Exam #3 Community Flashcards
1
Q
How does critical social theory (CST) differ from other nursing theories such as the health belief model or Orem’s self-care deficit theory?
A
b.
CST focuses on oppression and facilitates group action.
2
Q
In what way is environmental health (EH) more challenging than other variables related to an individual’s health?
A
d.
EH requires social, economic, and political changes to improve.
3
Q
In what way is environmental health (EH) different from the usual practice based on evidence?
A
d.
The Precautionary Principle suggests action even if causative factors have not been confirmed.
4
Q
What is a factor that makes environmental health (EH) challenging?
A
c.
People going about daily tasks ignore their surroundings or take them for granted.
5
Q
Which crucial question, needed by the nurse to determine health problems, might not be written on the health history form?
A
b.
Can you tell me what you do at work?
6
Q
Which nursing actions may be most helpful to the community’s long-term health?
A
d.
Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations
7
Q
What is one reason it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health?
A
c.
People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems.
8
Q
What would be an appropriate term for intoxicated drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise, and mechanization?
A
b.
Living patterns risks
9
Q
What is meant by environmental racism?
A
c.
Locating industrial hazards in low-income communities
10
Q
When it becomes known that a particular industry has vastly polluted the surrounding neighborhood, what would most persons living there do?
A
b.
Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation
11
Q
Why is it believed that statistics showing the risks of various employment positions are inaccurate?
A
c.
Individuals assume it is a personal problem, not an employment issue.
12
Q
What has happened to air quality since the United States outlawed use of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride?
A
c.
Little change, because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere.
13
Q
Why are health care providers concerned over such social issues as mass transit, clean power, and the farming industry?
A
a.
Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems.
14
Q
What seems to be the problem with action to reduce the amount of toxic elements in our housing?
A
a.
Controversy exists because of the high cost in removing toxic substances.
15
Q
What issue exists from communities using solid waste landfills to dispose of trash from private residences?
A
b.
Methane gas may move through the soil to cause fire or explosions nearby.
16
Q
What is the most common cause of health problems resulting from radiation?
A
d.
Radon gas in homes
17
Q
What conclusion can be drawn concerning efforts to decrease environmental pollution?
A
b.
Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding.
18
Q
A local factory was told to clean up or face a large fine every day until it did. The local factory closed, although it had been extremely profitable. What action may probably follow?
A
c.
The company will move to a country where it can continue to pollute.
19
Q
A nurse explained the causes of asthma in a child, how to observe for “triggers” that lead to an attack, and how to use the inhaler. What does this nurse-patient interaction ignore?
A
b.
By focusing only on the child, the nurse has absolved local government and industry from taking any action to improve air quality.
20
Q
The local stream was full of trash. The Boy Scouts had a cleanup day so they could again canoe on the stream. What should local nurses do?
A
a.
Hold dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects
21
Q
How could a small community group hope to accomplish goals against a large powerful corporation?
A
d.
Form coalitions with other groups that have similar goals
22
Q
How does participatory action research (PAR) differ from other research methods in seeking knowledge?
A
d.
PAR also seeks to raise consciousness.
23
Q
How might a nurse remember what should be included in a health history?
A
Memorize the I PREPARE mnemonic
24
Q
Why should a nurse working in a U.S. urban area be knowledgeable about infectious diseases common to areas of Africa?
A
B. Every infectious disease is just one airplane ride away.
25
What is one of the biggest threats to developing countries being able to grow economically and make a better life for their citizens?
d.
| Large population
26
What group of persons makes up about 40% of the world’s population?
a.
| Children
27
What is a common result in countries with a severe HIV/AIDS epidemic?
a.
| Birth rate is high, but life expectancy is only 35 to 40 years.
28
Why do so many people decide to move to large urban areas?
d.
| To seek employment
29
What conclusion could you draw if most of a country’s citizens died from malnutrition or as the result of violence?
d.
| They live in a developing country.
30
What is meant by the epidemiological transition?
B. A change from mainly infectious diseases to chronic diseases
31
What action has been effective in reducing HIV infections in some countries?
a.
| ABC campaign
32
What can be done to lower the threat of malaria to 40% of the world’s population?
a.
| Distribute insecticide-treated nets and antimalaria meds
33
What have tobacco companies done to counter their losses resulting from U.S. efforts to decrease smoking tobacco?
c.
| Increased international exports and targeted children
34
What assumption underlies the Alma-Ala Declaration?
c.
| Health is a fundamental human right.
35
In what way is the U.S. approach to primary health care inconsistent with the World Health Organization approach?
a.
| Our primary health care system does not provide universal coverage to all citizens.
36
The United Nations (UN) uses what authority or power to implement its decisions?
d.
| Moral authority and world opinion
37
What nongovernment organization is active in improving health on a global scale?
a.
| Carter Center
38
What nongovernmental group has been expending millions of dollars to reduce the impact of infectious diseases with profound effect on prevention and treatment for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria?
b.
| Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
39
How is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) different from its many peer agencies?
c.
| It responds to health emergencies.
40
What would a developing country probably find most useful to copy from a developed country?
b.
| Health care reform policies to improve health care delivery
41
What would a developed country possibly learn from a developing country in relation to health care?
d.
| Delivery of primary health care
42
What was the importance of the Lalonde Report, which proposed the “health field concept” in 1974?
c.
| It first emphasized influence of lifestyle and environment.
43
Which would be a good example of service learning?
d.
| Student nurses volunteering at the free clinic doing health assessments
44
Which infections continue to increase in the United States?
d.
| STDs
45
What is particularly notable about infectious disease in the United States?
d.
| Rate of infection varies extensively by income and ethnic groups.
46
What is a fairly recent surprise regarding infectious diseases in the United States?
a.
| Cervical cancer and coronary artery disease may be caused by infectious agents.
47
Which component of the epidemiological triangle is primarily responsible for a female client having a fungal vaginal infection after being treated with antibiotics for strep throat?
c.
| Host
48
Which is true concerning tuberculosis infections in the United States?
d.
| Under certain conditions, susceptible hosts may be infected by the tuberculosis bacillus.
49
One child in a kindergarten room had a slight fever and didn’t eat lunch. Otherwise, the child seemed OK. Three days later, several children were absent from kindergarten. What happened?
b.
| Infectious diseases can be contagious before any diagnostic symptoms occur.
50
A day care center asked the nurse to come because they had several children out as a result of chickenpox. How might the nurse reassure the staff?
c.
| Chickenpox has low virulence so the children will be back at the day care center in a week or so.
51
A city that depended on tourist dollars had feedback that tourists were saying they were never returning because of the constant mosquito bites. What should the town do?
b.
| Have everyone in town search for and remove any standing stagnant water
52
The daily patrons of a local town restaurant became ill with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Without knowing the cause, what should be done immediately to help avoid future problems?
d.
| Strongly emphasize the importance of proper hand washing to staff
53
Why are clinical areas so careful to assure sanitization of surfaces and equipment between each patient?
c.
| To decrease transmission by fomites
54
What is the first step in preventing further spread of a particular sexually transmitted disease (STD)?
d.
| Treat each infected person with the appropriate pharmaceutical agent
55
A case of viral hemorrhagic fever (Ebola) was diagnosed immediately on signs of illness at a tourist site in Africa. What should be done to protect the badly needed income from tourist dollars?
c.
| Quarantine the ill person and use isolation techniques in giving care
56
What can be used to protect staff at a community clinic when a patient walks in complaining of severe intestinal cramps and diarrhea?
d.
| Use universal precautions with all patients regardless of the situation
57
During an outbreak in the hospital, all staff members were given immunoglobulin if they were not already immune to the disease. What sort of immunity will the staff that received the immunoglobulin then have?
d.
| Passive immunity
58
The nurse couldn’t find a vaccine in the refrigerator. The unopened vaccine vial had been put in a storage cabinet with the other medications. The nurse drew up the appropriate dose in the syringe and then put the vial of vaccine in the refrigerator. What will be the probable result?
b.
| Primary vaccine failure
59
A school had tried very hard to uphold the requirement for all children to be vaccinated. However, state law allowed parents to exempt their child if they had a religious reason for refusal. Two children had come down with chickenpox. What will be the probable result?
d.
| Few children will get chickenpox because of herd immunity.
60
A community health clinic put a tax levy on the ballot. An angry man asks you, “How can you ask me to pay taxes to buy immunizations for parents who don’t want to pay for their kids to get their shots?” What is your response?
c.
| “Only by getting almost everyone immunized can we prevent epidemics that can hurt us all.”
61
How are infectious diseases any different from any other health problem?
d.
| Infectious diseases have the potential to spread, creating a community emergency.
62
What would be one of the first steps in attempting to control a disease?
b.
| Define what the disease looks like in confirmed or probable cases
63
As the nurse in charge that day, you note that two patients had communicable infectious diseases and were treated appropriately. Should anything further be done?
a.
| Depends on your state health department’s requirements
64
Parents requested that their child be brought up to date on appropriate immunizations. After reviewing the child’s medical history, you prepare to give the two immunizations. Is there anything else you should do?
e.
| Give the parents the Vaccine Information Statement
65
Which group is especially at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
c.
| Teenaged girls
66
A young woman is panic-stricken. She hadn’t realized how much she was drinking, and she thinks she had unprotected sex with several men last night. She is petrified and wants an HIV test immediately. What do you do?
d.
| Suggest she be treated immediately to be safe
67
Why are the numbers of children seen by the school health nurse increasing?
c.
| Many children lack any other sources of regular health care.
68
How did Lillian Wald help encourage the idea of school nurses in the schools?
c.
| She demonstrated that school nurses decreased absenteeism by 50%.
69
What led to school nurses moving beyond the role of screening, assessment, intervention, and exclusion of children for communicable diseases?
C. Political movements such as temperance, which led schools to educate about the effects of alcohol
70
What legislation marked the first entry of the federal government into school health?
c.
| The National School Lunch Program
71
In addition to their homes, where are children most likely to be injured?
b.
| At school, especially on playgrounds
72
What is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States?
d.
| Tobacco use
73
What is the most commonly used drug among children and adolescents in the United States?
a.
| Alcohol
74
What is the most commonly used illegal drug among children and adolescents in the United States?
b.
| Marijuana
75
What is one of the most frequent health complaints of school-aged children?
b.
| Dental caries
76
Which health problem continues to increase in school-aged and adolescent children?
b.
| Obesity and related problems (diabetes)
77
Which health problem has been reduced in school-aged and adolescent children?
b.
| Contagious diseases
78
What does the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment service include in its routine screening that might not be included in a typical private physician preschool physical?
d.
| Lead toxicity screenings
79
The school nurse only had the resources for one education program for all the schools’ teachers and support staff. What one program is probably the most crucial?
a.
| Asthma
80
Which medication can a school nurse expect to administer the most frequently?
e.
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications
81
A principal called the school nurse into his office and asked, “Will this student be able to attend our school?” after handing over the medical record of a severely handicapped prospective student. What is your response?
a.
“Legally all students have a right to public education in the least restrictive environment possible so let me think how we can manage.”
82
The new principal stopped the school nurse in the hall and said, “I need to get oriented here. We seem to have a lot of handicapped children. Please make me a copy of their medical records so I can be prepared to meet with the parents if they come in.” What is your response?
c.
“I’m glad you’re interested. Student health records are confidential, but I’ll give you a school-wide overview without any identifying data.”
83
A school nurse was responsible for five schools. To give students required medications during the day, the school nurse teaches a particular office staff member in each school exactly what to give to whom and when and they practice until both are comfortable. What remains as the nurse’s responsibility in relation to the administration of medications?
d.
| To systematically continue with assessment, diagnosis, goal setting, and evaluation of student health needs
84
A school health nurse was concerned about the diagnosed eating disorders of three high school students. A nutrition and body image program was planned. Which class should receive the program first?
a.
| Elementary school grades 4, 5, and 6
85
Why would the school nurse and the principal athletic director of the school frequently be working together?
c.
Both are extremely concerned with the typical student’s low amount of physical exercise and want to create an intervention plan.
86
Every day a child came into the school nurse’s office with vague complaints, but sometimes it seemed to the nurse that the child just wanted to talk and be listened to for a while. Unfortunately, the child took up almost 15 minutes of the nurse’s very busy day. What should the nurse do?
b.
| Continue to listen while assessing for possible underlying problems
87
Everyone in a high school was very upset over the fact that one of the students had shot and killed another student. The nurse decided this was an appropriate time to establish a program to help prevent violence. Which group of students should receive the program first?
a.
| Elementary school grades 4, 5, and 6
88
Everyone is talking about the disaster that has been widely seen on the news programs. What might the school nurse suggest at this time?
d.
| That the school develop an emergency management plan
89
A new school nurse was concerned about being accepted, as the previous nurse had been at the school for more than 20 years. What might be a helpful approach?
c.
Set up workshops on exercise, nutrition, and weight management and perhaps ongoing blood pressure screenings for school staff
90
What might the school nurse tell students during a high school program on adolescent sexuality?
d.
| Teenage mothers are less likely to complete high school and often remain single and live in poverty.
91
A student had been absent 4 days out of the last 3 weeks. When the school nurse asked what was wrong, the student replied, “Headaches” in a rather angry tone. The student had previously been heard to complain that school was boring and it was hard to concentrate on such dumb stuff. What would you do?
b.
| Express concern that the student was under a lot of stress and offer to help if possible
92
A female coach walks into your office and shares that one student concerns her. The student won’t change into her gym clothes and doesn’t seem to “move right.” What do you do?
b.
| Meet with the student and ask directly about sexual or physical abuse
93
In a nationwide survey, what did school health nurses state was the most crucial research priority for their speciality?
c.
| Obesity and nutrition
94
Which nurse fought to have American nursing controlled by nurses rather than physicians?
c.
| Lavinia Dock
95
Which nurse used political expertise to influence the federal government to develop a Children’s Bureau?
d.
| Lillian Wald
96
What is the most important factor in legislation?
b.
| Beliefs, attitudes, and values of the policy
97
How does the government control conditions that individuals cannot?
c.
| Passage and enforcement of law
98
What prevents the federal government from essentially doing whatever politicians currently in power want the government to do?
c.
| Only actions authorized by the Constitution are legitimate.
99
What is the basis for any American citizen to feel comfortable expressing an opinion on a political issue?
a.
| Amendments to the Constitution
100
Who or what has authority to act in every area except those specifically mentioned in the Constitution?
d.
| State government
101
What is the source of local government authority?
D. Power is delegated from the states.
102
The president was sent a bill that he did not really like, but he would have been unpopular if he vetoed it, so he did nothing. What will happen to the bill?
c.
| The bill becomes law.
103
If the forces for a bill are roughly as persuasive, powerful, and well financed as the forces against a bill, what will probably be the outcome?
b.
| The bill will fail.
104
In what way are policies in the private sector different from policies in the public sector?
c.
| Private sector policies are based on economics and market trends.
105
Which process determines public policies?
a.
| A negotiated balance between the desires of interest groups
106
Why can’t we just test new, better approaches to health care with a small group to evaluate the effectiveness of that approach?
d.
| Offering a service establishes a precedent and a sense of entitlement, so it is difficult to discontinue the program.
107
What is the most crucial step in policy formation?
b. Defining the issue and placing it on the agenda for possible action
108
Why is it so difficult to change the paradigm of health care from disease orientation to promoting health orientation?
e.
| Serious reallocation of resources would have to occur.
109
Why would the nurse suggest to the students that they attend the local district nurses association meeting, where the nurse is an officer?
b.
| Role models are typically the major influence on nurses choosing to become politically active.
110
Why aren’t nurses more effective in creating change politically?
c.
| Nurses don’t act or don’t agree on what changes are needed.
111
If a nurse is employed by the state nursing association to serve as a lobbyist, what is the most crucial task to be achieved?
a.
| Be seen as a reliable and credible source of accurate information
112
A nurse who represents the state professional association would engage in what actions related to legislation?
c.
| Be prepared to provide testimony and comment on relevant issues
113
What actions are most useful for nurses who cannot be actively involved in attending meetings at the state level?
b.
| Communicating, with rationale, their stand on proposed legislation to legislators
114
Why should nurses contribute whenever possible to their state nursing association political action committee (PAC)?
a.
| As PACs are a reality of political life, nursing needs to be heard.
115
What activities can all nurses to do to influence internal private health policies?
c.
| Support nursing research done that demonstrates positive clinical and economic outcomes
116
The local nursing association and the local medical association disagreed vehemently on advanced practice nursing reimbursement. Why then would the two groups agree to join a coalition to send representatives to testify on a particular bill?
b.
| Both associations had formed a coalition to collaborate on a bill that would benefit patients.
117
What is being discussed in relation to concerns over patients’ safety and nurse fatigue?
d.
| Legislation has been suggested that staffing systems require the input of direct care registered nurses.
118
What is the importance of ANSRA?
b.
| ANSRA is a united approach to improving policies to improve the nursing shortage.
119
Some nurses do not want to become involved in politics because of family, school, work, and other commitments. The best thing to say to such nurses is
d.
| “It won’t take much time to join ANA and pay dues so their lobbyist can represent you.”
120
The ANA Code for Nurses states which of the following in relation to politics?
c.
As nurses collaborate with others to meet community needs, participation in policy-making processes is an ethical obligation.
121
What is the principal factor behind ongoing legislation on the federal level related to health care?
b.
| Efforts to control constantly increasing costs
122
What has happened to the hospitals built or expanded by Hill-Burton Act funds?
a.
| Many such hospitals have consolidated or closed.
123
What was one effect of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996?
a.
| Individuals who were required to obtain employment lost their health coverage.
124
What might be noticeable about the State Child Health Improvement Act (SCHIP) of 1997?
c.
| The law was extended, then not renewed by the Bush administration, then renewed again by the Obama administration.
125
What was notable about the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003?
d.
| The revision included a prescription drug benefit.
126
What has been slowly increasing in consistency among states in their approach to health care?
d.
| States frequently develop new programs as federal funds become available to pay for them.
127
Despite multiple bills by Congress, what major health problem remains?
d.
| Rising number of underinsured and uninsured citizens
128
What is the most common organization for receiving personal health care in the U.S. today?
d.
| Managed care organization with capitated payments to providers, both professionals and organizations
129
How do voluntary health agencies fit into the overall health care system?
d.
| They support research, education, and services for particular groups of patients.
130
Which federal agency is responsible for administering most of the federal health-related activities?
b.
| Department of Health and Human Services
131
Which federal agency is responsible for the Women, Infants, and Children Program, food stamps, and school-based nutrition programs?
b.
| Department of Agriculture
132
What has led to the more recent focus on cooperation between the state and the federal level in relation to public health?
d.
| The threat of bioterrorism
133
Which level of government primarily establishes regulations and provides funding for health care?
a.
| Federal government
134
Who primarily provides care for military personnel, their families, and veterans, as well as Native Americans?
a.
| Federal government
135
As funds become more limited, which health care providers are actually seeing an increase in demand for their services?
d.
| Long-term-care facilities
136
Which advanced nurse does not have advanced education in a clinical specialty?
a.
| Clinical nurse leader
137
What is the significance of the Health Plan Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)?
b.
| Data are used to measure performance in the accreditation of MCOs’ process.
138
What effect did President Clinton’s Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry report (1999) have?
d.
| Stimulated the Institute of Medicine to explore quality in more depth
139
What was the primary conclusion of the report To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System?
d.
| System failures are resulting in an incredible amount of harm from medical errors.
140
What suggestion was in the Health Professions Education report?
b.
| Interdisciplinary teams should utilize informatics to provide patient-centered care.
141
How might the U.S. total health care costs be reduced by at least 10%?
c.
| Decrease current fraud and abuse
142
What was a conclusion of the report Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care?
c.
| Provider bias and stereotyping contribute to inequalities.
143
What was the poverty guideline for a family of four in mainland United States in 2009?
a.
| Above $22,000
144
What is the best definition of economics?
c.
| Science of allocation of resources
145
Historically, how did patients pay for health care?
a.
| Patients paid out of their pockets for whatever care the provider charged.
146
What happened to health care providers during the Great Depression when so many persons were unemployed?
b.
| Both hospitals and physicians went bankrupt.
147
Why did employers decide to offer health insurance as an employee benefit?
d.
To obtain and retain the limited number of persons available to work when government rules forbid raising wages, insurance was offered.
148
What was the first government step in trying to stop constantly rising costs?
b.
| Payment reimbursement was based on diagnosis and client characteristics rather than on treatment given.
149
What message are public health leaders trying to emphasize to the public?
a.
| Assume responsibility for your own health by choosing healthy behaviors
150
What would be the least expensive approach to treating chronic diseases?
a.
| Choose healthy lifestyle behaviors to retain health
151
Because people respond to incentives, how has having health insurance affected lifestyle behaviors?
c.
| Medications and medical treatment are relied on for cure.
152
Why do so many Americans continue to engage in unhealthy behaviors?
b.
| Because of the belief that most illnesses can be cured with insurance footing the bill
153
Which groups of persons are more likely to engage in health-oriented lifestyle behaviors?
a.
| People with higher socioeconomic and education attainment
154
Who pays the majority of the costs for pharmaceutical drugs in the United States today?
a.
| Government
155
What conclusion can be drawn from reviewing how health care costs are spread over a person’s lifetime?
a.
| Expenditures increase with age.
156
What was a major change after Medicare began a prescription drug benefit?
D. Utilization of drugs and their cost immediately increased.
157
What is a current trend regarding heath care services?
b.
| Health care organizations are offering services low in cost and higher in reimbursement.
158
What is a “carve-out” service?
a.
| A particular service that is offered only by a designated provider or group.
159
Because of an interest in social justice, what major event affecting health care occurred in the 1960s?
d.
| Social Security Act was amended to create Medicare and Medicaid legislation.
160
On what basis does the federal government give special funding for health care?
a.
| To stay consistent with the societal priorities such as 2020 Health Objectives
161
What is the usual result of a state or health care organization receiving federal funding for a special health care need?
d.
| When funds cease, so does the health care; therefore continuity is lacking.
162
What is the primary thrust of philanthropic groups involved in health care?
c.
| Primary informational and research activities
163
Indemnity plans were very much appreciated, but what flaw did they have?
d.
| Plans lacked any incentives to contain costs.
164
What did large industrial giants do to stop the constant increase in their costs for health insurance for their employees?
a.
| Assembled their own health care programs
165
What did physicians do to compete with new competition from health maintenance organizations (HMOs)?
b.
| Organized preferred provider organizations (PPOs) to negotiate with insurance companies
166
When Medicare first began reimbursing hospitals based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), which might have been less than actual cost, how did hospitals cope?
a.
| Charged more for patients whose care was paid by insurance
167
How might all the changes resulting from attempts to control costs be summarized?
a.
| Conflict between providers, patients, employer, and insurance plans raged.
168
When was the idea of national health care insurance first debated in the United States?
d.
| President Theodore Roosevelt advocated such national medical coverage in 1916.
169
How was the government successful at containing costs?
d.
| Prospective payments were based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs).
170
How might providers legally improve their profit under the current reimbursement process?
d.
| Practice very conservatively to earn an incentive payment by delivering care for less cost than allocated
171
Why would large employers decide to self-insure?
d.
| To reduce administrative costs charged by insurance companies
172
Why should nurses be knowledgeable about health care funding?
c.
| To better serve as patient advocates in policy making for funding that provides appropriate care for the greatest good
173
Which group of children is probably at most risk for poor health?
c.
| Hispanic children living in the inner city
174
What proportion of U.S. citizens are children?
d.
| 25%
175
Which action should be taken by a typical community preparing for the expected demographic changes in the United States?
d.
| Build more adult condos
176
A school nurse noticed that a child hesitated before answering her questions, yet the screening showed no problem with hearing. What might be the problem?
a.
| Child didn’t speak English at home so had to think before responding.
177
If most students have no intention of ever leaving their local community, which language should be chosen as the required foreign language in high school?
d.
| Spanish, to improve employment opportunities
178
Why would a high school nurse suggest that all students have an educational unit on newborn care in their required health class?
b.
| Because the first year of life is the most hazardous until old age
179
Why is the infant mortality rate used as an international comparison of a country’s health status?
c.
| It reflects medical care quality and access and public health practice.
180
How does the United States compare with other countries on infant mortality rate?
c.
| Near the bottom of the industrialized nations
181
What would be most informative in assessing how healthy a newborn is and will be?
b.
| Birth weight and length of gestation
182
A woman confides in you that she and her husband want to become parents as soon as possible. What would be your best advice?
d.
| “Start living as healthy a lifestyle as possible right now.”
183
A woman vows to quit smoking and drinking immediately upon the surprising news that she is 2 months pregnant. What concern might you have?
b.
| Fetal damage may already have occurred.
184
Should you be surprised when a woman, who has just found out she is pregnant, begins crying and says, “But I’m not trying to get pregnant!”
b.
| No, because about half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended
185
Why is it particularly important for low-income women to seek prenatal care?
d.
| To obtain referrals for other helpful services
186
A mother was very proud that she had cut back smoking from two packs a day, which she had smoked for years, to only half a pack a day. What is your response?
c.
| “That must have been difficult, but you’re probably still getting nicotine, so it’s important you quit entirely.”
187
A mother was concerned about her child dying of some childhood disease, because that is how some of her siblings died before her family came to the United States. How should you respond?
b.
| “Your child has been immunized, so the biggest danger is from accidents.”
188
A young mother was very proud because she had been taking her 9-month-old with her to various garage sales where she had purchased a lot of toys for very little money. What should your response be?
a.
| “Be sure there are no small pieces as young children can easily choke.”
189
A mother explained that she had just dropped her 3-year-old off at her own mother’s so she could come in for the required exam for her new job. She excitedly shared her hopes that she would be able to afford a used car rather than having to ride a bus all the time. What should you respond?
b.
| “Don’t forget to buy a child’s seat when you get your car.”
190
Why might the school nurse do a health education program with junior high school students on playing safely?
d.
| Without proper head protection, many sports can lead to traumatic brain injury.
191
What might a school nurse do to try to decrease the effects of the incredible health crisis attacking school children?
c.
| Establish recreational programs that encourage physical exercise each day
192
Why are parents and nurses often concerned about adolescents?
b.
| Adolescents engage in very high-risk behaviors.
193
Who is most likely to be the victim of violent crime?
c.
| A black adolescent who knows the perpetrator
194
What can a school nurse do to help combat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents?
a.
| Arrange for the health department to come to the school to give information and treatment on a confidential basis
195
What is the single largest threat to child health?
d.
| Poverty
196
How could a school health nurse determine trends regarding school-aged children in preparation for planning the next year’s school health programs?
b.
| Do an online search of groups that might collect and analyze such data
197
When the school health nurse suggested the school health clinic include sexual counseling and free condoms if requested, an angry woman yelled, “Why do I care if some girls have no morals and sleep around?” What might be your response?
a.
| “Because taxpayers spend billions each year for teenage moms and their babies.”
198
A mother was debating whether or not to take her son to the clinic. His temperature was 104° F and rising so she gave him acetaminophen (Tylenol). What will probably be the deciding factor in the mother’s decision?
d.
| Whether or not the child is covered under insurance
199
Which is more beneficial, Medicaid or private insurance, in terms of benefits for the recipients?
c.
| Medicaid because it includes early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment services
200
What may be a source of care if families are employed at a salary above the poverty line, but at too low an income for health insurance?
d.
| The State Children’s Health Insurance Program
201
What resource was originally created by the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity?
b.
| Community and Migrant Health Centers in rural and inner city areas
202
What is the purpose of the National Service Corps?
a.
| To give professionals financial aid for education if they agree to work in a rural or urban underserved area
203
A man, who looked about 45 years old, gave a cashier at a grocery store Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) vouchers for some of the food he had just selected. What might you reasonably conclude about this man?
a.
| He had a teenage daughter who was pregnant or with a young child.
204
Who, from a public health viewpoint, has responsibility for a child’s health?
c.
| The entire community
205
Why would an employer care about the health needs of local children?
a.
| The children are the employer’s future workforce.
206
How do the policies on children’s health in the United States differ from the policies on children’s health in other industrialized nations?
d.
| Although industrialized nations have policies on children’s health, the United States does not.
207
For what are all newborns in the United States tested?
a.
| All states test for four conditions including congenital hypothyroidism and sickle cell disease.
208
Toy guns must obey what U.S. Department of Commerce rule?
d.
| Toy guns must be distinguishable from real guns.
