Exam #3: Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 Flashcards
Cognition
mental process associated with thinking
Concepts
mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or people
- it simplifies thinking
- prototypes(ideal, perfect model of something)
Trial and error
trying possible solutions/ discarding those in error until 1 works
Algorithms, what is weakness?
step by step procedures that guarantee an outcome, when few possible solutions to be tried
-very limited to situation designed for
Heuristics
simpler, flexible thinking strategies: “Rule of Thumb” used to solve very vague, narrow problem space
Insight
Aha moment, suddenly discover correct solution to problem. Frontal lobe followed by right temporal activation
“Instantaneous thoughts”
What are the 4 strategies to facilitate thinking?
Trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insights
Name the 6 potential errors in judgement
Conformational bias, mental set, intuition, available heuristic, belief perseverance, framing
Introspection
Analysis of one’s own conscious experience
Language is a fundamental role in human behavior
Human language is hierarchical structure
phonemes
smallest speech units can be distinguished
morphemes
smallest units of meaning in language
semantics
understanding meanings of words and word combinations
conformational bias
only seek information that is likely to support one’s decisions and beliefs
mental set
use problem solving strategies that’ve worked in past
Intuition
follow gut
Available heuristic(schemas of ideas/ strategies estimated)
basing probability of event on ease
Overconfidence
confident in abilities
Belief perserverance
cling to belief even after getting info that contradicts belief
Framing
refers to how decision issues are posed/choices are structured. Decision shaped by language or context
In what ways do animals engage in thinking?
cognition, counting, sorting, tool usage
When do babies learn phonemes(sounds), crying and cooing
At 1-3 months
What happens at 4-8 months for baby?
Babbling, learning morphemes(words)
When do babies babble, related to words?
10 months
One word stage
12 months
Two word stage, forming sentences
24 months
What occurs at 2+ years?
more complex sentences
Aphasia
Language impairment due to brain damage, usually
Broca’s area, what happens when lesion on area?
Frontal lobe, speech production. Lesion: understand language, can’t produce it. Not fluent
Wernicke’s area, what happens when lesion on area?
Region of brain that has meaning w/ words, comprehension. Lesion: superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.
Arcuate fasciculus
neural pathway between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
Conduction aphasia
Lesion on pathway. Have symptoms of both Broca’s and Wernicke’s when have lesion.
What are the three parts of IQ test
Verbal, practical, social intelligence
systematic, bell shaped curve represents pattern many characteristics are dispersed in population
Normal distribution curve
When does mental retardation occur
Lowest 2% and upper 2% of IQ range. Upper is gifted
What can cause mental retardation
FAS (Fetal alcohol syndrome)
How is IQ affected as we age
everything gets slower
Does heredity and environment influence intelligence? If so, how?
Yes, identical twins are closer related in intelligence than fraternal twins
Is intelligence hereditary?
Yes, it increases with age
Creativity
generation of ideas that are original and useful
Divergent thinking
expand range of alternatives by making many possible solutions
Convergent thinking
narrow list to find single correct answer
Intelligence
mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively
mental age
average age at which normal individuals achieve a particular score
Chronological age
person’s age in years (what look like, age)
Development psychology
investigates physical, cognitive, and social development across lifespan
What is the difference between continuity vs stages
psychologists look at continual development. Biologist-stages
Describe the difference between stability vs change
Stability is: IQ, personality traits. Change: age, way we interact with people
What are the 3 stages of development in mother’s womb
1) Germinal stage, 2) embryonic stage, 3) Fetal stage
Describe the germinal stage
2 week period, formulation of placenta
Describe the embryonic stage
End of germinal stage-2 months after conception, major organs form, very fragile.
Describe fetal stage
2 months after conception-birth. Bones and muscles form, brain increases.
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Teratogens in babies body. It can cause hyper activeness, learning deficients, down syndrome.
Describe process of visual habituation of learning in newborns from Karen Wynn experiment
Shown sequence of events in which one object is added to another behind a screen, expect to see two when removed, surprised-looking longer when expectation not met. understand 1+1=2
Maturation
development reflects gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint
Declarative memory
memories that can be consciously recalled: facts and verbal knowledge
Infantile amnesia
often do not recall events prior to 3+ years of age
Define phases of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
1) sensorimotor period(birth to age 2), preoperational period( age 2-7), concrete operational period (age 7-11) formal operational period ( age 11-death)
Sensorimotor period
(birth-2 years) Expierence world via senses
Lack object permanence-motor development
Preoperational thinking
(2-7 years) Learn language but not topic, everything focus on them, conservation
Concrete operational stage
(7-11) Development of logic, understands conservation
Formal operational stage (11-adult)
understand if then situations
Describe attachment in infants
based on comfort and not nourishment (Harlow and money)
What happened in Harlow’s experiment
Two artificial mothers. One “contact comfort” and other wire. Both fed. Monkeys were scared, went to cloth mother even if not fed by it.
Describe adolescence
puberty, sexual charateristics forming, pre frontal cortex(impulse control) not formed
What happens to the hippocampus during Alzheimers
destroy hippocampus
What is Beta Amyloid plaques during Alzheimers?
cells are dying and can’t clear them out, impairments in declarative memory
Motivation
goal directed behavior, “need” or “drive” directs behavior
What are the four different viewpoints for motivation (I, DRT, AT, HON)?
Instinct, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, hierarchy of needs
Describe instinct theory
goal directed patterns of behavior that isn’t learned , poor job of explaining motivation because can’t be readily observed
Fixed action pattern
instinctive behavioral response triggered by specific stimulus. It can’t be stopped, must be fully completed. Ex. yawning.
Drive reduction theory
internal state of tension motivates organism to engage in goal directed behavior, applies homeostatic model to motivation. seek to reduce unpleasant states of tension
Incentive theory
emphasize how external goals energize behavior (pull people in certain directions-outside)
Idea of homeostasis in drive reduction theory
maintenance of steady internal state
Optimum arousal. What does behavior do with this?
people are drive to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level or physiological arousal, some behaviors increase need and we engage in behavior w/ no immediate need existing. Behavior is designed to seek optimum level of arousal
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Name them in order (PSLES)
people need to meet all aspects of row before moving upward. 1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, sex. 2) safety: feel secure 3) love/belonging: be accepted 4) esteem: achieve and gain approval 5) self-actualization: achieve unique potential
Cholecystokinin(CCK)
hormone released by duodenum, goes to brain, shuts off ongoing feeding
Difference between lateral and medial hypothalamus? What do lesions do?
Lateral: turning on eating, lesions, aphagia: stop eating, Medial: not eating, lesion: hyperphagia: animals eat
4 stages in human sexual cycle, describe them (EPORP)
Excitement phase: arousal, erection. Plateau: arousal rises at slower pace, pre-cum, orgasm: reaches peak, ejaculation, resolution: refractory period in men, unresponsive to further stimulation
Are men and women aroused by different erotica, is different parts of brain activated?
Yes, but in orgasm, same areas of brain are activated
What happens when more dopamine is released by the medial preoptic area
more likely man has sex
What happens are low levels of dopamine what does the neurotransmitter combine with?
Combines with D1 and D5 receptors, increases erection in males, sexual response in females
What happens at high level of dopamine?
Combines with D2 receptor, produce orgasm
Achievement motivation
need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience as accomplishment
task leadership
goal orientated leadership, sets standards. move as unit toward common goals
Social leadership
group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, creates high performing teams
Difference between intrinsic vs extrinsic in motivation?
Instrinsic is desire to engage in activity for own sake than reward, extrinsic: engage in activity for a reward
What happens during over justificiation
external reward produced and lowers person’s internal motivation to perform a task
stress
process of responding to threatening or challenging event
Yerkes-dodson equation
Short term stress: positive or negative effects, long term: bad on health. remember curve
Describe adrenaline (epinephrine)
fight of flight hormone, increase in heartrate, more energy, focused attention
Norepinephrine hormone
Shift blood flow from skin to muscles, assist in flight or fight response
Cortisol stress hormone
maintain fluid balance and blood pressure
What are the four stages of emotion? (PA,CI, SF, BE)
1) physiological arousal, 2) cognitive interpretation, 3) subjective feelings, 4) behavioral expression
Describe physiological arousal(bodily response)
regulates and manages functions of the body such as preparing for “fight or flight.” Alarm broadcast simultaneously throughout the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, It results in a visceral response that includes your beating heart.
Describe cognitive interpretation
interpretation of events and feelings, involves conscious recognition and interpretation of the situation. process and evaluate objects and events that occur inside and outside the ‘Self.’ This process consists of using the 5 senses,
subjective feelings
brain senses the body’s current state of of arousal, or memories of the body’s state in similar situations in the past. on perception and are individual to each person.
Fast response system
system for Emotions in the unconscious
Behavioral expression
shouting, dancing, fight or flight, vocalizations, crying as a reaction to an event or news.
Implicit Memory
linked to fast-response system, is an early defense that produces fright response.
Interaction of both conscious and unconscious emotions
can produce intuition, or the knot in your stomach before a speech. unconscious feelings can well up into consciousness from the unconscious system.
What is the limbic system’s role in emotion?
Both pathways rely on circuits in the limbic systems.
What is the Cerebral Cortex’s Role in emotion?
interprets events and associates them with memories and feelings, it helps us make decisions by attaching emotional values to alternative choices.
JAMES-LANGE THEORY
Emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion, fast at reading emotions, does not address psychology of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
emotional feeling and internal physiological response occur at the same time, it takes time
TWO-FACTOR THEORY
emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both physical arousal, and an emotion provoking stimulus.
Symptoms of lying
dilated pupils, low blinking, repeated stories etc
2 stages of emotion are?
Happiness and Anger
Health Psychology
How Psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.
Type A Personality
Personality with 3 Elements: (1) A Strong Competitive Orientation. (2) Impatience and Time Urgency. (3) Anger and Hostility.
Type B Personality
Relatively Relaxed, Patient, Easygoing, Amicable Behavior.
Fight-or-Flight Response
– A Physiological Reaction to a Threat in which the Autonomic Nervous System Mobilizes the Organism for attacking (Fight) or Fleeing (Flight) the Enemy.
