Exam #3 Community Flashcards
How does critical social theory (CST) differ from other nursing theories such as the health belief model or Orem’s self-care deficit theory?
b.
CST focuses on oppression and facilitates group action.
In what way is environmental health (EH) more challenging than other variables related to an individual’s health?
d.
EH requires social, economic, and political changes to improve.
In what way is environmental health (EH) different from the usual practice based on evidence?
d.
The Precautionary Principle suggests action even if causative factors have not been confirmed.
What is a factor that makes environmental health (EH) challenging?
c.
People going about daily tasks ignore their surroundings or take them for granted.
Which crucial question, needed by the nurse to determine health problems, might not be written on the health history form?
b.
Can you tell me what you do at work?
Which nursing actions may be most helpful to the community’s long-term health?
d.
Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations
What is one reason it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health?
c.
People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems.
What would be an appropriate term for intoxicated drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise, and mechanization?
b.
Living patterns risks
What is meant by environmental racism?
c.
Locating industrial hazards in low-income communities
When it becomes known that a particular industry has vastly polluted the surrounding neighborhood, what would most persons living there do?
b.
Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation
Why is it believed that statistics showing the risks of various employment positions are inaccurate?
c.
Individuals assume it is a personal problem, not an employment issue.
What has happened to air quality since the United States outlawed use of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride?
c.
Little change, because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere.
Why are health care providers concerned over such social issues as mass transit, clean power, and the farming industry?
a.
Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems.
What seems to be the problem with action to reduce the amount of toxic elements in our housing?
a.
Controversy exists because of the high cost in removing toxic substances.
What issue exists from communities using solid waste landfills to dispose of trash from private residences?
b.
Methane gas may move through the soil to cause fire or explosions nearby.
What is the most common cause of health problems resulting from radiation?
d.
Radon gas in homes
What conclusion can be drawn concerning efforts to decrease environmental pollution?
b.
Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding.
A local factory was told to clean up or face a large fine every day until it did. The local factory closed, although it had been extremely profitable. What action may probably follow?
c.
The company will move to a country where it can continue to pollute.
A nurse explained the causes of asthma in a child, how to observe for “triggers” that lead to an attack, and how to use the inhaler. What does this nurse-patient interaction ignore?
b.
By focusing only on the child, the nurse has absolved local government and industry from taking any action to improve air quality.
The local stream was full of trash. The Boy Scouts had a cleanup day so they could again canoe on the stream. What should local nurses do?
a.
Hold dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects
How could a small community group hope to accomplish goals against a large powerful corporation?
d.
Form coalitions with other groups that have similar goals
How does participatory action research (PAR) differ from other research methods in seeking knowledge?
d.
PAR also seeks to raise consciousness.
How might a nurse remember what should be included in a health history?
Memorize the I PREPARE mnemonic
Why should a nurse working in a U.S. urban area be knowledgeable about infectious diseases common to areas of Africa?
B. Every infectious disease is just one airplane ride away.
What is one of the biggest threats to developing countries being able to grow economically and make a better life for their citizens?
d.
Large population
What group of persons makes up about 40% of the world’s population?
a.
Children
What is a common result in countries with a severe HIV/AIDS epidemic?
a.
Birth rate is high, but life expectancy is only 35 to 40 years.
Why do so many people decide to move to large urban areas?
d.
To seek employment
What conclusion could you draw if most of a country’s citizens died from malnutrition or as the result of violence?
d.
They live in a developing country.
What is meant by the epidemiological transition?
B. A change from mainly infectious diseases to chronic diseases
What action has been effective in reducing HIV infections in some countries?
a.
ABC campaign
What can be done to lower the threat of malaria to 40% of the world’s population?
a.
Distribute insecticide-treated nets and antimalaria meds
What have tobacco companies done to counter their losses resulting from U.S. efforts to decrease smoking tobacco?
c.
Increased international exports and targeted children
What assumption underlies the Alma-Ala Declaration?
c.
Health is a fundamental human right.
In what way is the U.S. approach to primary health care inconsistent with the World Health Organization approach?
a.
Our primary health care system does not provide universal coverage to all citizens.
The United Nations (UN) uses what authority or power to implement its decisions?
d.
Moral authority and world opinion
What nongovernment organization is active in improving health on a global scale?
a.
Carter Center
What nongovernmental group has been expending millions of dollars to reduce the impact of infectious diseases with profound effect on prevention and treatment for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria?
b.
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
How is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) different from its many peer agencies?
c.
It responds to health emergencies.
What would a developing country probably find most useful to copy from a developed country?
b.
Health care reform policies to improve health care delivery
What would a developed country possibly learn from a developing country in relation to health care?
d.
Delivery of primary health care
What was the importance of the Lalonde Report, which proposed the “health field concept” in 1974?
c.
It first emphasized influence of lifestyle and environment.
Which would be a good example of service learning?
d.
Student nurses volunteering at the free clinic doing health assessments
Which infections continue to increase in the United States?
d.
STDs
What is particularly notable about infectious disease in the United States?
d.
Rate of infection varies extensively by income and ethnic groups.
What is a fairly recent surprise regarding infectious diseases in the United States?
a.
Cervical cancer and coronary artery disease may be caused by infectious agents.
Which component of the epidemiological triangle is primarily responsible for a female client having a fungal vaginal infection after being treated with antibiotics for strep throat?
c.
Host
Which is true concerning tuberculosis infections in the United States?
d.
Under certain conditions, susceptible hosts may be infected by the tuberculosis bacillus.
One child in a kindergarten room had a slight fever and didn’t eat lunch. Otherwise, the child seemed OK. Three days later, several children were absent from kindergarten. What happened?
b.
Infectious diseases can be contagious before any diagnostic symptoms occur.
A day care center asked the nurse to come because they had several children out as a result of chickenpox. How might the nurse reassure the staff?
c.
Chickenpox has low virulence so the children will be back at the day care center in a week or so.
A city that depended on tourist dollars had feedback that tourists were saying they were never returning because of the constant mosquito bites. What should the town do?
b.
Have everyone in town search for and remove any standing stagnant water
The daily patrons of a local town restaurant became ill with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Without knowing the cause, what should be done immediately to help avoid future problems?
d.
Strongly emphasize the importance of proper hand washing to staff
Why are clinical areas so careful to assure sanitization of surfaces and equipment between each patient?
c.
To decrease transmission by fomites
What is the first step in preventing further spread of a particular sexually transmitted disease (STD)?
d.
Treat each infected person with the appropriate pharmaceutical agent
A case of viral hemorrhagic fever (Ebola) was diagnosed immediately on signs of illness at a tourist site in Africa. What should be done to protect the badly needed income from tourist dollars?
c.
Quarantine the ill person and use isolation techniques in giving care
What can be used to protect staff at a community clinic when a patient walks in complaining of severe intestinal cramps and diarrhea?
d.
Use universal precautions with all patients regardless of the situation
During an outbreak in the hospital, all staff members were given immunoglobulin if they were not already immune to the disease. What sort of immunity will the staff that received the immunoglobulin then have?
d.
Passive immunity
The nurse couldn’t find a vaccine in the refrigerator. The unopened vaccine vial had been put in a storage cabinet with the other medications. The nurse drew up the appropriate dose in the syringe and then put the vial of vaccine in the refrigerator. What will be the probable result?
b.
Primary vaccine failure
A school had tried very hard to uphold the requirement for all children to be vaccinated. However, state law allowed parents to exempt their child if they had a religious reason for refusal. Two children had come down with chickenpox. What will be the probable result?
d.
Few children will get chickenpox because of herd immunity.
A community health clinic put a tax levy on the ballot. An angry man asks you, “How can you ask me to pay taxes to buy immunizations for parents who don’t want to pay for their kids to get their shots?” What is your response?
c.
“Only by getting almost everyone immunized can we prevent epidemics that can hurt us all.”
How are infectious diseases any different from any other health problem?
d.
Infectious diseases have the potential to spread, creating a community emergency.
What would be one of the first steps in attempting to control a disease?
b.
Define what the disease looks like in confirmed or probable cases
As the nurse in charge that day, you note that two patients had communicable infectious diseases and were treated appropriately. Should anything further be done?
a.
Depends on your state health department’s requirements
Parents requested that their child be brought up to date on appropriate immunizations. After reviewing the child’s medical history, you prepare to give the two immunizations. Is there anything else you should do?
e.
Give the parents the Vaccine Information Statement
Which group is especially at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
c.
Teenaged girls
A young woman is panic-stricken. She hadn’t realized how much she was drinking, and she thinks she had unprotected sex with several men last night. She is petrified and wants an HIV test immediately. What do you do?
d.
Suggest she be treated immediately to be safe
Why are the numbers of children seen by the school health nurse increasing?
c.
Many children lack any other sources of regular health care.
How did Lillian Wald help encourage the idea of school nurses in the schools?
c.
She demonstrated that school nurses decreased absenteeism by 50%.
What led to school nurses moving beyond the role of screening, assessment, intervention, and exclusion of children for communicable diseases?
C. Political movements such as temperance, which led schools to educate about the effects of alcohol
What legislation marked the first entry of the federal government into school health?
c.
The National School Lunch Program
In addition to their homes, where are children most likely to be injured?
b.
At school, especially on playgrounds
What is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States?
d.
Tobacco use
What is the most commonly used drug among children and adolescents in the United States?
a.
Alcohol
What is the most commonly used illegal drug among children and adolescents in the United States?
b.
Marijuana
What is one of the most frequent health complaints of school-aged children?
b.
Dental caries
Which health problem continues to increase in school-aged and adolescent children?
b.
Obesity and related problems (diabetes)
Which health problem has been reduced in school-aged and adolescent children?
b.
Contagious diseases
What does the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment service include in its routine screening that might not be included in a typical private physician preschool physical?
d.
Lead toxicity screenings
The school nurse only had the resources for one education program for all the schools’ teachers and support staff. What one program is probably the most crucial?
a.
Asthma
Which medication can a school nurse expect to administer the most frequently?
e.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications
A principal called the school nurse into his office and asked, “Will this student be able to attend our school?” after handing over the medical record of a severely handicapped prospective student. What is your response?
a.
“Legally all students have a right to public education in the least restrictive environment possible so let me think how we can manage.”
The new principal stopped the school nurse in the hall and said, “I need to get oriented here. We seem to have a lot of handicapped children. Please make me a copy of their medical records so I can be prepared to meet with the parents if they come in.” What is your response?
c.
“I’m glad you’re interested. Student health records are confidential, but I’ll give you a school-wide overview without any identifying data.”
A school nurse was responsible for five schools. To give students required medications during the day, the school nurse teaches a particular office staff member in each school exactly what to give to whom and when and they practice until both are comfortable. What remains as the nurse’s responsibility in relation to the administration of medications?
d.
To systematically continue with assessment, diagnosis, goal setting, and evaluation of student health needs
