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Human Factors Psychology > Exam 3 (cumulative) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (cumulative) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two ways to describe how people reason and make decisions?

A

Normative & descriptive

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2
Q

What is normative decision-making?

A

Choices a rational person makes under ideal circumstances; pros and cons
ex. if we were computers

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3
Q

What is descriptive decision-making?

A

choices a typical person makes under typical circumstances

ex. humans & emotions

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4
Q

How can problem solving be measured?

A

Moves, accuracy, time

*avoid bad questions, think aloud

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5
Q

What is the problem space?

A

Hypothetical state that shows current state, goal state, all possible spaced in between, and operations to move from one or another
ex. chess match

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6
Q

What are two important things to consider when dealing with the problem space?

A
  1. how the problem is represented - may differ from task environment, needs to facilitate goal achievement
  2. how problem space is searched - consideration and evaluation of allowable moves, limited capacity of working memory (can’t think of all 500 possible moves at once)
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7
Q

What are three types of strategies used for solving problems?

A

forward chaining, backward chaining, means-end analysis

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8
Q

What is forward chaining?

A

Evaluates all possible actions and selects the best option to achieve a goal

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9
Q

What is backward chaining?

A

starts with goal and works backwards to initial state

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10
Q

What is a means-end analysis?

A

you identify the difference between the current state and goal state and try to reduce it (assuming straight path)

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11
Q

What is an analogy?

A

A type of heuristic, comparison between current problem and similar, familiar problem

  • good unless bad analogy
  • can be used to explain process
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12
Q

What step comes after problem solving?

A

Decision making

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13
Q

What is the expected-utility theory?

A

Gambling preference determined by outcomes, probability of happening, risk aversion, individual differences

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14
Q

What are some descriptive theories of decision-making?

A

Framing, bounded rationality, heuristics

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15
Q

What is framing?

A

context of decision changes our decision even when context doesn’t change utility
ex. 20% fat or 80% fat free

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16
Q

What is bounded rationality?

A

decision-maker based decisions on simplified model of the world

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17
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Mental shortcuts, allow us to overcome the many decisions we make every day; can lead to bias

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18
Q

What is the satisficing heuristic?

A

Searching through alternatives until you find one that’s good enough
ex. grocery shopping

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19
Q

What is elimination-by-aspects heuristic? What does stress cause?

A

People only focus on features that are most personally important

ex. buying a car -> eliminate cars over $15k
- more stress, more likely to narrow down
- reduces processing load, but can lead to elimination of optimal choice

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20
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

How easily you can retrieve an event

  • easy to remember = more likely to remember
  • causes overestimation (ex. plane crashes more memorable, less likely to occur than car crashes)
21
Q

What is representativeness heuristic?

A

Things that seem more like parent population more likely to occur (atypical doesn’t happen as often)
ex. birth order

22
Q

Complex tasks [increase/decrease] the use of heuristics?

A

increase

23
Q

How does HFE want to improve decision-making?

A

training, should focus on specific task environments; teach statistics

24
Q

What are decision aids?

A

Help improve decision-making performance

ex. notes on index cards, Google Maps - routes based on traffic etc.

25
Q

A more attractive design [increases/decreases] usability?

A

Increases

26
Q

Emotion changes what level of processing?

A

Behavior

27
Q

[Positive/negative] emotions lead to better brainstorming, examining alternatives, and creativity

A

Positive

28
Q

What are the three levels of processing (Norman)?

A

Visceral, behavioral, reflective

29
Q

What does the visceral level control?

A

Automatic responses, emotions, subconscious

30
Q

What does the behavioral level control?

A

Actions, conscious

31
Q

What does the reflective level control?

A

Contemplation, intelligence, thought

32
Q

What level of processing is the quickest and most reflective?

A

visceral

33
Q

What is the definition of persuasive technology?

A

Any computing technology designed with the goal of changing user’s attitude or behavior

34
Q

What is captology?

A

Computers As Persuasive technology

35
Q

What are the qualifications for captology?

A

Persuasion without coercion (force) or deception (misleading)
completely voluntary, requires intentionality
doesn’t include unintended outcomes, only attitude and behavior changes
ex. Amazon dash button

36
Q

What is macrosuasion?

A

Overall persuasive intent of a product

ex. Fitbit - gets you to increase your physical activity

37
Q

What is microsuasion?

A

primary goal not to persuade but that incorporates smaller persuasive elements
ex. Mint.com - tracking and categorizing spending

38
Q

What are the three roles of PBCTs?

A

Tools, media, social actors

39
Q

What PBCT helps performance and increases user abilities?

A

Tools

40
Q

What PBCT helps enhance the user’s experience; provide insight and experiences?

A

Media

41
Q

What PBCT acts as a virtual peer?

A

Social actors

42
Q

What is needed for a behavior to occur?

A

Trigger

43
Q

What is a trigger?

A

Call to action

44
Q

What do you call a one time behavior change?

A

dot

45
Q

What do you call a behavior change for a set duration?

A

Span

46
Q

What do you call a lasting behavior change? “from now on”

A

Path

47
Q

What are the types of behavior changes?

A

new, familiar, increase, decrease, & stop

48
Q

What are the 8 steps to designing persuasive technology?

A
  1. choose behavior to target
  2. choose audience
  3. find what prevents/facilitates target behavior
  4. choose technology channel
  5. find examples of persuasive technology
  6. imitate successful examples
  7. test and iterate quickly
  8. expand on success

Human Factors Psychology (3 decks)

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