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Drugs and Psychopharmacology > Exam 3 (Chapters 8-10) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Chapters 8-10) Flashcards

1
Q

THC/Marihuana is known as a “___ drug.”

A

gateway

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2
Q

What is the active ingredient in marijuana?

A

THC

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3
Q

Where does TCH come from?

A

hemp plant

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4
Q

What are the different classifications of THC and what is the major difference between them?

A

-marijuana
-ganja
-hasheesh

major difference: different potentcies/% of THC

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5
Q

What percent of THC is found in marijuana?

A

about 2 to 5%

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6
Q

What percent of THC is found in ganja?

A

about 2 to 5%

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7
Q

What percent of THC is found in hasheesh?

A

about 20%

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8
Q

In the 1990s, THC was classified as a __ drug.

A

hypnotic

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9
Q

Decreased dosage of THC created the same effects as __ and __. (1990s)

A

alcohol and benzodiazapeins

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10
Q

Today, THC is classified as a __ drug.

A

hallucination drug

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11
Q

What are the effects of THC use?

A

-disrupts attention
-short term memory loss
-immunosuppressant (prone to infection/illness)
-sexual dysfunction
-reproductive issues w/ long-term use (lowers sperm count)

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12
Q

THC is structurally similar to __.

A

anandamide

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13
Q

Anandamide

A

an endogenous ligand for brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors, produces many behavioral effects similar to those of THC

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14
Q

THC binds to ___ receptors.

A

cannabinoid

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15
Q

Anandamide is synthesized from __ and __.

A

arachadine and ethanolamine

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16
Q

Only __% of cannabinoid receptors are activated by THC.

A

20%

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17
Q

Cannabinoid receptors may be as numerous as ___ receptors and there are about __ times as many cannabinoid receptors as opioids.

A

GABA; 10 to 20 times

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18
Q

THC is a __ antagonist.

A

partial

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19
Q

What causes cognitive impairment?

A

effect of glutamate (inhibiting presynaptic release)

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20
Q

THC inhibits __.

A

adenylate cyclase

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21
Q

THC —> ____ —> blocking of ___

A

receptor; adenylate cyclase

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22
Q

Does THC inhibit calcium directly or indirectly?

A

indirectly

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23
Q

There are about how many cannabinoid receptors in our brain?

A

400+

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24
Q

THC binding to cannabinoid activates ___.

A

g-protein

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25
Q

What parts of the brain are affected by marijuana?

A

-hippocampus (memory)
-cerebellum (movement, coordination)
-basal ganglia
-cerebral cortex

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26
Q

What cannabinoid receptors does THC bind to?

A

CB1 and CB2

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27
Q

Marijuana use directly affects brain function — specifically the parts of the brain responsible for __.

A

memory, learning, attention, decision-making, coordination, emotions, and reaction time.

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28
Q

The cerebral cortex is associated with the distortion of __. (w/ marijuana use)

A

sound, color, and taste
this is why it was previously thought to be a hallucinogen

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29
Q

What percent of the plant does THC actually come from?

A

about 1%

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30
Q

About how much THC is absorbed through smoking?

A

about 20 grams

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31
Q

How much of the THC from smoking actually makes it into the bloodstream?

A

about half

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32
Q

Behavioral effects after smoking THC occur __.

A

almost immediately (~5 to 10 minutes)

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33
Q

How long can the effects of THC last?

A

usually about 5 to 10 hours

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34
Q

Approximately how long after smoking THC is the peak of effects reached?

A

about 10 minutes

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35
Q

THC is metabolized by __.

A

P450 enzyme

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36
Q

__ is the major enzyme responsible for the elimination of THC.

A

CYP2C9

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37
Q

11-hydroxy-THC (11-delta-9-hydroxy)

A

main active metabolite in THC

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38
Q

About how long can THC remain detectable in the body?

A

2 weeks

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39
Q

How does THC affect the central nervous system?

A

-enhances senses
-produces euphoric effects (not as strong as cocaine)

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40
Q

At high dosages, THC can produce what kind of effects?

A

-paranoia
-acute depression
-panic

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41
Q

Toxic dosage of THC can produce what kind of effects?

A

-hallucinations
-exasperates other symptoms

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42
Q

THC causes ___ release in the basal ganglia.

A

dopamine

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43
Q

What aspect accounts for addiction to THC?

A

THC activates mu-opioid receptors which trigger the path to the frontal cortex

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44
Q

Why does a tolerance of THC occur?

A

-cannabinoid decreases regulation meaning there is an oversupply of cannabinoid receptors
-rapid receptor

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45
Q

Why is drug intervention not used for the withdrawal of THC?

A

Because intolerance of THC is not strong enough and symptoms are not bad

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46
Q

Opium is extracted from the __ plant.

A

poppy

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47
Q

Opioids are used for the treatment of __.

A

pain, sleep, and euphoria

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48
Q

Morphine was isolated in

A

the 1800s

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49
Q

Morphine and codeine are extracted

A

naturally

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50
Q

Codeine was used to treat

A

moderate issues and cough (it makes you go to sleep)

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51
Q

Opioids

A

any endogenous drug that binds to opiate receptor

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52
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

binds to opioid receptors and blocks one or more of the opioid receptors in the central or peripheral nervous system

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53
Q

Stimulation of central mu receptors causes

A

respiratory depression, analgesia, and euphoria.

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54
Q

What fibers are activated in the PNS when experiencing pain?

A

primary afferent fibers

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55
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

a type of pain caused by damage to body tissue; activated by pain

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56
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by pain?

A

substance P and glutamate

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57
Q

Opioids inhibit the release of

A

substance P and glutamate

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58
Q

Substance P and glutamate are regulated by

A

endorphins

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59
Q

Endorphins and opioid antagonist act __ to inhibit the release of __.

A

presynaptically; substance P

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60
Q

The two most commonly used centrally acting opioid receptor antagonists are

A

naloxone and naltrexone

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61
Q

Pain mechanism:
get injured —> __ —> __ —> __ —> __ —> aware of pain

A

get injured —> substance P activated —> spinal cord —> thalamus —> brain (limbic system) —> symatic CNS —> aware of pain

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62
Q

DSM-5

A

chronic pain

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63
Q

What are the major endorphins that act as morphine?

A

-encephalin
-dynorphins
-beta-endorphins

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64
Q

There are no opioid receptors in the __.

A

cortex

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65
Q

Mu receptors are found in the

A

brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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66
Q

What are the different mu receptors associated with opioids? Where are they located?

A

-mu 1: outside the spinal cord
-mu 2: in CNS

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67
Q

Mu 1 agonist is most potent in the

A

thalamus

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68
Q

Mu 1

A

-interprets pain
-effects respiration
-blocks pain at the spinal cord directly

69
Q

Is mu 1 or mu 2 associated with morphine?

A

mu 1

70
Q

Delta-receptors

A

we’re not exactly sure what they do but they may modulate receptors in the brain

71
Q

What are the 3 opioid receptors?

A
  1. mu receptors
  2. delta receptors
  3. kappa receptors
72
Q

Where are kappa receptors found?

A

basil ganglia

73
Q

What happens when mu receptors bind to an opioid agonist?

A

the release of neurotransmitters is decreased/inhibited; pain signaling

74
Q

Delta-receptors and kappa-receptors influence

A

mu receptors

75
Q

Opioid receptors come from

A

ocun gene

76
Q

The limbic system is responsible for __.

A

emotion

77
Q

Opioid receptors are found in the __, where they are embedded in __.

A

nervous system; neurons

78
Q

How do opioid receptors work in the body?

A

When opioids attach (bind) to the receptors, the interaction triggers a series of chemical changes within and between neurons that lead to feelings of pleasure and pain relief.

79
Q

Why aren’t hallucinogens regarded as addictive?

A

they don’t produce the rewards in brain like other drugs

80
Q

Hallucinogens are widely used within what culture?

A

Native American

81
Q

Psychedelics/Hallucinogens

A

change cognition, mood, and reality
-act on CNS
-alter the way we see the world

82
Q

How are hallucinogens/psychedelics classified?

A
  1. anticholinergic
  2. monoamine
  3. glutaminergic
83
Q

Anticholinergic

A

interrupts citicoline
-low dose= euphoria
-clouds consciousness
-produces drowsiness

84
Q

Monoamine

A

catecholamine and serotonin; are agonists at post-synaptic receptors so they increase
-dopaminergic effects (small amount)
-MDMA
-mescaline

85
Q

Mescaline

A

pharmacacti
-visual hallucinations
-in creasing the dose= increasing psychotic effects
-rapidly absorbed
-effects last 10 to 12 hours

86
Q

Glutaminergic

A

NMDA antagonist

87
Q

True or False: Withdrawal symptoms are not often seen with hallucinogens.

A

True

88
Q

Anticholinergic effects of hallucinogens:

A

-muscarinic and nicotinic
*muscarinic antagonist for acetylcholine

89
Q

acetylcholine

A

a type of chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that plays a vital role in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is important for muscle control, autonomic body functions, and learning, memory, and attention.

90
Q

Hallucinogens are classified as a __.

A

deliriant

91
Q

deliriant

A

a class of drugs that produces hallucinatory effect
-fatigue
-loss of attention

92
Q

Hallucinogens expand __.

A

consciousness

93
Q

Hallucinogens/Psychedelics can be found in nature from what plant?

A

belladonna plant

94
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of hallucinogens/psychedelics?

A

-increased heart rate
-constipation
-dry mouth
-drowsiness

95
Q

At toxic levels, what are the pharmacological effects of hallucinogens/psychedelics?

A

-nausea
-vomiting
-fixed pupils

96
Q

With hallucinogens/psychedelics, most deaths are the result of what?

A

accidents, suicides, homicides

97
Q

True or False: There is a very large amount of psychological dependence on hallucinogens/psychedelics.

A

False, there is very little psychological dependence.

98
Q

Hallucinogens/psychedelics are not addictive themselves but at what point could they become addictive?

A

When combined with other drugs
-slight and physical

99
Q

What is the mechanism of action of psychedelics?

A

locks out serotonergic transmitter sites and saturates the serotonergic system, habituating the receptors and reducing the regulatory processes of the serotonergic system. This results in a release of the dopamine system normally repressed by serotonin.

100
Q

Hallucinogens activate specific receptors in the brain, called __, that are normally triggered by the neurotransmitter __.

A

5-HT2A receptors; serotonin

101
Q

MDMA is also known as

A

ecstasy

102
Q

MDMA acts as a releasing agent of __.

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

103
Q

entactogen

A

a class of psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of emotional communion, oneness, relatedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy or sympathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with MDMA

104
Q

Mescaline is found in __ and is used by whom?

A

cactus (peyote); Native Americans

105
Q

What are the effects of MDMA and similar drugs?

A

-anxiety
-trimers
-limb hyperreflexia
-visual hallucinations

106
Q

MDMA is rapidly absorbed at about __ hour(s).

A

1 hour

107
Q

How long do the effects of MDMA usually last?

A

about 3 to 4 hours

108
Q

Which hallucinogen is synthetic, mescaline or LSD?

A

LSD

109
Q

MDMA is more toxic and potent than which naturally occurring halluciongen?

A

mescaline

110
Q

MDMA inhibits the reuptake of

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5HT, and acetylcholine

111
Q

What is the biggest issue with MDMA?

A

the psychological effects vary

112
Q

What are the physical effects of MDMA?

A

-increases bp and heart rate
-increases anxiety
-increases cognitive deficits
-damages neurons (neuro-toxic)
-effects memory over time

113
Q

What are the psychological effects of MDMA?

A

-euphoria
-increased awareness
-increased empathy
-increased openness
-intensifies sensory experience
-longterm depression

114
Q

MDMA affects the __ nervous system.

A

central

115
Q

MDMA causes de__ and de__.

A

depersonalization and derealization

116
Q

MDMA is a __ which means it damages serotonin receptors.

A

neurotoxin

117
Q

MDMA use can lead to

A

-depression
-kidney failure
-hypothermia
-striatal depletion in the brain

118
Q

What is the massive issue/effect of taking MDMA?

A

depletion of seratonin

119
Q

Over years of abusing MDMA, about __% of __ and __ receptors are seen.

A

50%; 5HT & 5HTIAA

120
Q

What is the usual dose of LSD?

A

100 micrograms

121
Q

LSD is metabolized by the __ and is detectable in urine for about __.

A

liver; 1 day

122
Q

LSD half-life:

A

3.6 hours

123
Q

LSD is related to __ which is different from schizophrenia as this is related to __. Hint: neurotransmitter.

A

serotonin; dopamine

124
Q

LSD was previously used in

A

psychotherapy and military experiments

125
Q

How long does the LSD “trip” typically last?

A

9-12 hours

126
Q

LSD peak effects are expected to be felt anywhere from _ to _ hours after using the drug.

A

1 to 2.5

127
Q

What percent of LSD makes it to the brain?

A

~1%

128
Q

What receptors does psilocybin work?

A

5-HT2A serotonin receptors

129
Q

psilocybin

A

mushroom, “shrooms”

130
Q

psilocybin metabolite

A

psilocin

131
Q

Psilocybin is __% more potent than LSD.

A

0.5

132
Q

Psilocybin last approximately __ hour(s).

A

6

133
Q

Mechanism of Action of Psilocybin:

A

Psilocin reacts agonistically with serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to produce a “mystical-like” hallucinatory effect

134
Q

What are the physiological effects of serotonin psychedelics?

A

-increase heart rate, bp, and temperature
-increases blood-glucose levels
-nausea and drowsiness

135
Q

What is the usual dose of serotonin psychedelics?

A

about 50 microgrmas

136
Q

About how much of serotonin psychedelics does one need to consume to overdose?

A

about 400 mg

137
Q

What are the mental effects of serotonin psychedelics?

A

-perceptual alterations
-panic
-fear

138
Q

What are the long-term effects of serotonin psychedelics?

A

flashbacks (hallucinogenic persistent disorder)

139
Q

“Flashbacks” or “hallucinogenic persistent disorder” can occur __. Why does this happen?

A

can occur years after; no none knows for sure why it happens but it may be due to potency so it doesn’t leave the system as fast

140
Q

Serotonin psychedelics are a __ agonist and therefore mimic __ at the __ receptors.

A

5HT2A; seratine; 5HT2A

141
Q

For glutamate/anesthetic psychedelics, what is primarily affected?

A

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

142
Q

Glutamate/Anesthetic Psychedelic research has led to what?

A

schizophrenia research (glutamate role in schizophrenia patients)

143
Q

What are the two primary glutamate/Anesthetic psychedelic drugs?

A
  1. Phencyclodean (PCP) (Angel Dust)
  2. Ketamine
144
Q

PCP and Angel Dust effects look similar to

A

schizophrenia

145
Q

What is the benefit of PCP and Angel Dust?

A

safer for heart, blood pressure, and other health factors

146
Q

Phencyclodean and Ketamine are __ drugs which means that they affect memory and have analgesic effects.

A

anesthetic

147
Q

Ketamine is structurally similar to

A

PCP

148
Q

Ketamine is used to treat

A

resistant depression

149
Q

In what ways can PCP be administered?

A

injected, smoked, snorted, through eyes, rectum, vagina

150
Q

What is the most common dose of PCP, the dose that gives you the “warm-fuzzy” feeling?

A

5-10 mg

151
Q

What are some symptoms of taking PCP?

A

-“warm-fuzzy” feeling
-distortion of body image
-“outer” body experience
-high

152
Q

What is the “magic mint”?

A

-hallucinogen (vision-inducing drug)
-also called Salvia
-legal
-linked to therapeutic treatment

153
Q

Magic Mint drug can be used to treat

A

mild to moderate pain

154
Q

About how long do the effects of magic mint last?

A

the effects are very short last, lasting from 30 minutes to an hour

155
Q

How long do the effects of PCP last?

A

4 to 10 hours

156
Q

When you come down from PCP high, what effect is most often seen?

A

depression

157
Q

A high dose of PCP produces

A

psychosis

158
Q

What is the lethal dose of PCP?

A

50 to 100 mg; oral is 1 gram

159
Q

PCP is __ by other drugs.

A

exasperated

160
Q

PCP has analgesic effects which means __.

A

you won’t feel pain

161
Q

What does treatment look like for PCP?

A

try to keep people safe until their high comes down

162
Q

How does PCP act in the body, how are the effects of the drugs produced?

A

ion channels of NMDA are blocked; It inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

163
Q

How does Ketamine act in the body, how are the effects of the drugs produced?

A

ion channels of NDMA are blocked; it’s an NMDA receptor antagonist. It binds to the NMDA receptor protein on cell membranes and blocks glutamate from binding there

164
Q

Salvinorin A is considered a __. Why?

A

dissociative hallucinogen; It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring hallucinogens

165
Q

How does salvinorin A affect the brain?

A

Salvinorin-A Induces Intense Dissociative Effects, Blocking External Sensory Perception and Modulating Interoception and Sense of Body Ownership in Humans.

166
Q

Major classes of psychedelic drugs:

A

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, cannabis, ecstasy, ketamine, salvia

167
Q

cannabinol (CBN)

A

metabolite of THC

168
Q

CB2 receptors are mostly found outside the __ but can also be found in __ in inflammatory conditions.

A

CNS; microglia cells

Drugs and Psychopharmacology (3 decks)

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