Exam 3 COPY Flashcards
Physiological and Psychological needs:
Horney’s Neurotic needs and trends and Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy theory.
Life of Horney
1885-1952, Germany
Was a neglected second born
Father was religious, domineering, imperious, and morose
Mother was attractive, spirited, and freethinking. Also suffered from depression
Envied her brother because he was male.
Trained to become a doctor, graduating with an MD in 1913
Horney underwent Freudian psychoanalysis in 1910
Founded several psychoanalytic associations while working as a psychiatrist, taught students, trained psychoanalysts.
Separated from her husband in mid-1920s, came to the US in 1932 with her daughters.
Settled in NYC, where she practiced, trained others in psychoanalysis
And formalized and spread her psychoanalytic theory.
Physiological and Psychological needs:
Horney’s Neurotic needs and trends and Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy theory.
Life of Horney
1885-1952, Germany
Was a neglected second born
Father was religious, domineering, imperious, and morose
Mother was attractive, spirited, and freethinking. Also suffered from depression
Envied her brother because he was male.
Trained to become a doctor, graduating with an MD in 1913
Horney underwent Freudian psychoanalysis in 1910
Founded several psychoanalytic associations while working as a psychiatrist, taught students, trained psychoanalysts.
Separated from her husband in mid-1920s, came to the US in 1932 with her daughters.
Settled in NYC, where she practiced, trained others in psychoanalysis
And formalized and spread her psychoanalytic theory.
Childhood need for safety
Social forces in childhood influence personality
- Safety need: High level for security and freedom from fear.
Ways in which parents undermine a child’s security:
- Obvious preference for a sibling
- Unfair punishment, erratic behavior
- Breaking promises
Can create hostility, which is repressed because of dependence on parents.
- Results in basic anxiety
Childhood need for safety
Social forces in childhood influence personality
- Safety need: High level for security and freedom from fear.
Ways in which parents undermine a child’s security:
- Obvious preference for a sibling
- Unfair punishment, erratic behavior
- Breaking promises
Can create hostility, which is repressed because of dependence on parents.
- Results in basic anxiety
Basic anxiety
Pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness
- Foundation of neurosis
- Result of childhood where our safety need is not met
Self-protective mechanisms:
- Motivate a person to seek security and reassurance
- Are powerful and intense
Self-protective mechanisms against anxiety:
Securing affection
Being Submissive
Attaining power
Withdrawing
Neurotic Needs and Trends
Neurotic needs
- Irrational defenses that become a permanent part of personality
Neurotic trends
- Categories of behaviors and attitudes that express a person’s needs
- Revision of neurotic needs
- Healthy individual uses a mix; neurotic individual becomes rigidly fixated on one.
side 1
side 2
Conflict: Incompatibility of the neurotic trends
- Core of neurosis
A neurotic person has one dominant
- Battles to keep the non-dominant trends from being expressed
Conflict: Incompatibility of the neurotic trends
- Core of neurosis
A neurotic person has one dominant
- Battles to keep the non-dominant trends from being expressed
Idealized self-Image
Self-image of a “normal” person:
- Built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one’s abilities
Neurotic’s self-image:
- An attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image
- Involves denial of the true self and behaving in terms of what one thinks they should be doing
Tyranny of the should:
- An attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image
- Involves denial of the true self and behaving in terms of what one thinks they should be doing
Feminine psychology
Revision of psychoanalysis
- Encompasses psychological conflicts inherent in womanhood and women’s roles
Both men and women feel inferior
Womb envy: Male envy toward women due to her capacity for motherhood
- Men compensate for the small part they play in creating life by seeking achievement through work
Inferiority feelings in women come from society devaluing them
Feminine psychology
Revision of psychoanalysis
- Encompasses psychological conflicts inherent in womanhood and women’s roles
Both men and women feel inferior
Womb envy: Male envy toward women due to her capacity for motherhood
- Men compensate for the small part they play in creating life by seeking achievement through work
Inferiority feelings in women come from society devaluing them
Flight from womanhood:
inferiority leads some women to deny their femininity
- Causes sexual inhibition (a prude in lay terms)
Motherhood or career
- Women must seek their identity by developing their abilities, pursuing careers
- Contradicts traditional roles and creates conflicts in women
Horney’s Questions About human nature
Learned free will
- Self- awareness as key to health
Emphasized uniqueness
Believed in growth and flexibility
- Focused on the past and present
Optimistic
Reflections on Horney’s Theory
Contributions
- Theory has a common sense appeal, is easily understood
- Impact on Erikson and Maslow
Neurotic trends have proven utility for classifying deviant behavior
Enduring characterization of neurosis.
Provides a unique perspective on psychology
Criticisms
- Incomplete and inconsistent theory
- Heavily influenced by middle-class culture
- Like with Freud, theory is unscientific
Life of Maslow
1908-1970 brooklyn new York
Childhood and adolescence:
- Felt isolated and unhappy
- Experienced anti-Semitism
- Father was aloof and periodically abandoned the family
- Mother was unaffectionate and punitive
Compensated for feelings of inferiority through reading and education
Began his career as a behaviorist
Worked at Columbia where he was mentored by Adler
- Later moved to developing ideas of humanistic psychology
- Focus on mental health and innate drive to reach our full potential
Notably spent six weeks among the Blackfoot in Alberta early in his career.
- Coincided with a movement away from focus on social dominance toward self-actualization
Personality development
Hierarchy of needs
- Arrangement of innate needs from the strongest to weakest
- Instinctoid needs: Maslows term for innate needs
Can still be affected or overridden by learning, social expectations, fear of disapproval
Needs are present at birth and are persistent through life
Strategies for coping with them are learned
Failure to satisfy these needs leads to sickness
Hierarchy of needs: importance from bottom to top:
Characteristics: Dominated by one of these needs at a time. Typically move up the heirarchy
Need for self actualization
Esteem needs
Belonging and love needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs: food, water, and sex.
Lower needs(physiological, safety, belongingness and love, and esteem) are deficit needs
- Greater in strength, potency, and priority.
- Arise due to deprivation
- Physiological and safety appear during infancy
- Belongingness amd love appear after these are met
Higher need (self actualization) is a growth need
- Contributes to personal development
- Gratification requires goos external circumstances
Physiological needs:
Basic survival needs : food water sex and sleep
Rare concern for middle class americans
Motivating forces for cultures with basic survival concerns
Safety needs:
Stability, security, and freedom from fear
Important drive for children and neurotic adults
Desire an orderly and predictable world
Children prefer structure or routine
Neurotics avoid new experiences
Belongingness and love needs
Expressed through relationships with friends, lovers, social groups
May involve joining groups like churches, clubs, Internet discussion boards, volunteering, taking classes
Failure to meet this need is a fundamental cause of emotional maladjustment
Esteem needs
Two major areas:
Esteem from ourselves
- Through feelings of self-worth
Esteem from others
- Through status, social success, and recognition
Makes us feel valuable, strong, adequate
Lack of self-esteem leads to feelings of inferiority, helplessness, and discouragement.
Self-actualization need
Fullest development of the self
- Includes expressing our potential, our talents, our abilities
If other needs are fulfilled but we are not self-actualizing, we will feel restless, frustrated, and discontent.
- Mid-life crisis?
Process can take many forms but has several necessary conditions:
- Freedom from societal or self-constraints
- No distraction by lower needs
- Secure in self image and relationships
- Realistic knowledge of self and view of the world
Reasons for failure to attain self-actualization
Self-actualizers are rare (less than one percent of the population)
Process can be easily inhibited
Some specific causes:
Lack of motivation
Inadequate education
Improper child rearing practices: overprotection or granting excessive permission
Jonah complex : fear that maximizing one’s potential can lead to a situation with which one cannot cope
Doubts about our abilities
Requires courage
Many will just accept life rather than be motivated to actualize
Maslow’s Questions about human nature:
We have free will and responsibility
Interaction of nature and nurture
Past and the present
Uniqueness
Growth rather than stagnation
Optimistic
Reflections
Components, use of terminology are inconsistent and vague
Characteristics of actualizers lack specificity and are difficult to describe
Debatable whether the needs are innate
Other needs have been described or researched
Contributions:
Easy to understand focus on motivation
Humanistic approach examined personality from a new angle and became popular
Impact in many other areas including personality, social, developmental, and I/O psych.
Personality disorders:
ways of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affect how an individual functions in many aspects of life (dsm5, 2013)
Dimensional perspective:
extreme variants of normal personality
Prevalence: 9.1 percent of US adults in past 12 months
Personality Disorders Overviews
Any personality disorder diagnosis requires:
- Impairment in self and interpersonal functioning
- At least one pathological personality trait facet: Negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition/compulsivity, psychoticism.
- Stability in impairment across time/situations.
- That personality expression deviates from cultural norms.
- That impairment is not due to substance use or a medical condition.
- Ten personality disorders organized into three clusters
Cluster A: odd/eccentric
- Three specific types:
- Paranoid: pattern of irrational suspicion/mistrust of others, interpreting the actions of others as malevolent.
- Schizoid: pattern of lack of interest in/detachment from social relationships, restricted emotional expression, apathy.
- Schizotypal: pattern of extreme discomfort with social interactions, distorted cognitions, and perceptions.
Cluster B: dramatic/emotional/erratic
- Four specific types
- Antisocial: pattern of disregard for/violation of the rights of others, manipulative and impulsive behavior, lack of empathy, bloated self-image.
- Borderline: pattern of affective lability, unstable interpersonal relationships, unstable self-image/identity, impulsive and risky behavior.
- Histrionic: pattern of attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotionality.
- Narcissistic: pattern of need for attention, grandiosity, lack of empathy
Cluster C: anxious/fearful
- Three specific types
- Avoidant: pattern of pervasive social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
- Dependent: pattern of a pervasive need to be cared for by other people
- Obsessive-compulsive: pattern of rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism, and a need for control over experiences and others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
PPD: pattern of irrational suspicion/mistrust of others, interpreting the actions of others as malevolent
- Characterized by at least four of the following:
• Suspicion, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting,
harming, or deceiving them
• Preoccupation with unjustified doubts about the
loyalty/trustworthiness of friends and/or associates
- Reluctance to confide in others with fear that the information will be used against them
- Reading hidden demeaning or threatening meanings in benign remarks and/or events
- Persistent grudge-bearing
Perceiving attacks against their character or reputation that others do not see and quick, angry reactions
Recurrent suspicions without justification regarding spousal fidelity
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Prevalence: 1.2-4.4% of US adults in past 12
months
- Some studies show higher rates in women; others show higher rates in men
- Risk factors include:
• Family history of PPD, schizophrenia, and/or other psychotic disorders
Childhood trauma
Especially neglect, abuse
Low SES
Being African amaerican, native or hispanic
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Notable examples (not formally diagnosed):
Richard Nixon, Josef Stalin, Adolf Hitler
Borderline Personality Disorder
• BPD: pattern of affective lability, unstable interpersonal relationships, unstable self image/identity, impulsive and risky behavior
- Characterized by at least five of the following:
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
- Unstable and intense relationships marked by extreme idealization and devaluation
- Unstable self-image or sense of self • Impulsive behavior in at least two self-damaging areas
Substance abuse, binge eating, reckless driving, spending, sex
• Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, and threats or self-harming behavior
Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
Borderline Personality Disorder
Prevalence: 1-6% of US adults in past 12 months
- Make up a substantial portion of psychiatric inpatients (~19%)
- Diagnostic rate is up to 3x higher for women than men
Risk factors include:
• Family history of BPD
Childhood trauma Especially neglect, abuse
Inability to regulate one’s mood
Includes heightened stress reactivity
Highly co morbid with mood and anxiety disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Notable examples: Darrell Hammond, Pete Davidson Brandon Marshall, Ricky Williams, Aileen Wuornos and Jodi arias
Dependent Personality Disorder
• DPD: pattern of a pervasive need to be cared for by other people
- Characterized by at least five of the following:
• Difficulty making daily decisions without advice and reassurance
from others
A need to have others be responsible for important life aspects
• Difficulty expressing disagreement with others due to fear of loss
of support and/or approval
- Difficulty starting projects due to self-doubt
- Willingness to go to great lengths to obtain support from others
Feelings of distress/helplessness when alone because of fear that they can’t take care of themselves
An urgent need to form a new relationship with someone who can provide care and support when other relationships end
Unrealistic preoccupation with fears of being left to take care of themselves.
Dependent personality disorder
DPD: pattern of pervasive need to be cared for by other people.
Prevalence <1% of US adults in past 12 months
Diagnostic rate is higher for women than men in some studies; rates are even in others
Risk factors include: family history of anxiety, insecurity, and submissiveness
Childhood trauma
Especially chronic physical illness
Cultural position of powerlessness/dependence
Highly comorbid with mood disorders like depression, and anxiety and separation anxiety disorders
Notable examples: Debra brown, Susan smith, waneta hoyt.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
ASPD/APD: pattern of disregard for/violation of the rights of others, manipulative and impulsive behavior, lack of empathy, bloated self-image
- Characterized by at least 3 of: law breaking, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness and irritability, reckless disregard for the safety of self or others, irresponsibility, lack of remorse
- Since the age of 15
- Must also have evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
- Behavior must not be a result of psychosis
Someone with ASPD may be labeled a psychopath or socio path
Sometimes psychopath seen as more cold blooded vs the hot headed sociopath
Antisocial Personality Disorder
pattern of disregard for/violation of the rights of others, manipulative and impulsive behavior, lack of empathy, bloated self-image.
Someone with ASPD may be labeled a psychopath or sociopath
Prevalence: .2-3.3% of US in past 12 months
Much higher rate in men (6:1)
Negatively correlated with age
Often comorbid with substance use disorder
Criminality: 19-23% of female, 46-48% of male prison population worldwide
? percentage of serial killers?
Notable examples: Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, Charles Manson, Dennis Rader, Aileen Wuornos
Psychopathy
The trait is part of the dark triad
narcissism: selfish, boastful, arrogant, lacking in empathy, and hypersensitive to criticism
Machiavellianism: duplicity, manipulation, self-interest, cynicism, and a lack of both emotion and morality
Psychopathy: lack of empathy or remorse, antisocial behavior, being manipulative and impulsive, shallow emotional responses.
Primary vs Secondary: primary (sometimes called “true”) lacks remorse and anxiety
Violent vs nonviolent: can have empathy and guilt deficits but know not to engage in criminal behavior, not be impulsive.
Measures:
Psychopathy checklist- revised (Hare, 1985)
- Score based on clinical interviews and records analysis
- Used in forensic psychology research and application (e.g., insanity plea)
Self-report psychopathy Scale (Levenson, Kiehl, and Fitzpatrick, 1995)
- For use in non-institutional settings
Short Dark Triad (Paulhus and Jones, 2011)
- Dark Triad was originally measured using the SRP, MACH-IV, and NPI
- Quick self report inventory.
Behavior correlates:
- Lack of a startle reflex
- Impaired prosocial emotions
- Lying, manipulation, and other antisocial behaviors
- Disinhibition (impulsivity)
- Possession of sadomasochistic fantasies
Biological correlates
Genes: MAO-A gene mutation or variant linked to violence and aggression
Brunner syndrome produced by mutation
Extremely rare
Characteristics: Extremely rare and low IQ impulsivity, mood swings, sleep disorders
Variant MAO-A-L
- Located on the X chromosome= sex-linked trait
- Present in about 40% of the population
- Nearly half in chromosomal males
Endocrine system:
Basal testosterone and cortisol positively associated with psychopathic traits in men, not women
Neuroanatomy:
Reduced activation in:
- Medial prefrontal cortex: social and emotional processing; inhibition; decision making
- Amygdala: emotional processing (particularly fear)
- Anterior temporal cortex: semantic memory
Environmental correlates
Psychopathic traits are highly heritable but also influenced by the environment
- Callous-unemotional traits: positive reinforcement from adoptive mother buffers against inherited risk from biological mother
- Impulsivity: Positively correlated with childhood physical and sexual abuse
- Childhood trauma connected to PDs and other psychiatric disorders
Cognition: Kelly’s personal construct theory
Kelly described personality through cognitive processes
Main idea = we interpret and organize life events and relationships in a system or pattern
It is an experiential theory
Derived from clinical practice, research.
Held that psychologists and clients function the same way
I.e, we develop hypotheses and theories about the world, collect data to test these ideas.
Life of Kelly
1905-1967, Kansas
Parents were religious fundementalists.
Originally studied math and physiscs but was oriented toward social problems
Developed an interest in psychology
- Switched to clinical psychology during the economic depression
- Studied language disabilities at U of Iowa.
His clients/patients were his students
Served in the US Navy during world war 2 as an aviation psychologist
Major force in the development of the clinical psychology profession
- Mix of therapy and scientific background
Came to prominence, developed his theory of personality at the Ohio State University.
Personal Construct theory
We learn to understand the world by observing the events of our life (our data) and interpreting them in our own way (reaching conclusions)
- Then we use our conclusions to perceive and interpret future events
Construct: intellectual hypothesis used to interpret life events
- Gives us expectations for the future and serves as the basis for our behavior.
- Develop many throughout life for all kinds of people and situations.
Constructive alternativism:
Idea of freedom to revise or replace constructs with alternatives as required.
Ways of anticipating life events
Fundamental postulate: psychological processes are directed by the way people anticipate events.
Corollaries: 11 specifics of the postulate; how constructs are formed /used.
Construction Corollary: Similarities among repeated events.
Individuality Corollary: individual differences in interpreting events
Dichotomy Corollary: Two mutually exclusive alternatives
Modulation Corollary: adapting to new experiences
Sociality Corollary: Understanding how other people think to predict what they will do.
Kelly’s Questions about human nature:
Optimistic
Free Will
Focus is on the present and the future
Influenced by nature and nurture
Moderate position on uniqueness and universality
Emphasized the growth process
Assessment in Kelly’s Theory
Interview:
Kelly believed that the client must be respected
People may lie and distort their reported version of events; accept at face value
Self-characterization sketch:
Used to assess an individual’s construct system
Fixed role therapy:
Clients act out constructs appropriate for a fictitious person
Helps show clients how new constructs can be effective.
Role construct repertory test (rep):
Devised to uncover constructs applied to important people in one’s life
Repertory grid- rep test diagram
- Client is asked to provide judgements (constructs) of many other people
- Three people judged at a time
- Client provides a construct based on what two of the three people have in common
- Other groups of three are judged to generate additional constructs
- Then all people judged based on the constructs provided during the group analysis
- Data analyzed using interpretation
- Modern approach uses computer software to conduct a factor analysis
Research on kellys theory
Cognitive complexity: ability to perceive differences among people
Cognitive simplicity: inability to perceive differences among people
Based on REP test results
Cognitive complexity:
high scorers tend to:
be women
score low in anxiety
Have five+ factors of personality (low scorers less than five)
Have moderate to liberal political views
Have diverse experiences in childhood
Adjust better to stressful life events
Be good at predicting other’s behavior
Cognitive complexity tends to increase with age
But is also a factor of childhood experiences, parenting styles
Reflections on kellys theory
Criticisms
- Excludes emotional aspects
- Viewpoint was based on midwestern young adults coping with college life
- Contains unanswered questions
- Based largely on the clinical method
- To be fair, had a scientific background and made science a central part of the clinical training program at OSU
- Unpopular in the U.S and was different from prevailing ideas. Also an unfriendly scholarly style of writing.
Contributions:
- Unique and radical theory
- Idea that we are forming and testing hypotheses about the world is an important component of CBT.
- More interest in Europe, Canada, and Australia.
