Exam 3 COPY

Question 1

Physiological and Psychological needs:
Horney’s Neurotic needs and trends and Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy theory.

Life of Horney
1885-1952, Germany
Was a neglected second born
Father was religious, domineering, imperious, and morose
Mother was attractive, spirited, and freethinking. Also suffered from depression
Envied her brother because he was male.
Trained to become a doctor, graduating with an MD in 1913
Horney underwent Freudian psychoanalysis in 1910
Founded several psychoanalytic associations while working as a psychiatrist, taught students, trained psychoanalysts.
Separated from her husband in mid-1920s, came to the US in 1932 with her daughters.
Settled in NYC, where she practiced, trained others in psychoanalysis
And formalized and spread her psychoanalytic theory.

Answer 1

Physiological and Psychological needs:
Horney’s Neurotic needs and trends and Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy theory.

Life of Horney
1885-1952, Germany
Was a neglected second born
Father was religious, domineering, imperious, and morose
Mother was attractive, spirited, and freethinking. Also suffered from depression
Envied her brother because he was male.
Trained to become a doctor, graduating with an MD in 1913
Horney underwent Freudian psychoanalysis in 1910
Founded several psychoanalytic associations while working as a psychiatrist, taught students, trained psychoanalysts.
Separated from her husband in mid-1920s, came to the US in 1932 with her daughters.
Settled in NYC, where she practiced, trained others in psychoanalysis
And formalized and spread her psychoanalytic theory.

Question 2

Childhood need for safety
Social forces in childhood influence personality
- Safety need: High level for security and freedom from fear.
Ways in which parents undermine a child’s security:
- Obvious preference for a sibling
- Unfair punishment, erratic behavior
- Breaking promises
Can create hostility, which is repressed because of dependence on parents.
- Results in basic anxiety

Answer 2

Childhood need for safety
Social forces in childhood influence personality
- Safety need: High level for security and freedom from fear.
Ways in which parents undermine a child’s security:
- Obvious preference for a sibling
- Unfair punishment, erratic behavior
- Breaking promises
Can create hostility, which is repressed because of dependence on parents.
- Results in basic anxiety

Question 3

Basic anxiety

Answer 3

Pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness

• Foundation of neurosis
• Result of childhood where our safety need is not met

Question 4

Self-protective mechanisms:

Answer 4

• Motivate a person to seek security and reassurance
• Are powerful and intense

Question 5

Self-protective mechanisms against anxiety:

Answer 5

Securing affection
Being Submissive
Attaining power
Withdrawing

Question 6

Neurotic Needs and Trends

Answer 6

Neurotic needs
- Irrational defenses that become a permanent part of personality
Neurotic trends
- Categories of behaviors and attitudes that express a person’s needs
- Revision of neurotic needs
- Healthy individual uses a mix; neurotic individual becomes rigidly fixated on one.

Question 7

side 1

Answer 7

side 2

Question 8

Conflict: Incompatibility of the neurotic trends

• Core of neurosis

A neurotic person has one dominant

• Battles to keep the non-dominant trends from being expressed

Answer 8

Conflict: Incompatibility of the neurotic trends

• Core of neurosis

A neurotic person has one dominant

• Battles to keep the non-dominant trends from being expressed

Question 9

Idealized self-Image

Self-image of a “normal” person:

Answer 9

• Built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one’s abilities

Question 10

Neurotic’s self-image:

Answer 10

• An attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image
• Involves denial of the true self and behaving in terms of what one thinks they should be doing

Question 11

Tyranny of the should:

Answer 11

• An attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image
• Involves denial of the true self and behaving in terms of what one thinks they should be doing

Question 12

Feminine psychology

Revision of psychoanalysis

• Encompasses psychological conflicts inherent in womanhood and women’s roles

Both men and women feel inferior

Womb envy: Male envy toward women due to her capacity for motherhood

• Men compensate for the small part they play in creating life by seeking achievement through work

Inferiority feelings in women come from society devaluing them

Answer 12

Feminine psychology

Revision of psychoanalysis

• Encompasses psychological conflicts inherent in womanhood and women’s roles

Both men and women feel inferior

Womb envy: Male envy toward women due to her capacity for motherhood

• Men compensate for the small part they play in creating life by seeking achievement through work

Inferiority feelings in women come from society devaluing them

Question 13

Flight from womanhood:

Answer 13

inferiority leads some women to deny their femininity

• Causes sexual inhibition (a prude in lay terms)

Motherhood or career

• Women must seek their identity by developing their abilities, pursuing careers
• Contradicts traditional roles and creates conflicts in women

Question 14

Horney’s Questions About human nature

Answer 14

Learned free will

• Self- awareness as key to health

Emphasized uniqueness

Believed in growth and flexibility

• Focused on the past and present

Optimistic

Question 15

Reflections on Horney’s Theory

Answer 15

Contributions

• Theory has a common sense appeal, is easily understood
• Impact on Erikson and Maslow

Neurotic trends have proven utility for classifying deviant behavior

Enduring characterization of neurosis.

Provides a unique perspective on psychology

Criticisms

• Incomplete and inconsistent theory
• Heavily influenced by middle-class culture
• Like with Freud, theory is unscientific

Question 16

Life of Maslow

Answer 16

1908-1970 brooklyn new York

Childhood and adolescence:

• Felt isolated and unhappy
• Experienced anti-Semitism
• Father was aloof and periodically abandoned the family
• Mother was unaffectionate and punitive

Compensated for feelings of inferiority through reading and education

Began his career as a behaviorist

Worked at Columbia where he was mentored by Adler

• Later moved to developing ideas of humanistic psychology
• Focus on mental health and innate drive to reach our full potential

Notably spent six weeks among the Blackfoot in Alberta early in his career.

• Coincided with a movement away from focus on social dominance toward self-actualization

Question 17

Personality development

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

• Arrangement of innate needs from the strongest to weakest
• Instinctoid needs: Maslows term for innate needs

Can still be affected or overridden by learning, social expectations, fear of disapproval

Needs are present at birth and are persistent through life

Strategies for coping with them are learned

Failure to satisfy these needs leads to sickness

Hierarchy of needs: importance from bottom to top:

Characteristics: Dominated by one of these needs at a time. Typically move up the heirarchy

Need for self actualization

Esteem needs

Belonging and love needs

Safety needs

Physiological needs: food, water, and sex.

Lower needs(physiological, safety, belongingness and love, and esteem) are deficit needs

• Greater in strength, potency, and priority.
• Arise due to deprivation
• Physiological and safety appear during infancy
• Belongingness amd love appear after these are met

Higher need (self actualization) is a growth need

• Contributes to personal development
• Gratification requires goos external circumstances

Question 19

Physiological needs:

Answer 19

Basic survival needs : food water sex and sleep

Rare concern for middle class americans

Motivating forces for cultures with basic survival concerns

Question 20

Safety needs:

Answer 20

Stability, security, and freedom from fear

Important drive for children and neurotic adults

Desire an orderly and predictable world

Children prefer structure or routine

Neurotics avoid new experiences

Question 21

Belongingness and love needs

Answer 21

Expressed through relationships with friends, lovers, social groups

May involve joining groups like churches, clubs, Internet discussion boards, volunteering, taking classes

Failure to meet this need is a fundamental cause of emotional maladjustment

Question 22

Esteem needs

Answer 22

Two major areas:

Esteem from ourselves

• Through feelings of self-worth

Esteem from others

• Through status, social success, and recognition

Makes us feel valuable, strong, adequate

Lack of self-esteem leads to feelings of inferiority, helplessness, and discouragement.

Question 23

Self-actualization need

Answer 23

Fullest development of the self

• Includes expressing our potential, our talents, our abilities

If other needs are fulfilled but we are not self-actualizing, we will feel restless, frustrated, and discontent.

• Mid-life crisis?

Process can take many forms but has several necessary conditions:

• Freedom from societal or self-constraints
• No distraction by lower needs
• Secure in self image and relationships
• Realistic knowledge of self and view of the world

Question 24

Reasons for failure to attain self-actualization

Answer 24

Self-actualizers are rare (less than one percent of the population)

Process can be easily inhibited

Some specific causes:

Lack of motivation

Inadequate education

Improper child rearing practices: overprotection or granting excessive permission

Jonah complex : fear that maximizing one’s potential can lead to a situation with which one cannot cope

Doubts about our abilities

Requires courage

Many will just accept life rather than be motivated to actualize

Question 25

Maslow’s Questions about human nature:

Answer 25

We have free will and responsibility

Interaction of nature and nurture

Past and the present

Uniqueness

Growth rather than stagnation

Optimistic

Reflections

Components, use of terminology are inconsistent and vague

Characteristics of actualizers lack specificity and are difficult to describe

Debatable whether the needs are innate

Other needs have been described or researched

Contributions:

Easy to understand focus on motivation

Humanistic approach examined personality from a new angle and became popular

Impact in many other areas including personality, social, developmental, and I/O psych.

Question 26

Personality disorders:

Answer 26

ways of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affect how an individual functions in many aspects of life (dsm5, 2013)

Question 27

Dimensional perspective:

Answer 27

extreme variants of normal personality

Prevalence: 9.1 percent of US adults in past 12 months

Question 28

Personality Disorders Overviews

Any personality disorder diagnosis requires:

Answer 28

1. Impairment in self and interpersonal functioning
2. At least one pathological personality trait facet: Negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition/compulsivity, psychoticism.
3. Stability in impairment across time/situations.
4. That personality expression deviates from cultural norms.
5. That impairment is not due to substance use or a medical condition.
6. Ten personality disorders organized into three clusters

Question 29

Cluster A: odd/eccentric

Answer 29

• Three specific types:
• Paranoid: pattern of irrational suspicion/mistrust of others, interpreting the actions of others as malevolent.
• Schizoid: pattern of lack of interest in/detachment from social relationships, restricted emotional expression, apathy.
• Schizotypal: pattern of extreme discomfort with social interactions, distorted cognitions, and perceptions.

Question 30

Cluster B: dramatic/emotional/erratic

Answer 30

• Four specific types
• Antisocial: pattern of disregard for/violation of the rights of others, manipulative and impulsive behavior, lack of empathy, bloated self-image.
• Borderline: pattern of affective lability, unstable interpersonal relationships, unstable self-image/identity, impulsive and risky behavior.
• Histrionic: pattern of attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotionality.
• Narcissistic: pattern of need for attention, grandiosity, lack of empathy

Question 31

Cluster C: anxious/fearful

Answer 31

• Three specific types
• Avoidant: pattern of pervasive social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
• Dependent: pattern of a pervasive need to be cared for by other people
• Obsessive-compulsive: pattern of rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism, and a need for control over experiences and others.

Question 32

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer 32

PPD: pattern of irrational suspicion/mistrust of others, interpreting the actions of others as malevolent

• Characterized by at least four of the following:

• Suspicion, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting,

harming, or deceiving them

• Preoccupation with unjustified doubts about the

loyalty/trustworthiness of friends and/or associates

• Reluctance to confide in others with fear that the information will be used against them
• Reading hidden demeaning or threatening meanings in benign remarks and/or events
• Persistent grudge-bearing

Perceiving attacks against their character or reputation that others do not see and quick, angry reactions

Recurrent suspicions without justification regarding spousal fidelity

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Prevalence: 1.2-4.4% of US adults in past 12

months

• Some studies show higher rates in women; others show higher rates in men
• Risk factors include:

• Family history of PPD, schizophrenia, and/or other psychotic disorders

Childhood trauma

Especially neglect, abuse

Low SES

Being African amaerican, native or hispanic

Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Notable examples (not formally diagnosed):

Richard Nixon, Josef Stalin, Adolf Hitler

Question 33

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 33

• BPD: pattern of affective lability, unstable interpersonal relationships, unstable self image/identity, impulsive and risky behavior

• Characterized by at least five of the following:

Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment

• Unstable and intense relationships marked by extreme idealization and devaluation
• Unstable self-image or sense of self • Impulsive behavior in at least two self-damaging areas

Substance abuse, binge eating, reckless driving, spending, sex

• Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, and threats or self-harming behavior

Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger

Borderline Personality Disorder

Prevalence: 1-6% of US adults in past 12 months

• Make up a substantial portion of psychiatric inpatients (~19%)
• Diagnostic rate is up to 3x higher for women than men

Risk factors include:

• Family history of BPD

Childhood trauma Especially neglect, abuse

Inability to regulate one’s mood

Includes heightened stress reactivity

Highly co morbid with mood and anxiety disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder

Notable examples: Darrell Hammond, Pete Davidson Brandon Marshall, Ricky Williams, Aileen Wuornos and Jodi arias

Question 34

Dependent Personality Disorder

Answer 34

• DPD: pattern of a pervasive need to be cared for by other people

• Characterized by at least five of the following:

• Difficulty making daily decisions without advice and reassurance

from others

A need to have others be responsible for important life aspects

• Difficulty expressing disagreement with others due to fear of loss

of support and/or approval

• Difficulty starting projects due to self-doubt
• Willingness to go to great lengths to obtain support from others

Feelings of distress/helplessness when alone because of fear that they can’t take care of themselves

An urgent need to form a new relationship with someone who can provide care and support when other relationships end

Unrealistic preoccupation with fears of being left to take care of themselves.

Dependent personality disorder

DPD: pattern of pervasive need to be cared for by other people.

Prevalence <1% of US adults in past 12 months

Diagnostic rate is higher for women than men in some studies; rates are even in others

Risk factors include: family history of anxiety, insecurity, and submissiveness

Childhood trauma

Especially chronic physical illness

Cultural position of powerlessness/dependence

Highly comorbid with mood disorders like depression, and anxiety and separation anxiety disorders

Notable examples: Debra brown, Susan smith, waneta hoyt.

Question 35

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 35

ASPD/APD: pattern of disregard for/violation of the rights of others, manipulative and impulsive behavior, lack of empathy, bloated self-image

• Characterized by at least 3 of: law breaking, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness and irritability, reckless disregard for the safety of self or others, irresponsibility, lack of remorse
• Since the age of 15
• Must also have evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
• Behavior must not be a result of psychosis

Someone with ASPD may be labeled a psychopath or socio path

Sometimes psychopath seen as more cold blooded vs the hot headed sociopath

Antisocial Personality Disorder

pattern of disregard for/violation of the rights of others, manipulative and impulsive behavior, lack of empathy, bloated self-image.

Someone with ASPD may be labeled a psychopath or sociopath

Prevalence: .2-3.3% of US in past 12 months

Much higher rate in men (6:1)

Negatively correlated with age

Often comorbid with substance use disorder

Criminality: 19-23% of female, 46-48% of male prison population worldwide

? percentage of serial killers?

Notable examples: Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, Charles Manson, Dennis Rader, Aileen Wuornos

Question 36

Psychopathy

Answer 36

The trait is part of the dark triad

narcissism: selfish, boastful, arrogant, lacking in empathy, and hypersensitive to criticism

Machiavellianism: duplicity, manipulation, self-interest, cynicism, and a lack of both emotion and morality

Psychopathy: lack of empathy or remorse, antisocial behavior, being manipulative and impulsive, shallow emotional responses.

Primary vs Secondary: primary (sometimes called “true”) lacks remorse and anxiety

Violent vs nonviolent: can have empathy and guilt deficits but know not to engage in criminal behavior, not be impulsive.

Measures:

Psychopathy checklist- revised (Hare, 1985)

• Score based on clinical interviews and records analysis
• Used in forensic psychology research and application (e.g., insanity plea)

Self-report psychopathy Scale (Levenson, Kiehl, and Fitzpatrick, 1995)

• For use in non-institutional settings

Short Dark Triad (Paulhus and Jones, 2011)

• Dark Triad was originally measured using the SRP, MACH-IV, and NPI
• Quick self report inventory.

Behavior correlates:

• Lack of a startle reflex
• Impaired prosocial emotions
• Lying, manipulation, and other antisocial behaviors
• Disinhibition (impulsivity)
• Possession of sadomasochistic fantasies

Biological correlates

Genes: MAO-A gene mutation or variant linked to violence and aggression

Brunner syndrome produced by mutation

Extremely rare

Characteristics: Extremely rare and low IQ impulsivity, mood swings, sleep disorders

Variant MAO-A-L

• Located on the X chromosome= sex-linked trait
• Present in about 40% of the population
• Nearly half in chromosomal males

Endocrine system:

Basal testosterone and cortisol positively associated with psychopathic traits in men, not women

Neuroanatomy:

Reduced activation in:

1. Medial prefrontal cortex: social and emotional processing; inhibition; decision making
2. Amygdala: emotional processing (particularly fear)
3. Anterior temporal cortex: semantic memory

Environmental correlates

Psychopathic traits are highly heritable but also influenced by the environment

• Callous-unemotional traits: positive reinforcement from adoptive mother buffers against inherited risk from biological mother
• Impulsivity: Positively correlated with childhood physical and sexual abuse
• Childhood trauma connected to PDs and other psychiatric disorders

Question 37

Cognition: Kelly’s personal construct theory

Answer 37

Kelly described personality through cognitive processes

Main idea = we interpret and organize life events and relationships in a system or pattern

It is an experiential theory

Derived from clinical practice, research.

Held that psychologists and clients function the same way

I.e, we develop hypotheses and theories about the world, collect data to test these ideas.

Question 38

Life of Kelly

Answer 38

1905-1967, Kansas

Parents were religious fundementalists.

Originally studied math and physiscs but was oriented toward social problems

Developed an interest in psychology

• Switched to clinical psychology during the economic depression
• Studied language disabilities at U of Iowa.

His clients/patients were his students

Served in the US Navy during world war 2 as an aviation psychologist

Major force in the development of the clinical psychology profession

• Mix of therapy and scientific background

Came to prominence, developed his theory of personality at the Ohio State University.

Question 39

Personal Construct theory

Answer 39

We learn to understand the world by observing the events of our life (our data) and interpreting them in our own way (reaching conclusions)

• Then we use our conclusions to perceive and interpret future events

Construct: intellectual hypothesis used to interpret life events

• Gives us expectations for the future and serves as the basis for our behavior.
• Develop many throughout life for all kinds of people and situations.

Constructive alternativism:

Idea of freedom to revise or replace constructs with alternatives as required.

Question 40

Ways of anticipating life events

Answer 40

Fundamental postulate: psychological processes are directed by the way people anticipate events.

Corollaries: 11 specifics of the postulate; how constructs are formed /used.

Construction Corollary: Similarities among repeated events.

Individuality Corollary: individual differences in interpreting events

Dichotomy Corollary: Two mutually exclusive alternatives

Modulation Corollary: adapting to new experiences

Sociality Corollary: Understanding how other people think to predict what they will do.

Question 41

Kelly’s Questions about human nature:

Answer 41

Optimistic

Free Will

Focus is on the present and the future

Influenced by nature and nurture

Moderate position on uniqueness and universality

Emphasized the growth process

Question 42

Assessment in Kelly’s Theory

Answer 42

Interview:

Kelly believed that the client must be respected

People may lie and distort their reported version of events; accept at face value

Self-characterization sketch:

Used to assess an individual’s construct system

Fixed role therapy:

Clients act out constructs appropriate for a fictitious person

Helps show clients how new constructs can be effective.

Role construct repertory test (rep):

Devised to uncover constructs applied to important people in one’s life

Question 43

Repertory grid- rep test diagram

Answer 43

• Client is asked to provide judgements (constructs) of many other people
• Three people judged at a time
• Client provides a construct based on what two of the three people have in common
• Other groups of three are judged to generate additional constructs
• Then all people judged based on the constructs provided during the group analysis
• Data analyzed using interpretation
• Modern approach uses computer software to conduct a factor analysis

Question 44

Research on kellys theory

Answer 44

Cognitive complexity: ability to perceive differences among people

Cognitive simplicity: inability to perceive differences among people

Based on REP test results

Cognitive complexity:

high scorers tend to:

be women

score low in anxiety

Have five+ factors of personality (low scorers less than five)

Have moderate to liberal political views

Have diverse experiences in childhood

Adjust better to stressful life events

Be good at predicting other’s behavior

Cognitive complexity tends to increase with age

But is also a factor of childhood experiences, parenting styles

Question 45

Reflections on kellys theory

Answer 45

Criticisms

• Excludes emotional aspects
• Viewpoint was based on midwestern young adults coping with college life
• Contains unanswered questions
• Based largely on the clinical method
• To be fair, had a scientific background and made science a central part of the clinical training program at OSU
• Unpopular in the U.S and was different from prevailing ideas. Also an unfriendly scholarly style of writing.

Contributions:

• Unique and radical theory
• Idea that we are forming and testing hypotheses about the world is an important component of CBT.
• More interest in Europe, Canada, and Australia.