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Function Of Human Body > Exam 3: Cheng & Chaney > Flashcards

Exam 3: Cheng & Chaney Flashcards

0
Q

Structure of amylopectin

A

Homo-polymer of glucose, alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages

Highly branched, highly soluble, less dense, quickly degraded

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1
Q

Structure of amylose

A

Homo-polymer of glucose, alpha 1-4 linkages

Mostly linear, high density, degraded slowly, insoluble

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2
Q

Structure of lactose

A

Galactose + Glucose, beta 1-4 linkage
Milk sugar
Has an exposed reducing end, will spoil

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3
Q

Structure of sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose, alpha 1-2 linkage
Table sugar
Reducing end blocked, so stable at room temperature

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4
Q

Structure of maltose

A

Glucose + glucose, alpha 1-4 linkage

Produced when starch is broken down

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5
Q

Structure of trehalose

A

Glucose + glucose, alpha 1-1 linkage

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6
Q

List the 2 monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose

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7
Q

List the 5 categories of indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber)

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins, pectins, and mucilages and gums.

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8
Q

Describe role of sucrase-isomaltase complex.

A

Activity highest in jejunum
Sucrase digests sucrose to fructose and glucose.
Isomaltase digests isomaltose to form glucose.
Maltase activity also is present in the sucrase-isomaltase complex and accounts for 80% of maltase activity. Maltase digests maltose to glucose.

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9
Q

Describe the role of Beta-Glycosidase Complex (Lactase-glucosylceramidase)

A

Activity highest in jejunum
Lactase digests lactose into gluctose and galactose.
Relatively low activity, but very sensitive to injury

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10
Q

Describe the role of trehalase.

A

Digests trehalose into 2 glucose units.

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11
Q

Describe the role of glucoamylase

A

Activity highest in the ileum

Hydrolyzes non-reducing terminal alpha 1-4 glucoside in starch, glycogen, alpha-dextrins, maltose.

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12
Q

Describe the function of GLUT-1

A

Found in human RBC, blood-barrier locations

High affinity glucose transport system

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13
Q

Describe the function of GLUT-2

A

Found in the liver, kidney, pancreas
High-capacity, low-affinity transporter.
Because this is a low-affinity transporter, it has a high Km.
Important function: blood glucose concentration sensor for the pancreas
Found on the serosal side

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14
Q

Describe the function of GLUT-3.

A

Found in brain (neurons)

High affinity transporter

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15
Q

Describe the function of GLUT-4

A

Found in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle
Insulin sensitive system (increased insulin, increased number of GLUT-4 transporters on the cell surface)
High affinity transporter

16
Q

Describe the function of GLUT-5.

A

Found in sperm
Fructose transporter
Found on the serosal and mucosal sides.

17
Q

How is creatine formed?

A

Creatine is synthesized by the transamidination of glycine using arginine as a nitrogen donor.
Marker of tissue damage.

18
Q

How is carnitine formed?

A

Carnitine is synthesized from protein-bound lysine.

19
Q

How is acetylcholine formed?

A

Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline, which is formed from serine and methionine.

20
Q

How is serotonin formed?

A

Serotonin is a product of tryptophan.

SSRIs and MAOIs are designed to increase serotonin levels in patients.

21
Q

How is Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) formed?

A

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized from glutamate, and is degraded to succinate, which enters the TCA cycle.

22
Q

How are catecholamines formed?

A

Catecholamines are formed from phenylalanine and tyrosine.

23
Q

How is nitric oxide (NO) formed?

A

NO is synthesized from arginine.

24
Q

How is histamine formed?

A

Histamine (a vasodilator in response to allergic reactions or trauma) is synthesized from histidine.

25
Q

How are polyamines formed?

A

Polyamines are formed from ornithine and methionine. They are present in all cells and inhibition of their synthesis blocks cell growth.

26
Q

What is the role of ferroportin?

A

Ferroportin is a carrier that allows for iron release into the blood. It is a transporter on the basolateral side, allowing for iron to move from the inside of the cell into the bloodstream. It can be inhibited by hepcidin when the body no longer needs more iron to be released.

27
Q

What is the role of hepcidin?

A

Hepcidin is a hormone that can inhibit ferroportin release of iron into the blood stream. It is up-regulated by increased iron in the blood, and it is inhibited by active erythropoiesis.

28
Q

What is the role of transferrin?

A

Transferrin delivers iron to cells that need it for heme biosynthesis.
Also can deliver iron for storage as ferritin. Each transferrin molecule can bind to Fe+ molecules, however normally only transferrin is 30% saturated (important, allows leeway for jump in erythropoeisis).

29
Q

What is the role of ferritin?

A

Molecule designed to store excess iron. Each ferritin molecule can contain over 4,000 iron atoms.

Function Of Human Body (5 decks)

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