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Pharmacology - Christi > Exam 3: Chapters 45-47 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapters 45-47 Flashcards

1
Q

How does cancer metastasize?

A

Cancer METASTASIZES to other tissues or organs through the lymphatic system

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2
Q

What is PRIMARY LESION?

A

Original site of growth

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3
Q

What is METASTASIS?

A

Secondary lesion in new location caused by uncontrolled growth

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4
Q

What is NEOPLASM?

A

Mass of new cells (tumor)

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5
Q

What is a NONCANCEROUS tumor?

A

BENIGN

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6
Q

What is a CANCEROUS tumor?

A

MALIGNANT

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7
Q

Epithelial cells (GI mucosa, skin, etc.)

**Can be treated with Radiation & Chemo

A

CARCINOMAS

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8
Q

Connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, adipose)

**Can be treated with Radiation & Chemo

A

SARCOMA

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9
Q

What tissue of origin are LYMPHOMAS?

A

LYMPHOCYTES (systemic)

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10
Q

LEUKEMIAS (systematic)

TISSUE OF ORIGIN?

A

hematopoietic blood (RBC)

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11
Q

MYELOMA (systematic)

TISSUE OF ORIGIN?

A

Plasma cells

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12
Q

3 cancer types that can be treated with radiation

**HINT: They are all 3 systemic

A
  1. Lymphomas
  2. Leukemias
  3. Myeloma
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13
Q

How is localized cancer treated?

A

Radiation therapy and Chemotherapy

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14
Q

How is systemic cancer treated?

A

Chemotherapy

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15
Q

What is another name for these : Cancer drugs, anticancer drugs, cytotoxic chemotherapy, or just chemotherapy

A

Antineoplastic drugs

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16
Q

2 divisions of chemotherapy treatment

A
  1. Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS)-cytotoxic at any cell stage
  2. Cell cycle-specific (CCS)
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17
Q

Neutropenic precautions for nurse caring for chemo patient

A

Nurse “gowns up” to protect the patient (Bubble Boy)

**No fresh flowers, fresh veggies or fruits, or pets, and all visitors must be screened.

Avoid those who have had recent vaccinations

MUST wash hand frequently!!

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18
Q

What is the most common side effect of Chemotherapy?

A

NAUSEA

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19
Q

What does chemotherapy do to bone marrow?

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • LOW RBC, WBC, Platelet count (lower coagulation time and higher risk of bleeding)
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20
Q

What does chemotherapy do to hair follicles?

A

Alopecia (hair loss)

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21
Q

What does chemotherapy do to the GI tract cells?

A
  • ulcers
  • decreased taste
  • weight loss
  • nausea
22
Q

Thrombocytopenia caused by bone marrow suppression

A

increased bleeding, bruising
*avoid high/squeezing blood pressure
cuff
* report nose bleeds
* brush teeth/hair lightly
*avoid IM/sub Q injections

23
Q

What is neutropenia

A

the presence of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood, leading to increased susceptibility to infection.
Undesirable side effect of bone marrow suppression

24
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially granulocytes.
Often interchangeable with neutropenia

25
Digestive tract injury causing inflammation of the oral mucosa
STOMATITIS
26
Common adverse effects of chemotherapy
Bone marrow suppression *neutropenia & leukopenia * Thrombocytopenia Digestive tract injury * stomatitis Alopecia * hair loss Hyperuricemia *excess of uric acid in the blood Reproductive toxicity Local injury from extravasation of vesicants
27
Antimetabolite
Methotrexate
28
What medication is used for cancer treatment and RA (rheumatoid arthritis)?
Methotrexate **also used to treat severe cases of psoriasis
29
Mechanism of action - Methotrexate
* folic acid antagonism * interferes with the use of folic acid * as a result, DNA is not produced, and the cells die
30
Methotrexate side effects
*nausea *vomiting *hair loss *myelosuppression (decrease in bone marrow activity that results in reduced production of blood cells
31
Methotrexate: Nursing implications
Baseline blood counts **TEST ? Patient has acute Leukemia......... what to do? Baseline blood count
32
Methotrexate: Nursing implications
* GI mucous membranes: stomatitis, altered bowel function with high risk for poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and inflammation and possible ulcerations of GI mucosa * Hair follicles: loss of hair (alopecia) * Bone marrow components: dangerously low (life-threatening) blood cell counts
33
Antineoplastic medications: ALKYLATING DRUGS - Adverse Effects
* Nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity
34
Active in all stages of the cell cycle?
CCNS drugs (cell cycle-nonspecific)
35
Both are harmful to the liver
Alkylating drugs and Cytotoxic antibiotics
36
Adverse effects of Cytotoxic Antibiotics
Hair loss, nausea and vomiting, and myelosuppression
37
Extravasation
Leaking of an antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration Can result in permanent damage to nerves, tendons, muscles; loss of limb If suspected STOP infusion IMMEDIATELY! **Medical error (IV wasn't working; leakage)
38
Nursing implications before administering Antineoplastic drugs
Assess baseline blood counts prior to administration Follow specific administration guidelines for each antineoplastic drug Expect nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomatitis (painful swelling and sores inside the mouth)
39
What does DMARD stand for?
Disease Modifying and Antirheumatic Drugs
40
What do DMARDS do?
More complex MOA: *Enhance or restore host's immune system defenses *Directly target the tumor cells causing a toxic effect *Modify the tumor's biology making it harder for it to survive
41
Immunomodulating drugs..... what do they do?
immune system suppression so the body will no kill it (ex: organ transplant)
42
Therapeutic effects of DMARDS
* enhancement of hematopoietic (the formation of blood cellular components) function * regulation or enhancement of the immune response * inhibition of metastases, prevention of cell division, or inhibition of cell maturation
43
Hematopoietic Drugs
* promote synthesis of various types of major blood components MOA: * decrease the duration of anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
44
Side effects of Hematopoietic drugs
Fever, muscle aches, bone pain, flushing
45
Immunomodulating drugs (mostly used for transplant patients)
* interferons: manufactured substances similar to natural interferon cytokines found in body (anti-viral & anti-tumor effects) * Monoclonal Antibodies * Interleukins: anti-tumor properties
46
DMARDS
* modify the disease of rheumatoid arthritis **Mechanism: antiinflammatory antiarthritic immunomodulating
47
Methotrexate
anticancer drug used to treat RA at lower doses
48
Hydroxychloroquine
used to treat many autoimmune conditions such as lupus
49
Adalimumab
Humira
50
Nursing implications of DMARDS
*Monitor for signs of infection that can be caused by a weakened immune system *therapeutic effects based on intended use of the medication ***we know it is going to cause infection so we need to MONITOR!

Pharmacology - Christi (2 decks)

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