and
resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone.
Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent
training impedes strength development?
A) Neural factors
B) Overtraining
C) Depressed muscle protein synthesis
D) none of these is correct

Answer 56

D) none of these is correct

Question 57

In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle
protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________.
A) AMP kinase activation of TSC2
B) AMP kinase activation of mTOR
C) AMP kinase activation of PGC-1α
D) p38 activation of TSC2

Answer 57

A) AMP kinase activation of TSC2

Question 58

If a 30-year-old man checked a “yes” response on the PAR-Q+, what should he do prior to
taking an exercise test?
A. nothing; he can take the test
B. answer additional questions about his health history
C. have a complete physical examination
D. check into a hospital immediately

Answer 58

B. answer additional questions about his health history

Question 59

The basis for the running field tests for estimating VO2 max is that
A. maximal heart rate is achieved during the test.
B. the average running speed is below the anaerobic threshold.
C. there is a linear relationship between the average running speed (i.e. during maximal effort
running of 10-20 minutes duration) and maximal oxygen uptake.
D. none of the above.

Answer 59

C. there is a linear relationship between the average running speed (i.e. during maximal effort
running of 10-20 minutes duration) and maximal oxygen uptake.

Question 60

A sign of myocardial ischemia measured on the ECG during a graded exercise test is
A. a large P wave.
B. an increase in the width of a QRS complex.
C. a depression of the ST segment.
D. a disappearance of the T wave.

Answer 60

C. a depression of the ST segment.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for having achieved VO2 max during a graded
exercise test?
A. leveling off of the VO2.
B. achieving 85% of maximal heart rate.
C. a blood lactate level of >8 mmoles  liter-1.
D. respiratory exchange ratio >1.15.

Answer 61

B. achieving 85% of maximal heart rate.

Question 62

For many individuals that are not trained cyclists, the highest VO2 value is usually
measured during an exercise test to exhaustion using
A. a cycle ergometer.
B. a treadmill walk test.
C. a graded treadmill running test.
D. an arm ergometer test.

Answer 62

C. a graded treadmill running test.

Question 63

The Bruce protocol is a graded exercise test protocol that uses the __________ to perform
the test.
A. cycle ergometer
B. arm ergometer
C. treadmill
D. step test

Answer 63

C. treadmill

Question 64

In general, the graded exercise test (GXT) used for sedentary subjects would start at 2-3
METs and progress at about_____________ per stage.
A. 1 MET
B. 2-3 METS
C. 4-5 METS
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 64

A. 1 MET

Question 65

The term arrhythmia refers to
A. an irregularity in the normal electrical activity of the heart.
B. cardiac arrest.
C. a unique form of myocardial ischemia.
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 65

A. an irregularity in the normal electrical activity of the heart.

Question 66

The type of graded exercise test that is most conducive for individuals to complete at home or for testing large groups of subjects simultaneously is
A. a cycle ergometer test.
B. a treadmill test.
C. a step test.
D. an arm ergometer test.

Answer 66

A. a cycle ergometer test.

Question 67

Angina pectoris is a ________________.
A. symptom of COPD
B. symptom of myocardial ischemia
C. symptom of respiratory muscle fatigue
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 67

B. symptom of myocardial ischemia

Question 68

A sphygmomanometer may be used during a cycling exercise test to determine
A. arrhythmias.
B. conduction disturbances.
C. myocardial ischemia.
D. blood pressure.

Answer 68

D. blood pressure.

Question 69

The term dyspnea refers to ________________.
A. abdominal discomfort
B. breathlessness
C. chest pain
D. none of the above answers are correct

Answer 69

B. breathlessness

Question 70

The “double product” is___________________.
A. an estimate of cardiac work and oxygen demand
B. computed as the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure.
C. a biomarker indicating that the subject has reached their maximal heart.
D. Both A and B are correct

Answer 70

D. Both A and B are correct

Question 71

Which of the following field tests is used for children?
A. Bruce protocol
B. PACER test
C. FITNESSGRAM
D. both B and C are correct

Answer 71

D. both B and C are correct

Question 72

The original Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale used the rankings from
_______whereas the revised Borg scale now uses a ranking from ______.
A. 6-12, 1-10
B. 6-18, 1-10
C. 6-20, 1-10
D. 6-20, 0-10

Answer 72

D. 6-20, 0-10

Question 73

Which of the following specific signs would be an indication to stop a graded exercise
test?
A. Increase in heart rate with an increase in work rate
B. A decrease in blood pressure with an increase in work rate
C. Dizziness
D. Both B and C are correct

Answer 73

D. Both B and C are correct

Question 74

Heart rate can be measured by palpating the carotid artery. Applying too much pressure to the carotid artery could impact the measurement of heart rate in which of the following ways.
A. Applying excessive pressure to the carotid artery could increase heart rate by activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
B. Applying excessive pressure to the carotid artery could decrease heart rate by way of the baroreceptor reflex.
C. Applying excessive pressure to the carotid artery could decrease heart rate by impacting venous return to the heart.
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 74

B. Applying excessive pressure to the carotid artery could decrease heart rate by way of the baroreceptor reflex

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of myocardial ischemia?
A. Depression of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram
B. Increase in the height of the P wave on the electrocardiogram
C. Pain in the jaw
D. Pain in the neck

Answer 75

B. Increase in the height of the P wave on the electrocardiogram

Question 76

Studies have shown that VO2 max can be estimated without an exercise test by combining
a few simple variables. Which of the following variables are NOT typically used to estimate
VO2 max in a large and diverse population?
A. Age and gender
B. Body weight
C. Body fatness
D. Body mass index

Answer 76

B. Body weight

Question 77

VO2 max can be estimated by drawing a line through the heart rate values measured
during a submaximal graded exercise test and extrapolating to the age-adjusted maximal heart rate. This VO2 max estimate could be incorrect if:
A. the subjects true maximal heart rate was incorrectly estimated.
B. the subject held onto the treadmill railing during the test.
C. the measurement of treadmill speed and grade were inaccurate.
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 77

D. All of the above answers are correct

Question 78

VO2 max can be estimated by completing a cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. Calculate
the estimated VO2 max from a graded cycle ergometer test given the following information:
Subjects age = 40 years old
Subjects body weight = 72 kilograms
Subjects maximal heart rate = 180 beats/min
Highest work rate achieved on cycle = 1000 kpm
VO2 (ml. min-1) = (1.8 ml.kpm-1 X kpm.min-1 ) + (7ml.kg-1. min-1 X kg body weight)
Using the above information, the estimated VO2 max (ml min-1) would be:
A. 1800
B. 2304
C. 1296
D. VO2 max cannot be calculated from the above information

Answer 78

B. 2304

Question 79

VO2 max can be estimated by drawing a line through the heart rate values measured
during a submaximal graded exercise test and extrapolating to the age-adjusted maximal heart rate. Which of following factors could contribute to an underestimation of VO2 max using this type of submaximal test?
A. a cool testing environment
B. the subject held onto the treadmill railing during the test
C. a hot and humid testing environment
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 79

C. a hot and humid testing environment

Question 80

A plateau in VO2 is always necessary to insure that a true VO2 max was measured.

Answer 80

False

Question 81

In general, the overall risk of severe cardiovascular complications or death during a
symptom limited graded exercise test is 1/10,000.

Answer 81

False

Question 82

The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire can be used to estimate VO2 max in a
diverse population.

Answer 82

False

Question 83

The double product provides an estimate of the work load and oxygen demand of the
heart during exercise.

Answer 83

True

Question 84

The formula, 250-age, provides an estimate of maximal heart rate in adults

Answer 84

False

Question 85

One standard error describes where 68% of the estimates are compared to the true value.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

The risk of cardiac complications during exercise is
A) directly related to the degree of pre-existing cardiac disease.
B) higher in women compared to men.
C) independent of the presence of heart disease.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Answer 86

A) directly related to the degree of pre-existing cardiac disease.

Question 87

Epidemiological studies confirm that regular physical activity
A) reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
B) lowers the risk of all-cause mortality.
C) reduces the risk of heart disease in both smokers and hypertensive individuals.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 87

D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 88

According to the FITT principle, the letter “I” signifies
A) “interval” training.
B) the “interval” or time between exercise sessions.
C) the “intensity” of exercise.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Answer 88

C) the “intensity” of exercise.

Question 89

Regular exercise training provides numerous health-related benefits. The two healthrelated benefits that are the MOST responsive to exercise are
A) blood pressure and resting heart rate.
B) blood pressure and capillary number.
C) blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.
D) blood pressure and lipid profile

Answer 89

C) blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.

Question 90

The majority of epidemiological studies observe a greater reduction in the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease with an aerobic exercise training intensity ______.
A) between 1-3 mets
B) between 3-4 mets
C) between 4-5 mets
D) >6 mets

Answer 90

D) >6 mets

Question 91

In general, an optimal aerobic exercise training intensity to improve VO 2 max is
______.
A) 20-30% VO 2 max
B) 30-45% VO 2 max
C) 50-60 VO 2 max
D) 60-80 VO 2 max

Answer 91

D) 60-80 VO 2 max

Question 92

A 30-year-old woman achieves her target heart rate on a cool day by jogging at 6 mph. If
she were to exercise on a very hot day, she would have to ________________________.
A) maintain the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate
B) decrease the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate
C) increase the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 92

B) decrease the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate

Question 93

Which of the following is not a method that is useful for prescribing the recommended
intensity of exercise training?
A) %HRR.
B) %VO 2R.
C) RPE.
D) the onset of sweating.

Answer 93

D) the onset of sweating.

Question 94

In general, the risk of orthopedic and cardiac complications associated with exercise
training increases at exercise intensities ____________.
A) of 50-60% VO 2 max
B) of 60-70% VO 2 max
C) >80% VO 2 max
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 94

C) >80% VO 2 max

Question 95

Exercise is defined as ____________.
A) planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness
B) any form of muscular activity
C) any form of resistance exercise
D) any form of physical activity

Answer 95

A) planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness

Question 96

Which of the following individuals would gain the greatest health benefits from changing
their level of physical activity?
A) a sedentary person who becomes moderately active
B) a moderately active person who becomes more active
C) both of these would experience the same health benefit
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 96

A) a sedentary person who becomes moderately active

Question 97

Which of the following variables is the least sensitive to exercise (training)?
A) blood pressure
B) heart rate
C) VO 2 max
D) high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 97

D) high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 98

The frequency of exercise can be best described in terms of
A) number of minutes of exercise.
B) number of days per week.
C) total kilocalories (kcal) expended.
D) total kcal expended per kilogram body weight.

Answer 98

B) number of days per week.

Question 99

When maximal strength gain is the principal goal of the strength training program,
current evidence suggests that single-set protocols are
A) not effective in promoting increases in maximal strength.
B) more effective than multiple-set protocols.
C) less effective than multiple-set protocols.
D) equally effective as multiple-set protocols

Answer 99

C) less effective than multiple-set protocols.

Question 100

Physical activity is defined as
A) exercise that is associated with limited health benefits.
B) daily activities below a 3 MET exercise intensity.
C) exercise designed to improve cardiovascular fitness.
D) any form of muscular activity

Answer 100

D) any form of muscular activity

Question 101

Which of the following physical activity intensity categories is listed incorrectly?
A) Low-intensity physical activity (LPA) = 1 + METs
B) Moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) = 3 - 5.9 METs
C) Vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) = 6 + METs
D) all of these are correct

Answer 101

A) Low-intensity physical activity (LPA) = 1 + METs

Question 102

Exercise guidelines indicate vigorous-intensity physical activity should be performed at
least ____ minutes/week, while moderate-intensity physical activity be performed at least ____
minutes/week
A) 150; 75
B) 75; 150
C) 300; 150
D) 150; 300

Answer 102

B) 75; 150

Question 103

It is recommended that MVPA should be performed for approximately _____ METmin/week.
A) 75-150
B) 150-300
C) 300-500
D) 500-1000

Answer 103

D) 500-1000

Question 104

To realize health benefits of physical activity, adults should perform _____________.
A) 120-140 minutes of moderate physical activity per week
B) 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week
C) 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week
D) Both 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week and 75-150 minutes
of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week are correct

Answer 104

D) Both 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week and 75-150 minutes
of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week are correct

Question 105

The Karvonen (or heart rate reserve) method of calculating the “heart rate reserve” is
computed as _____________.
A) maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate
B) maximal heart rate minus 60
C) maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate, times 0.60
D) None of these is correct

Answer 105

A) maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate

Question 106

Exercise at high altitude (e.g., >7,000 feet above sea level) could result in
A) reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
B) a decrease in resting heart rate.
C) an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise.
D) Both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate
response to a fixed level of exercise are correct.

Answer 106

D) Both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate
response to a fixed level of exercise are correct.

Question 107

When compared to resistance exercise training, aerobic exercise training generally results
in ____________.
A) greater increases in both lean body mass and muscle mass
B) greater improvements in both mitochondrial volume and muscular power
C) greater improvements in the reduction of total body fat and muscular strength
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 107

D) None of these answers is correct

Question 108

Using the FITT principle, the volume of exercise performed can be computed as
____________.
A) exercise intensity × time
B) mean exercise heart rate × time × frequency
C) frequency × intensity × time
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 108

C) frequency × intensity × time

Question 109

Which of the following general statements about step counts and physical activity in
healthy adults is false?
A) 5,000 daily steps is an approximate threshold for being physically active
B) 7,000 + daily steps appears to be associated with improved health
C) 10,000 is a firm step count goal that all people should achieve on a daily basis
D) vigorous-intensity physical activity is associated with a stepping cadence of 130
steps/minute

Answer 109

C) 10,000 is a firm step count goal that all people should achieve on a daily basis

Question 110

The reason that HR can be used to estimate aerobic exercise intensity is that
A) HR and the VO 2 cost of muscular activity are linearly related to workload.
B) HR accurately reflects exercise workload once a person is approximately 20 years of
age.
C) most people do not understand the concept of RPE, so HR is the best option.
D) All of these are correct statements about HR and aerobic exercise intensity
estimations.

Answer 110

A) HR and the VO 2 cost of muscular activity are linearly related to workload.

Question 111

For a given person, 80% of HRR is __________________ to 80% HRmax.
A) a lower intensity as compared
B) a higher intensity as compared
C) an equal exercise intensity
D) None of these is correct

Answer 111

B) a higher intensity as compared

Question 112

Given: A 50-year-old man with a resting heart rate of 70 beats * min -1. What is the target
heart rate range as determined by the heart rate reserve method?
A) 102-144 beats * min -1
B) 120-140 beats * min -1
C) 130-150 beats * min -1
D) 140-155 beats * min -1

Answer 112

C) 130-150 beats * min -1

Question 113

Given: A 50-year-old man with a resting heart rate of 70 beats * min -1. What is the target
heart rate range as determined by the percentage of maximal heart rate method?
A) 90-110 beats * min -1
B) 120-130 beats * min -1
C) 130-150 beats * min -1
D) 119-144 beats * min -1

Answer 113

D) 119-144 beats * min -1

Question 114

The slope of the exercise “dose/response” curve provides information about
___________.
A) the dose of exercise (i.e., minutes/week) required to promote health benefits
B) the dose of exercise required to improve the lactate threshold
C) the amount of exercise required to improve VO 2 max
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 114

A) the dose of exercise (i.e., minutes/week) required to promote health benefits

Question 115

Which of the following does NOT summarize a fitness variable that is improved by
regularly performing both aerobic exercise and strength exercise?
A) insulin sensitivity and glucose control
B) submaximal exercise rate pressure product and resting BP
C) resting metabolic rate
D) All of these answers are correct

Answer 115

D) All of these answers are correct

Question 116

Studies suggest that elevating the levels of _____________ in the brain can contribute to
“central” fatigue during prolonged endurance events.
A) epinephrine
B) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Answer 116

B) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Question 117

One disadvantage of studying muscle fatigue in vivo is that ________________.
A) these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms
B) these studies are not physiological
C) these studies only allow the study of fatigue during endurance events
D) None of these

Answer 117

A) these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms

Question 118

When the intensity of exercise exceeds 75% of VO 2 max, which of the following fibers
are likely brought into play?
A) Type I
B) Type IIa
C) Type IIx
D) Type Ix

Answer 118

C) Type IIx

Question 119

What is the primary source of ATP production in ultra short-term (high intensity)
exercise performances (i.e., exercise lasting less than 10 seconds)?
A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system)
C) equal ATP production is derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
D) equal ATP production is derived from phosphocreatine and oxidative
phosphorylation

Answer 119

B) phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system)

Question 120

In short-term performances (10-180 seconds) which of the following factors is the
primary cause of muscle fatigue?
A) muscle glycogen depletion
B) depressed plasma FFA
C) hypoglycemia
D) H + accumulation

Answer 120

D) H + accumulation

Question 121

Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting
A) less than 10 seconds.
B) 30 to 180 seconds.
C) 3 to 20 minutes.
D) longer than 60 minutes.

Answer 121

D) longer than 60 minutes.

Question 122

Which of the following has been shown to interfere with cross-bridge “cycling” during
exercise?
A) an accumulation of ATP
B) an accumulation of H +
C) a decrease in Na +
D) a decrease in Pi (inorganic phosphate)

Answer 122

B) an accumulation of H +

Question 123

Fatigue refers to
A) the sensation of pain associated with repeated muscle contractions.
B) an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions.
C) the feeling of sleepiness that occurs during repeated muscle contractions.
D) an increased free radical production that occurs during repeated muscle contractions

Answer 123

B) an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions.

Question 124

At three minutes of all-out high-intensity exercise, __________ of the ATP is derived
from aerobic sources.
A) 10%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 90%

Answer 124

C) 60%

Question 125

Free radicals can promote muscle fatigue in events lasting longer than 30 min minutes by
A) damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges bound to actin.
B) blocking action potential transmission across the neuromuscular junction.
C) limiting ATP production.
D) none of these answers is correct.

Answer 125

A) damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges bound to actin.

Question 126

Blood buffers would most likely improve performances lasting
A) less than 10 seconds.
B) 30 to 180 seconds.
C) 3 to 20 minutes.
D) longer than 20 minutes

Answer 126

B) 30 to 180 seconds.

Question 127

In events lasting 21 to 60 minutes, the athlete would typically work at _______% VO 2
max.
A) <50
B) <60
C) <70
D) <90

Answer 127

D) <90

Question 128

Having a high VO 2 max would be a primary factor for success in performances lasting
A) less than 10 seconds.
B) 30 to 180 seconds.
C) 3 to 20 minutes.
D) >4 hours.

Answer 128

C) 3 to 20 minutes.

Question 129

Which of the following durations of exercise would environmental factors play the
largest role in determining performance?
A) events <10 seconds duration
B) events 10-180 seconds duration
C) events lasting 3-20 minutes duration
D) events lasting 1-4 hours

Answer 129

D) events lasting 1-4 hours

Question 130

Which of the following are not potential mechanisms of peripheral fatigue?
A) Ca ++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) cross-bridge force production
C) spinal cord activation
D) transverse tubules and the sarcolemma

Answer 130

C) spinal cord activation

Question 131

A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the
eyes are opened, the muscle’s ability to produce force is improved. This experiment is a
demonstration of fatigue being linked to which of the following sites?
A) muscle
B) central nervous system
C) mitochondria
D) peripheral nervous system

Answer 131

B) central nervous system

Question 132

Compared to studying muscle function in vivo, using an isolated single muscle fiber to
study muscle fatigue provides which of the following advantages?
A) measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible
B) force production of the single fiber can be measured
C) environment identical to in vivo conditions
D) Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force
production of the single fiber can be measured are correct

Answer 132

D) Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force
production of the single fiber can be measured are correct

Question 133

In examining the mechanisms for exercise-induced fatigue, the vast majority of the
evidence points to the
A) central nervous system.
B) the alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord.
C) periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue).
D) Both central nervous system and the alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord are correct.

Answer 133

C) periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue).

Question 134

Daily supplementation with high doses of the antioxidant vitamins C and E can
A) diminish muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise.
B) provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue.
C) depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles.
D) Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress
exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct.

Answer 134

D) Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress
exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct.

Question 135

What factor is essential for an athlete to complete a marathon in an elite time?
A) they must possess a superior VO 2 max
B) they must exhibit a high lactate threshold (e.g., ~80% VO 2 max)
C) they must have excellent running economy
D) All of these are essential

Answer 135

D) All of these are essential

Question 136

A high H + concentration can contribute to fatigue by
A) reducing the force generated per cross-bridge.
B) interfering with Ca ++ binding to troponin
C) inhibiting Ca ++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 136

D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 137

Research indicates that following a series of voluntary contractions to produce skeletal
muscle fatigue, electrical stimulation of the “fatigued” muscle group results in an increase in the
maximal voluntary force production. This experiment suggests that:
A) exercise-induced muscle fatigue results from peripheral factors located within the muscle.
B) exercise-induced muscle fatigue results from peripheral factors located at the
neuromuscular junction.
C) the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central
nervous system can limit performance.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Answer 137

C) the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central
nervous system can limit performance

Question 138

In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors do not
contribute to performance?
A) VO 2 max
B) Maximal cardiac output
C) depletion of muscle glycogen
D) Fiber type

Answer 138

C) depletion of muscle glycogen

Question 139

Which of the following are essential factors in the successful completion of an ultraendurance event?
A) having trained the body to markedly shift to fat oxidation to fuel the work performed
during the ultra-endurance competition
B) having a superior VO 2 max and high lactate threshold
C) avoiding carbohydrate intake during the event
D) All of these are essential

Answer 139

A) having trained the body to markedly shift to fat oxidation to fuel the work performed
during the ultra-endurance competition

Question 140

The term afterload refers to:
A. the impact of exercise on cardiac workload
B. the work imposed on the heart following an exercise training session
C. the peripheral vascular resistance that provides a load on the ventricle as the heart contracts
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 140

C. the peripheral vascular resistance that provides a load on the ventricle as the heart contracts

Question 141

Three years of endurance exercise training increases VO2 max by:
A. increasing maximal cardiac output and increasing the max arterial-venous oxygen difference
B. increasing maximal cardiac output ONLY
C. increasing the max arterial-venous oxygen difference ONLY
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 141

A. increasing maximal cardiac output and increasing the max arterial-venous oxygen difference

Question 142

Resistance exercise training results in a shift in muscle fiber type from _____to _____.
A. IIa to IIx
B. IIa to I
C. IIx to IIa
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 142

C. IIx to IIa

Question 143

__________are the source for additional nuclei in muscle fibers.
A. Bone-derived stem cells
B. Space cells
C. Satellite cells
D. Plasma cells

Answer 143

C. Satellite cells

Question 144

__________are the source for additional nuclei in muscle fibers.
A. Bone-derived stem cells
B. Space cells
C. Satellite cells
D. Plasma cells

Answer 144

C. Satellite cells

Question 145

Increases in muscular strength during 20-30 weeks of resistance training is largely due to:
A. fiber hypertrophy
B. fiber hyperplasia
C. changes in the nervous system
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 145

A. fiber hypertrophy

Question 146

The sensation of breathlessness is called ____________.
A. hyperpnea
B. angina pectoris
C. apnea
D. dyspnea

Answer 146

D. dyspnea

Question 147

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a sign of myocardia ischemia?
A. extreme fatigue
B. jaw pain
C. abdominal pain
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 147

D. None of the above answers are correct

Question 148

Which of following tests to estimate VO2max produces the lowest standard error?
A. VO2max is estimated from a 1-mile walk test or 12-minute run.
B. VO2max is estimated from the heart rate values measured during a submaximal test.
C. VO2max is estimated from the last stage of a maximal test
D. All of these tests produce essentially the same standard error

Answer 148

C. VO2max is estimated from the last stage of a maximal test

Question 149

A conduction disturbance refers to__________________.
A. a cardiac arrhythmia
B. myocardial ischemia
C. blockage or slowing of depolarization of the heart
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 149

C. blockage or slowing of depolarization of the heart

Question 150

According the revised Borg scale of the rating of perceived exertion, a rating of 10 would indicate a
perceived exertion of _______________.
A. moderate
B. somewhat hard
C. heavy (strong)
D. very, very heavy

Answer 150

D. very, very heavy

Question 151

Physical inactivity is now considered to be ____________ risk factor for coronary heart disease.
A. a minor
B. an uncomplicated
C. a moderate
D. primary

Answer 151

D. primary

Question 152

A potential side effect of regular exercise training is______________.
A. increased risk of developing coronary heart disease
B. increased risk of developing type I diabetes
C. increased risk of seizures
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 152

D. None of the above answers are correct

Question 153

In adults, the risk of sudden death during vigorous-intensity physical activity is one per year for every ____-____individuals.
A. 1000-2000
B. 5,000-10,000
C. 15,000-18,000
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 153

C. 15,000-18,000

Question 154

The standard deviation (i.e., potential error) in estimating maximal heart rate from 220-age is approximately________ beats/min.
A. 5
B. 8-10
C. 11
D. 22

Answer 154

C. 11

Question 155

In general, stretching to improve flexibility should be performed ______times per week
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3-4
D. >5

Answer 155

B. 2

Question 156

Which of the following factors affect performance during ultra-short exercise?
A. skill/technique
B. motivation/arousal
C. rates of ATP production via PC and glycolysis
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 156

D. All of the above answers are correct

Question 157

During high intensity exercise lasting 180 seconds, what percent of the total ATP production is derived
from aerobic production (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation) of ATP?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 60%

Answer 157

D. 60%

Question 158

During maximal effort exercise lasting 20 minutes, what percent of the total ATP production is derived from anaerobic sources?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 158

A. 10%

Question 159

As exercise intensity increases, muscle fiber recruitment progresses from________________.
A. type I> type IIa> type IIx
B. type IIa> type I> type IIx
C. type I> type IIx> type IIa
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 159

A. type I> type IIa> type IIx

Question 160

Depletion of liver and muscle glycogen stores are most likely to contribute to fatigue and impaired performance in exercise events lasting_______________.
A. 10 minutes
B. 20 minutes
C. 30 minutes
D. >60 minutes

Answer 160

D. >60 minutes

Question 161

To be effective, laboratory physiological tests should be:
A. relevant to the sport
B. valid and reliable
C. repeated at regular intervals
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 161

D. All of the above answers are correct

Question 162

Which of the following measurements have been used to estimate the “lactate threshold”?
A. inspiratory threshold
B. ventilatory threshold
C. peak running velocity
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 162

D. All of the above answers are correct

Question 163

Critical power is defined as_______________________.
A. the power output during 1 RM
B. the amount of power required to reach VO2 max
C. the running speed at which the speed/time curve reaches a plateau
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 163

C. the running speed at which the speed/time curve reaches a plateau

Question 164

The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle test is a ________________.
A. laboratory test to evaluate fitness in tennis players
B. laboratory test designed to evaluate performance in soccer players
C. field test designed to evaluate performance in soccer players
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 164

C. field test designed to evaluate performance in soccer players

Question 165

The Wingate test is a test designed to ________________.
A. estimate VO2 max
B. measure the maximal capacity of the ATP/PC system during 10 seconds of all out effort
C. determine both peak anaerobic power and the mean power over the 30-seconds of the test
D. None of the above answers are correct

Answer 165

C. determine both peak anaerobic power and the mean power over the 30-seconds of the test

Question 166

Which of the following laboratory tests would provide the LEAST important information
about performance potential in a long endurance event (e.g., a marathon)?
A. test to measure maximal oxygen uptake
B. Wingate test
C. test to measure lactate threshold
D. test to measure exercise economy

Answer 166

B. Wingate test

Question 167

Measurement of the highest VO2 obtained during an incremental arm ergometer test is
often called
A. VO2 max.
B. peak VO2.
C. maximal aerobic power.
D. VO2 arm

Answer 167

B. peak VO2.

Question 168

Which of the following performance tests is a good test of anaerobic, glycolytic power?
A. vertical leap test
B. Wingate test
C. one-repetition maximum test
D. VO2 max test

Answer 168

B. Wingate test

Question 169

Performance of a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test to determine muscular strength is an
example of a(n) _______________ strength test.
A. isokinetic
B. dynamic
C. isometric
D. isolateral

Answer 169

B. dynamic

Question 170

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of physiological testing for athletes?
A. provides information about strengths and weaknesses
B. educates the subject about the physiology of exercise
C. provides feedback about effectiveness of training program
D. All of the above are benefits of physiological testing.

Answer 170

D. All of the above are benefits of physiological testing.

Question 171

Measurement of the lactate threshold has been used to estimate maximal
A. aerobic power.
B. steady-state running speed.
C. performance in events lasting less than 60 seconds.
D. power of the ATP-PC system.

Answer 171

B. steady-state running speed.

Question 172

In general, the duration of an incremental test to determine VO2 max should NOT
exceed_____________.
A. 6-8 minutes
B. 10-12 minutes
C. 14-18 minutes
D. 20-22 minutes

Answer 172

B. 10-12 minutes

Question 173

Both the lactate threshold and the measurement of critical power have been used to predict performance in endurance events. Studies reveal that, from an exercise intensity viewpoint, critical power measurements represent an exercise intensity_____________.
A. 30% below the lactate threshold.
B. above the lactate threshold.
C. equal to the lactate threshold.
D. 10% below the lactate threshold

Answer 173

B. above the lactate threshold.

Question 174

The concept of critical power is based on the notion that athletes
A. cannot work below the lactate threshold for extended periods.
B. can maintain a specific submaximal power output without fatigue.
C. can work at 90% of VO2 max without fatigue.
D. can sustain maximal intensity exercise for only one minute

Answer 174

B. can maintain a specific submaximal power output without fatigue.

Question 175

Peak running velocity is defined as the highest running speed that can be maintained for
A. 5 seconds.
B. 30 seconds.
C. 60 seconds.
D. 5 minutes.

Answer 175

A. 5 seconds.

Question 176

A handgrip dynamometer is an easy method of assessing ______________ strength.
A. isometric
B. dynamic
C. isotonic
D. isokinetic

Answer 176

A. isometric

Question 177

An isokinetic dynamometer monitors the
A. force a muscle generates at a constant speed.
B. speed a muscle generates at a constant force.
C. force a muscle generates against an unmovable resistance.
D. force a muscle generates during lengthening contractions ONLY.

Answer 177

A. force a muscle generates at a constant speed.

Question 178

Which of the following is a method to estimate the lactate threshold?
A. the work rate at which the R exceeds 1.00
B. the work rate at which HR exceeds 85% predicted HR max
C. the work rate at which maximal running velocity occurs
D. the work rate at which the ventilatory threshold occurs

Answer 178

D. the work rate at which the ventilatory threshold occurs

Question 179

Many investigators argue that the following measurement is the single best predictor of
success in endurance events.
A. Critical power
B. Lactate threshold
C. Wingate power test
D. VO2 max

Answer 179

D. VO2 max

Question 180

The vertical jump power test has been used to evaluate explosive anaerobic power. This
test is valuable in predicting performance in______________.
A. running 40 yards
B. running 100 yards (or meters)
C. sports requiring vertical leaping ability
D. All of the above answers are correct

Answer 180

C. sports requiring vertical leaping ability

Question 181

Which of the following is NOT among the criteria used to determine if a VO2 max test is
valid?
A. HR within 10 beats per minute of predicted HR max
B. respiratory exchange ratio >1.00
C. blood lactate concentration >8 m moles  L-1
D. plateau in VO2 with increasing work rate

Answer 181

B. respiratory exchange ratio >1.00

Question 182

Which of the following components of performance testing are NOT important to
consider when designing a laboratory test to evaluate sport performance?
A. The testing protocol should be relevant to the sport and sport specific.
B. The test should be valid.
C. The test must be reliable.
D. Follow-up testing should be avoided.

Answer 182

D. Follow-up testing should be avoided.

Question 183

Exercise scientists often use data from laboratory tests to predict performance in a variety
of sports. Which of the following measurements (or performance tests) are required to predict
a performance time for a 10,000 meter race?
A. Wingate power test and measurement of running economy
B. lactate threshold and VO2 max
C. critical power and VO2 max
D. lactate threshold and measurement of running economy

Answer 183

D. lactate threshold and measurement of running economy

Question 184

Exercise scientists often use data from laboratory tests to predict performance in a variety
of sports. Given:
VO2 max = 55 ml.
kg.-1min-1
VO2 at the lactate threshold = 45 ml.
kg.-1min-1
Running economy data:
Estimated running speed at lactate threshold = 245 meters per minute
Estimated running speed at 75% VO2 max = 255 meters per minute
Estimated running speed at VO2 max = 275 meters per minute
Using the data provided above, your estimate for the time to complete a 10,000 meter race is:
A. approximately 40.8 minutes
B. approximately 39.2 minutes
C. approximately 36.4 minutes
D. A finish time for this race cannot be estimated using the data above

Answer 184

A. approximately 40.8 minutes

Question 185

Which of the following statements about Laboratory (physiological) testing is NOT true?
A. Laboratory testing can often provide valuable feedback about the effectiveness of exercise training programs.
B. Laboratory testing is a powerful tool to identify future Olympic champions.
C. Laboratory testing can be used an educational tool for the athlete to learn about exercise physiology.
D. Laboratory testing can provide an athlete information about their strengths and
weaknesses.

Answer 185

B. Laboratory testing is a powerful tool to identify future Olympic champions.

Question 186

Measurement of VO2 max can be performed using either the arms or the legs

Answer 186

False

Question 187

VO2 max is an excellent predictor of performance in endurance events for trained
runners.

Answer 187

False

Question 188

The vertical jump test uses the ATP-PC system, so it is considered a good predictor of
success in running a short (40-100 yards) dash.

Answer 188

False

Question 189

Lactate threshold can be used to predict the estimated finish time in a race.

Answer 189

True

Question 190

A more economical runner will have a higher VO2 at a given speed than with an
uneconomical runner.

Answer 190

False

Question 191

A cool-down period following heavy exercise is important in ___________
A) preventing heat stroke.
B) preventing muscle cramps.
C) returning “pooled” blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation.
D) allowing the individual to reduce brain blood flow back to normal.

Answer 191

C) returning “pooled” blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation.

Question 192

The term overload, when used in conjunction with a sport conditioning program, is
defined as:
A) exercise performed above 90% VO 2 max.
B) exercise training that stresses the cardiovascular system and/or skeletal muscles above a level to which it’s accustomed.
C) injury or damage a muscle group.
D) exercise that results in emotional stress.

Answer 192

B) exercise training that stresses the cardiovascular system and/or skeletal muscles above a level to which it’s accustomed.

Question 193

A genetic predisposition for athletic talent _____________.
A) is not necessary for an individual to compete at a world-class level
B) has limited impact on the individual’s ultimate athletic potential
C) is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level
D) is important only in power events such as sprinting

Answer 193

C) is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level

Question 194

Intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-CP system should generally last
_____ seconds.
A) 5-10
B) 30-60
C) 90-180
D) >180

Answer 194

A) 5-10

Question 195

Delayed onset of muscle soreness is likely due to ____________.
A) lactic acid buildup in muscles
B) depletion of muscle glycogen
C) microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) muscle cramps

Answer 195

C) microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 196

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of overtraining?
A) Decrease in performance
B) Loss of body weight
C) Chronic fatigue
D) Decrease in the heart rate response to exercise

Answer 196

D) Decrease in the heart rate response to exercise

Question 197

Many training injuries occur due to overtraining. A common sense guideline to avoid
training-induced injuries is that training intensity or duration should not be increased more than ____ per week.
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Answer 197

B) 10%

Question 198

Which of the following training intensities of exercise are likely to elicit the greatest
percentage of improvement in VO 2 max?
A) <50% VO 2 max
B) 55-60% VO 2 max
C) 65-70% VO 2 max
D) 80-100% VO 2 max

Answer 198

D) 80-100% VO 2 max

Question 199

When an athlete stops exercise training, the training effect is quickly lost. This illustrates
the concept of ________.
A) overload
B) specificity
C) reversibility
D) the “ten percent rule.”

Answer 199

C) reversibility

Question 200

HIIT training is advantageous for which of the following reasons?
A) training sessions are time-efficient
B) workout variation options are plentiful
C) the warm-up and cool-down are proportionately shorter than moderate intensity
continuous training
D) Both training sessions are time-efficient and workout variation options are plentiful are correct

Answer 200

D) Both training sessions are time-efficient and workout variation options are plentiful are correct

Question 201

Most, if not all, of the increase in muscle size due to strength training is the result of
_________.
A) hypertrophy
B) hyperplasia
C) both hypertrophy and hyperplasia contribute equally
D) an increase in muscle water content

Answer 201

A) hypertrophy

Question 202

The minimum number of sets required for strength gains in untrained, beginning
weightlifters is ________ set.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) >4

Answer 202

A) 1

Question 203

Which of the following is NOT an important factor that contributes to performance in
endurance events?

A) high VO 2 max
B) superior exercise efficiency/economy
C) high anaerobic capacity
D) high lactate threshold

Answer 203

C) high anaerobic capacity

Question 204

Genetics influences the training response and exerts a significant influence on how much
VO 2 max can be improved with training. “High responders” to endurance exercise training can
improve their VO 2 max by as much as ______.
A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 85%

Answer 204

C) 50%

Question 205

Genetics influences the training response and exerts a significant influence on how much
VO 2 max can be improved with training. “Low responders” to endurance exercise training may only improve their VO 2 max by ______.
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Answer 205

A) 5%

Question 206

Training has been shown to improve exercise economy in both runners and cyclists by as
much as __________ over several years of training.
A) 1-5%
B) 5-6%
C) 8-15%
D) 25%

Answer 206

C) 8-15%

Question 207

Training has been shown to improve the lactate threshold in endurance athletes by as
much as __________ during 10 years of training.
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%

Answer 207

D) 30%

Question 208

Current evidence suggests that compression garments ____________________.
A) increase VO 2 max
B) reduce wind resistance during running
C) may decrease swelling following exercise-induced muscle soreness
D) improve performance in short-duration (i.e., events lasting <10 seconds) high
intensity exercise

Answer 208

C) may decrease swelling following exercise-induced muscle soreness

Question 209

The “RICE” treatment is recommended to improve the recovery from delayed onset
muscle soreness. RICE is an abbreviation for _________________.
A) rest, ice, compression, and elevation
B) rest, intensity, cold, and elevation
C) recovery, ice, compression, and elevation
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 209

A) rest, ice, compression, and elevation

Question 210

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NAIDS) for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
A) The specific drug, treatment program, and dosage of NAIDS to relieve DOMS pain
is well established in the literature.
B) The use of NAIDS does not reduce the pain associated with DOMS.
C) The use of NAIDS increases the risk of stomach irritation.
D) The use of NAIDS has been shown to completely eliminate the muscle damage
associated with DOMS within a 12-hour period.

Answer 210

C) The use of NAIDS increases the risk of stomach irritation.

Question 211

Which of the following is NOT a common laboratory test used to quantify endurance
exercise potential?
A) lactate threshold test
B) determination of ventilatory threshold
C) tests of movement efficiency (e.g., running economy)
D) All of these are correct

Answer 211

D) All of these are correct

Question 212

Starting an endurance exercise training session with low glycogen levels has been shown
to:
A) Promote protein synthesis in the active skeletal muscles
B) Activate both AMP Kinase and p38
C) Increase the activation PGC-1α
D) All of these answers are correct

Answer 212

D) All of these answers are correct

Question 213

Providing high quality protein to athletes immediately prior to or after a training session
has been shown to:
A) Increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and
resistance training
B) Accelerate gains in anaerobic power
C) Increase the activation PGC-1α
D) Both Increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training and Accelerate gains in anaerobic power are correct

Answer 213

D) Both Increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training and Accelerate gains in anaerobic power are correct

Question 214

Supplementation with mega doses of the antioxidant vitamins C and E has been shown
to:
A) Accelerate training adaptations in skeletal muscles
B) Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules
C) Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to promote amino acid uptake in muscle fibers
D) Both Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to
activate signal molecules and Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are
required to promote amino acid uptake in muscle fibers are correct

Answer 214

B) Diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules

Question 215

The five-zone intensity scale to prescribe and monitor exercise
A) is based on the relationship between HR, %VO 2 max, and blood lactate for a given intensity
B) has identical training durations for the five zones.
C) is an essential training technique for weight loss through exercise.
D) All of these are correct

Answer 215

A) is based on the relationship between HR, %VO 2 max, and blood lactate for a given intensity

Question 216

Training-based improvements in VO 2 max are typically greatest for
A) a person that is already a competitive endurance athlete.
B) someone who is active, but not particularly well trained for aerobic exercise.
C) a sedentary individual that is beginning an aerobic exercise program.
D) None of these is correct.

Answer 216

C) a sedentary individual that is beginning an aerobic exercise program.

Question 217

Which of the following theories has NOT been proposed to explain the repeated bout
effect of protection against exercise-induced muscle soreness?
A) Neural theory
B) Central nervous system theory
C) Connective tissue theory
D) Cellular theory

Answer 217

B) Central nervous system theory

Question 218

Preceding a static stretch with an isometric contraction of the muscle group to be
stretched _____________.
A) is called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
B) is effective in improving muscle relaxation
C) can activate the Golgi tendon organ
D) All of these answers are correct

Answer 218

D) All of these answers are correct

Question 219

Which of the following is NOT true about strength training comparisons between men
and women?
A) Men and women generally exhibit the same absolute levels of strength.
B) When muscle force production is normalized to cross-sectional area, men and
women are similar.
C) Men typically have more muscle mass than women.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 219

A) Men and women generally exhibit the same absolute levels of strength