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Medical Neuroscience > Exam 3 Cortex and Cortical Localization > Flashcards

Exam 3 Cortex and Cortical Localization Flashcards

Master concepts from Medical Neuroscience Lectures 30, 31 and 32

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

From which cortical layer do Callosal Fibers originate?

A

Layer III. These are long-association fibers.

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2
Q

What are Betz Cells?

A

Large pyramidal cells in Layer V

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3
Q

What type of innervation do Pyramidal Cells provide?

A

Excitatory via Glutamate

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4
Q

What cortical layer(s) are Pyramidal Cells found in?

A

All layers except I

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5
Q

Which cortical layers contain predominately Pyramidal Cells?

A

Layers II, III and V

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6
Q

Which is the most common neuron cell-type in the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramidal Cells

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7
Q

From which cell-type do projection axons originate?

A

Pyramidal Cells

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8
Q

In which cortical layer are Chandelier Cells found?

A

Layer III

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9
Q

In which cortical layer are Spiny and Aspiny Cells found?

A

Layer IV

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10
Q

In which cortical layers are Basket Cells found?

A

Layers III, V

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11
Q

What type of innervation do Granule Cells provide?

A

Mostly inhibitory

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12
Q

In which layers is the Band of Baillerger found?

A

Layers IV and V

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13
Q

What is the Band of Baillerger?

A

A tract of horizontal cortical fibers running in layers IV and V

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14
Q

From which layer do Interhemispheric axons originate?

A

Layer III

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15
Q

Which cortical regions are connected by the Corpus Callosum?

A

Left and Right hemispheres, excluding the temporal poles

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16
Q

Which cortical regions are connected by the Anterior Commissure?

A

The Temporal Poles

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17
Q

Which tract connects the Temporal Poles?

A

The Anterior Commissure

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18
Q

Which tract connects the L and R Hemispheres?

A

The Callosal Tract

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19
Q

From which layer(s) do Intrahemispheric axons originate?

A

Layers II, III, IV

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20
Q

What are the two types of Intrahemispheric axons?

A

Long Association Axons, Short Association Axons

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21
Q

From which layers do Long Association Axons originate?

A

Layers III and IV

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22
Q

From which layer do Short Association Fibers originate?

A

Layer II

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23
Q

Which cortical structures are connected by Long Association Fibers?

A

Lobes and Lobules

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24
Q

Which cortical structures are connected by Short Association Fibers?

A

Gyri

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25
Q

Which cortical structures are connected by Local Intrinsic Axons?

A

Cortical Layers

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26
Q

Which cortical structures are connected by Local Circuit Axons?

A

Columns

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27
Q

From which cortical layer does Corticothalamic Fibers originate?

A

Layer VI

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28
Q

From which cortical layers do Corticobulbar Fibers originate?

A

Layers III and V

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29
Q

From which cortical layers do Coriticospinal Fibers originate?

A

Layers III and V

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30
Q

From which cortical layer do Corticostriate Fibers originate?

A

Layer V

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31
Q

From which cortical layer do Corticopontine Fibers originate?

A

Layer V

32
Q

To which cortical layers do Thalamocortical Fibers from specific thalamic nuclei project?

A

Layer IV

33
Q

To which cortical layers do Thalamocortical Fibers from intralaminar thalamic nuclei project?

A

Layers II and III

34
Q

When are all cortical neurons formed?

A

First half of embryonic gestation

35
Q

To which cortical layers do subcortical nuclei project?

A

All layers, with diffuse inputs

36
Q

What provides the signals for induction of neuroblast migration in the developing cerebral cortex?

A

NA axons arriving in the plexiform zone

37
Q

What type of cells are found in Cortical Layer I?

A

NONE! TRICK QUESTION, BITCH! - Jesse Pinkman

38
Q

How does Lissencephaly relate to neuronal migration?

A

Absence of Layer II and reduction of Layers III and IV

39
Q

What is the cortical region that mediates motor functions of speech?

A

Broca’s Area located in the inferior frontal gyrus. Pars Triangularis and Pars Opercularis.

40
Q

Describe the effects of small lesions to V1

A

scotomas in the CONTRALATERAL visual field

41
Q

Describe the effects of large lesions to V1

A

quadrantopsia or hemianopsia in the CONTRALATERAL visual field

42
Q

Describe the origin and type of input to dorsal V3

A

Large scale motion from V1 and V2 (Where)

43
Q

Describe the origin and type of input to ventral V3

A

Object recognition from V2 (What)

44
Q

Where does the LEFT ventral visual stream travel and what modalities does it carry?

A

V1 + V2 –> V3 –> V4 –> Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe, area IT. It carries object recognition information.

45
Q

Where does the LEFT ventral visual stream terminate and what is this area responsible for?

A

Left Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe. This area processes feature information like color, texture and shape.

46
Q

Where does the RIGHT ventral visual stream terminate and what is this area responsible for?

A

Right Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe. This area processes holistic, non-verbal perception, including face recognition.

47
Q

What might cause Visual Form Agnosia?

A

A lesion of the ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex (lingual and fusiform gyri)

48
Q

What might cause Alexia and Agraphia

A

Lesion of the Left Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe

49
Q

What would result from a lesion of the Left Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe?

A

Alexia with Agraphia, the inability to communicate through written words

50
Q

What would result from a lesion of the ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex?

A

Visual Form Agnosia, the inability to recognize objects

51
Q

Where does the dorsal visual stream travel and what modalities does it carry?

A

V1–>V2–>V3–>V5 (MT)–> Frontal Eye Fields and Posterior Parietal Cortex. It is involved in assemblage of objects in visual space and motion perception. So-called “where”

52
Q

Where does the dorsal visual stream terminate and what are these areas responsible for?

A

Frontal Eye Fields (Frontal Lobe) and Posterior Parietal Cortex. These areas process spacial visual information.

53
Q

What is Balint’s Syndrome?

A

Simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, ocular apraxia. Bilateral lesion to the posterior parietal cortex.

54
Q

What might result from a watershed MCA/PCA stroke in the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Balint’s Syndrome: simultanagnosia (inability to see more than one object at a time), optic ataxia (inability to move hand towards object), ocular apraxia (inability to voluntarily gaze at an object).

55
Q

Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex located?

A

Heschl’s Gyrus (dorsal opercular aspect of temporal lobe)

56
Q

What tract delivers fibers from MGN?

A

Sublenticular tract, main auditory radiation

57
Q

Where is the LEFT auditory belt and what does it do?

A

A ring of cortex surrounding the primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus). It processes temporal aspects of sound.

58
Q

Where is the RIGHT auditory belt and what does it do?

A

A ring of cortex surrounding the primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus). It processes spectral (musical) aspects of sound.

59
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Left Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus

60
Q

What function does Wernicke’s area serve?

A

Left: Interpreting verbal properties of language

61
Q

What function does the Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus serve on the RIGHT hemisphere?

A

Interpreting Prosody of the spoken word

62
Q

What might lead to sensory aphasia?

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area on the LEFT

63
Q

What might result from a lesion in Wernicke’s area?

A

Sensory aphasia. The inability to communicate verbally. Pt’s can speak but can’t interpret words.

64
Q

What might result from a lesion on the RIGHT Superior Temporal Gyrus?

A

Sensory aprosodia. An inability to detect humor or sarcasm (prosodic) elements in speech.

65
Q

What causes sensory aprosodia?

A

Lesion to the Right Superior Temporal Gyrus

66
Q

What causes sensory aphasia?

A

Lesion to the Left Superior Temporal Gyrus (Wernicke’s area)

67
Q

Where is the recognition of words and their meaning processed?

A

more anterior lateral and inferior parts of the temporal lobe. Information gets more specific closer to the temporal pole (i.e., from categories to proper nouns)

68
Q

What might result from a lesion of the RIGHT Lateral and Inferior Temporal Cortex?

A

Inability to retrieve the name of an object based on non-verbal information pertaining to these objects

69
Q

What might result from a lesion of the LEFT lateral and Inferior Temporal Cortex?

A

Anomia: Inability to recall the names of objects. Increases in severity the closer the lesion is to the temporal pole.

70
Q

What might cause unilateral agraphesthesia and astereognosis?

A

Lesion to the postcentral gyrus

71
Q

Will a lesion to the postcentral gyrus lead to complete loss of pain and thermal sensation?

A

No. Only a diminution.

72
Q

What might result from a lesion to the postcentral gyrus?

A

Agraphesthesia (inability to recognize shapes drawn on palms of hands or body) and astereognosis (inability to recognize objects via tactile sensations)

73
Q

What might result in construction apraxia?

A

Lesion to the RIGHT dorsomedial parietal lobe

74
Q

What might result in tactile agnosia (the inability to recognize objects by touch or name them?)

A

Lesion to the ventromedial parietal lobe

75
Q

What might result from a lesion to the RIGHT Inferior Parietal Lobule?

A

hemispatial neglect on the LEFT side

76
Q

What might result from a lesion to the LEFT Inferior Parietal Lobule?

A

Agraphia, Acalculia, Finger Agnosia and Left-Right Confusion. All four signs: Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Medical Neuroscience (1 decks)

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