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Pharmacology COPY > EXAM #3: DRUGS OF ABUSE II > Flashcards

EXAM #3: DRUGS OF ABUSE II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most commonly abused Benzodiazepines?

A

1) Diazepam (Valium)

2) Alprazolam (Xanax)

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2
Q

What is Flunitrazepam?

A

Rohypnol i.e. the date rape drug

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3
Q

What is Flumazenil?

A

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist

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4
Q

What Barbiturate is commonly abused?

A

Pentobarbital

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5
Q

How does the abuse of Pentobarbital compare to the Benzodiazepines?

A
  • Not as common

- Lower margin of safety

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6
Q

What is the MOA of reward seen with Benzodiazepine and Barbiturate drugs?

A

1) Increased frequency/ duration of opening of GABA Cl- channels
2) GABA-A receptors are located on GABAnergic neurons in the VTA

Net result is dis-inhibition and activation of mesolimbic reward pathway.

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7
Q

What is Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)?

A

CNS depressant that has been used as a date rape drug

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8
Q

What is the MOA of GHB?

A

Disinhibition of GABA-B receptors in the VTA

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9
Q

List the five common psychostimulants.

A

1) Cocaine
2) Amphetamine
3) Methamphetamine
4) Methylphenidate
5) MDMA

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10
Q

What is the trade name of Methylphenidate?

A

Ritalin

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11
Q

What is the RR of addiction with the psychostimulants?

A

5

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12
Q

What endogenous chemical do the psychostimulants mimic?

A

NE

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13
Q

What drug has the strongest psychological dependence of any drug?

A

Cocaine

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14
Q

What is cocaethylene?

A

Cocaine and alcohol mixed–this is the metabolite made in the liver

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15
Q

What is cocaethylene associated with?

A
  • Intensification of cocaine’s euphoric effects

- Most common fatal two-drug combination

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16
Q

What amphetamine derivative is most commonly abused? Why?

A

Methamphetamine

- Can easily be burned/smoked

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17
Q

What are the side effects seen with methamphetamine use?

A

Sympathomimetic

  • Mydriasis
  • Tachycardia
  • HTN
18
Q

What is the MOA of MDMA (ecstacy)?

A

1) Blocks SERT transporters (5-HT)

2) Causes the release of 5-HT from presynaptic neurons

19
Q

What are the long-term effects of MDMA use in regards to 5-HT?

A

Can cause permanent 5-HT depletion

20
Q

What toxicity is associated with MDMA?

A

Acute hyperthermia and dehydration

21
Q

What phenotype is produced by long-term abuse of psychostimulants?

A

Toxic psychosis that cannot be distinguished from paranoid schizophrenia

22
Q

What is another name for a Psychedelic?

A

Hallucinogen

23
Q

List the drugs categorized as Psychedelics.

A

1) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
2) Psilocybin
3) Ketamine
4) Phencyclidine

24
Q

What is the RR of addiction seen with the Psychedelics?

A

1

25
Q

What is the MOA of LSD and Psilocybin?

A
  • Glutamate release
  • 5-HT2A agonist

Gq–>Ip3–> increased Ca++ that causes glutamate release*

26
Q

What is correlated with increased hallucinogen potency?

A

5-HT2 affinity

27
Q

Do LSD and Psilocybin activate the mesolimbic DA pathway?

A

NO–thus, low risk for addiction and no withdrawal syndrome

28
Q

What is the MOA of Ketamine and PCP?

A

NMDA antagonists that decrease activity of:

  • Cortex
  • Limbic system
29
Q

What is the RR of opioid addiction?

A

4

30
Q

What are the most commonly abused opioids?

A

1) Codeine
2) Heroin
3) Morphine
4) Oxycodone

31
Q

What is the MOA of euphoria seen with opioid use?

A

1) Activation of mu-opioid receptors

2) Inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the VTA= disinhibition of VTA DA neurons

32
Q

What is the effect of kappa-opioid receptor agonism?

A

Dysphoria

33
Q

What is Naloxone used to treat?

A

Opioid receptor antagonist used to treat opioid overdose

34
Q

What drug is used to treat opioid withdrawal and addiction?

A

Methadone

35
Q

What drug is used as maintenance therapy in opioid addiction?

A

Naltrexone

36
Q

What is the active substance found in marijuana?

A

THC

37
Q

What is Dronabinol?

A

Synthetic THC

38
Q

What is Dronabinol used for clinically?

A

Chronic pain

39
Q

What is the RR of cannabinoid addiction?

A

2

40
Q

What is the MOA of THC?

A

Blocks GABA-A receptors on DA neurons in the VTA

41
Q

What is the mechanism of nictone addiction?

A

NAChR activation results in DA release in:

  • Nucleus accumbens
  • PFC

Pharmacology COPY (64 decks)

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