Exam 3 (Chapters 8-10) Flashcards
1
Q
THC/Marihuana is known as a “___ drug.”
A
gateway
2
Q
What is the active ingredient in marijuana?
A
THC
3
Q
Where does TCH come from?
A
hemp plant
4
Q
What are the different classifications of THC and what is the major difference between them?
A
-marijuana
-ganja
-hasheesh
major difference: different potentcies/% of THC
5
Q
What percent of THC is found in marijuana?
A
about 2 to 5%
6
Q
What percent of THC is found in ganja?
A
about 2 to 5%
7
Q
What percent of THC is found in hasheesh?
A
about 20%
8
Q
In the 1990s, THC was classified as a __ drug.
A
hypnotic
9
Q
Decreased dosage of THC created the same effects as __ and __. (1990s)
A
alcohol and benzodiazapeins
10
Q
Today, THC is classified as a __ drug.
A
hallucination drug
11
Q
What are the effects of THC use?
A
-disrupts attention
-short term memory loss
-immunosuppressant (prone to infection/illness)
-sexual dysfunction
-reproductive issues w/ long-term use (lowers sperm count)
12
Q
THC is structurally similar to __.
A
anandamide
13
Q
Anandamide
A
an endogenous ligand for brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors, produces many behavioral effects similar to those of THC
14
Q
THC binds to ___ receptors.
A
cannabinoid
15
Q
Anandamide is synthesized from __ and __.
A
arachadine and ethanolamine
16
Q
Only __% of cannabinoid receptors are activated by THC.
A
20%
17
Q
Cannabinoid receptors may be as numerous as ___ receptors and there are about __ times as many cannabinoid receptors as opioids.
A
GABA; 10 to 20 times
18
Q
THC is a __ antagonist.
A
partial
19
Q
What causes cognitive impairment?
A
effect of glutamate (inhibiting presynaptic release)
20
Q
THC inhibits __.
A
adenylate cyclase
21
Q
THC —> ____ —> blocking of ___
A
receptor; adenylate cyclase
22
Q
Does THC inhibit calcium directly or indirectly?
A
indirectly
23
Q
There are about how many cannabinoid receptors in our brain?
A
400+
24
Q
THC binding to cannabinoid activates ___.
A
g-protein
25
What parts of the brain are affected by marijuana?
-hippocampus (memory)
-cerebellum (movement, coordination)
-basal ganglia
-cerebral cortex
26
What cannabinoid receptors does THC bind to?
CB1 and CB2
27
Marijuana use directly affects brain function — specifically the parts of the brain responsible for __.
memory, learning, attention, decision-making, coordination, emotions, and reaction time.
28
The cerebral cortex is associated with the distortion of __. (w/ marijuana use)
sound, color, and taste
this is why it was previously thought to be a hallucinogen
29
What percent of the plant does THC actually come from?
about 1%
30
About how much THC is absorbed through smoking?
about 20 grams
31
How much of the THC from smoking actually makes it into the bloodstream?
about half
32
Behavioral effects after smoking THC occur __.
almost immediately (~5 to 10 minutes)
33
How long can the effects of THC last?
usually about 5 to 10 hours
34
Approximately how long after smoking THC is the peak of effects reached?
about 10 minutes
35
THC is metabolized by __.
P450 enzyme
36
__ is the major enzyme responsible for the elimination of THC.
CYP2C9
37
11-hydroxy-THC (11-delta-9-hydroxy)
main active metabolite in THC
38
About how long can THC remain detectable in the body?
2 weeks
39
How does THC affect the central nervous system?
-enhances senses
-produces euphoric effects (not as strong as cocaine)
40
At high dosages, THC can produce what kind of effects?
-paranoia
-acute depression
-panic
41
Toxic dosage of THC can produce what kind of effects?
-hallucinations
-exasperates other symptoms
42
THC causes ___ release in the basal ganglia.
dopamine
43
What aspect accounts for addiction to THC?
THC activates mu-opioid receptors which trigger the path to the frontal cortex
44
Why does a tolerance of THC occur?
-cannabinoid decreases regulation meaning there is an oversupply of cannabinoid receptors
-rapid receptor
45
Why is drug intervention not used for the withdrawal of THC?
Because intolerance of THC is not strong enough and symptoms are not bad
46
Opium is extracted from the __ plant.
poppy
47
Opioids are used for the treatment of __.
pain, sleep, and euphoria
48
Morphine was isolated in
the 1800s
49
Morphine and codeine are extracted
naturally
50
Codeine was used to treat
moderate issues and cough (it makes you go to sleep)
51
Opioids
any endogenous drug that binds to opiate receptor
52
Opioid antagonist
binds to opioid receptors and blocks one or more of the opioid receptors in the central or peripheral nervous system
53
Stimulation of central mu receptors causes
respiratory depression, analgesia, and euphoria.
54
What fibers are activated in the PNS when experiencing pain?
primary afferent fibers
55
Nociceptive pain
a type of pain caused by damage to body tissue; activated by pain
56
What neurotransmitters are released by pain?
substance P and glutamate
57
Opioids inhibit the release of
substance P and glutamate
58
Substance P and glutamate are regulated by
endorphins
59
Endorphins and opioid antagonist act __ to inhibit the release of __.
presynaptically; substance P
60
The two most commonly used centrally acting opioid receptor antagonists are
naloxone and naltrexone
61
Pain mechanism:
get injured ---> __ ---> __ ---> __ ---> __ ---> aware of pain
get injured ---> substance P activated ---> spinal cord ---> thalamus ---> brain (limbic system) ---> symatic CNS ---> aware of pain
62
DSM-5
chronic pain
63
What are the major endorphins that act as morphine?
-encephalin
-dynorphins
-beta-endorphins
64
There are no opioid receptors in the __.
cortex
65
Mu receptors are found in the
brain and spinal cord (CNS)
66
What are the different mu receptors associated with opioids? Where are they located?
-mu 1: outside the spinal cord
-mu 2: in CNS
67
Mu 1 agonist is most potent in the
thalamus
68
Mu 1
-interprets pain
-effects respiration
-blocks pain at the spinal cord directly
69
Is mu 1 or mu 2 associated with morphine?
mu 1
70
Delta-receptors
we're not exactly sure what they do but they may modulate receptors in the brain
71
What are the 3 opioid receptors?
1. mu receptors
2. delta receptors
3. kappa receptors
72
Where are kappa receptors found?
basil ganglia
73
What happens when mu receptors bind to an opioid agonist?
the release of neurotransmitters is decreased/inhibited; pain signaling
74
Delta-receptors and kappa-receptors influence
mu receptors
75
Opioid receptors come from
ocun gene
76
The limbic system is responsible for __.
emotion
77
Opioid receptors are found in the __, where they are embedded in __.
nervous system; neurons
78
How do opioid receptors work in the body?
When opioids attach (bind) to the receptors, the interaction triggers a series of chemical changes within and between neurons that lead to feelings of pleasure and pain relief.
79
Why aren't hallucinogens regarded as addictive?
they don't produce the rewards in brain like other drugs
80
Hallucinogens are widely used within what culture?
Native American
81
Psychedelics/Hallucinogens
change cognition, mood, and reality
-act on CNS
-alter the way we see the world
82
How are hallucinogens/psychedelics classified?
1. anticholinergic
2. monoamine
3. glutaminergic
83
Anticholinergic
interrupts citicoline
-low dose= euphoria
-clouds consciousness
-produces drowsiness
84
Monoamine
catecholamine and serotonin; are agonists at post-synaptic receptors so they increase
-dopaminergic effects (small amount)
-MDMA
-mescaline
85
Mescaline
pharmacacti
-visual hallucinations
-in creasing the dose= increasing psychotic effects
-rapidly absorbed
-effects last 10 to 12 hours
86
Glutaminergic
NMDA antagonist
87
True or False: Withdrawal symptoms are not often seen with hallucinogens.
True
88
Anticholinergic effects of hallucinogens:
-muscarinic and nicotinic
*muscarinic antagonist for acetylcholine
89
acetylcholine
a type of chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that plays a vital role in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is important for muscle control, autonomic body functions, and learning, memory, and attention.
90
Hallucinogens are classified as a __.
deliriant
91
deliriant
a class of drugs that produces hallucinatory effect
-fatigue
-loss of attention
92
Hallucinogens expand __.
consciousness
93
Hallucinogens/Psychedelics can be found in nature from what plant?
belladonna plant
94
What are the pharmacological effects of hallucinogens/psychedelics?
-increased heart rate
-constipation
-dry mouth
-drowsiness
95
At toxic levels, what are the pharmacological effects of hallucinogens/psychedelics?
-nausea
-vomiting
-fixed pupils
96
With hallucinogens/psychedelics, most deaths are the result of what?
accidents, suicides, homicides
97
True or False: There is a very large amount of psychological dependence on hallucinogens/psychedelics.
False, there is very little psychological dependence.
98
Hallucinogens/psychedelics are not addictive themselves but at what point could they become addictive?
When combined with other drugs
-slight and physical
99
What is the mechanism of action of psychedelics?
locks out serotonergic transmitter sites and saturates the serotonergic system, habituating the receptors and reducing the regulatory processes of the serotonergic system. This results in a release of the dopamine system normally repressed by serotonin.
100
Hallucinogens activate specific receptors in the brain, called __, that are normally triggered by the neurotransmitter __.
5-HT2A receptors; serotonin
101
MDMA is also known as
ecstasy
102
MDMA acts as a releasing agent of __.
serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
103
entactogen
a class of psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of emotional communion, oneness, relatedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy or sympathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with MDMA
104
Mescaline is found in __ and is used by whom?
cactus (peyote); Native Americans
105
What are the effects of MDMA and similar drugs?
-anxiety
-trimers
-limb hyperreflexia
-visual hallucinations
106
MDMA is rapidly absorbed at about __ hour(s).
1 hour
107
How long do the effects of MDMA usually last?
about 3 to 4 hours
108
Which hallucinogen is synthetic, mescaline or LSD?
LSD
109
MDMA is more toxic and potent than which naturally occurring halluciongen?
mescaline
110
MDMA inhibits the reuptake of
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5HT, and acetylcholine
111
What is the biggest issue with MDMA?
the psychological effects vary
112
What are the physical effects of MDMA?
-increases bp and heart rate
-increases anxiety
-increases cognitive deficits
-damages neurons (neuro-toxic)
-effects memory over time
113
What are the psychological effects of MDMA?
-euphoria
-increased awareness
-increased empathy
-increased openness
-intensifies sensory experience
-longterm depression
114
MDMA affects the __ nervous system.
central
115
MDMA causes de__ and de__.
depersonalization and derealization
116
MDMA is a __ which means it damages serotonin receptors.
neurotoxin
117
MDMA use can lead to
-depression
-kidney failure
-hypothermia
-striatal depletion in the brain
118
What is the massive issue/effect of taking MDMA?
depletion of seratonin
119
Over years of abusing MDMA, about __% of __ and __ receptors are seen.
50%; 5HT & 5HTIAA
120
What is the usual dose of LSD?
100 micrograms
121
LSD is metabolized by the __ and is detectable in urine for about __.
liver; 1 day
122
LSD half-life:
3.6 hours
123
LSD is related to __ which is different from schizophrenia as this is related to __. Hint: neurotransmitter.
serotonin; dopamine
124
LSD was previously used in
psychotherapy and military experiments
125
How long does the LSD "trip" typically last?
9-12 hours
126
LSD peak effects are expected to be felt anywhere from _ to _ hours after using the drug.
1 to 2.5
127
What percent of LSD makes it to the brain?
~1%
128
What receptors does psilocybin work?
5-HT2A serotonin receptors
129
psilocybin
mushroom, "shrooms"
130
psilocybin metabolite
psilocin
131
Psilocybin is __% more potent than LSD.
0.5
132
Psilocybin last approximately __ hour(s).
6
133
Mechanism of Action of Psilocybin:
Psilocin reacts agonistically with serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to produce a “mystical-like” hallucinatory effect
134
What are the physiological effects of serotonin psychedelics?
-increase heart rate, bp, and temperature
-increases blood-glucose levels
-nausea and drowsiness
135
What is the usual dose of serotonin psychedelics?
about 50 microgrmas
136
About how much of serotonin psychedelics does one need to consume to overdose?
about 400 mg
137
What are the mental effects of serotonin psychedelics?
-perceptual alterations
-panic
-fear
138
What are the long-term effects of serotonin psychedelics?
flashbacks (hallucinogenic persistent disorder)
139
"Flashbacks" or "hallucinogenic persistent disorder" can occur __. Why does this happen?
can occur years after; no none knows for sure why it happens but it may be due to potency so it doesn't leave the system as fast
140
Serotonin psychedelics are a __ agonist and therefore mimic __ at the __ receptors.
5HT2A; seratine; 5HT2A
141
For glutamate/anesthetic psychedelics, what is primarily affected?
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
142
Glutamate/Anesthetic Psychedelic research has led to what?
schizophrenia research (glutamate role in schizophrenia patients)
143
What are the two primary glutamate/Anesthetic psychedelic drugs?
1. Phencyclodean (PCP) (Angel Dust)
2. Ketamine
144
PCP and Angel Dust effects look similar to
schizophrenia
145
What is the benefit of PCP and Angel Dust?
safer for heart, blood pressure, and other health factors
146
Phencyclodean and Ketamine are __ drugs which means that they affect memory and have analgesic effects.
anesthetic
147
Ketamine is structurally similar to
PCP
148
Ketamine is used to treat
resistant depression
149
In what ways can PCP be administered?
injected, smoked, snorted, through eyes, rectum, vagina
150
What is the most common dose of PCP, the dose that gives you the "warm-fuzzy" feeling?
5-10 mg
151
What are some symptoms of taking PCP?
-"warm-fuzzy" feeling
-distortion of body image
-"outer" body experience
-high
152
What is the "magic mint"?
-hallucinogen (vision-inducing drug)
-also called Salvia
-legal
-linked to therapeutic treatment
153
Magic Mint drug can be used to treat
mild to moderate pain
154
About how long do the effects of magic mint last?
the effects are very short last, lasting from 30 minutes to an hour
155
How long do the effects of PCP last?
4 to 10 hours
156
When you come down from PCP high, what effect is most often seen?
depression
157
A high dose of PCP produces
psychosis
158
What is the lethal dose of PCP?
50 to 100 mg; oral is 1 gram
159
PCP is __ by other drugs.
exasperated
160
PCP has analgesic effects which means __.
you won't feel pain
161
What does treatment look like for PCP?
try to keep people safe until their high comes down
162
How does PCP act in the body, how are the effects of the drugs produced?
ion channels of NMDA are blocked; It inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
163
How does Ketamine act in the body, how are the effects of the drugs produced?
ion channels of NDMA are blocked; it's an NMDA receptor antagonist. It binds to the NMDA receptor protein on cell membranes and blocks glutamate from binding there
164
Salvinorin A is considered a __. Why?
dissociative hallucinogen; It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring hallucinogens
165
How does salvinorin A affect the brain?
Salvinorin-A Induces Intense Dissociative Effects, Blocking External Sensory Perception and Modulating Interoception and Sense of Body Ownership in Humans.
166
Major classes of psychedelic drugs:
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, cannabis, ecstasy, ketamine, salvia
167
cannabinol (CBN)
metabolite of THC
168
CB2 receptors are mostly found outside the __ but can also be found in __ in inflammatory conditions.
CNS; microglia cells
