EXAM 3: Chapter 7 - Morality, Religion, And Values Flashcards
A major developmental task during adolescence is establishing…
Autonomy
(It is established in several ways)
What is cognitive autonomy
Internalized sense of right and wrong
Personal value system
Moral decision-making
What is the overview of morality
The ability to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this distinction, and to experience emotions in response
Morality Overview:
Do the right thing -> ________
Pride
Morality Overview:
Do the wrong thing -> ________ or _________
Guilt or shame
What are the three components of morality
Cognitive component
Emotional component
Behavioral component
What is the cognitive component (moral reasoning) of morality
How we think about right and wrong and make decisions about how to behave
What is the emotional component of morality
Feelings regarding right or wrong actions
- motivate moral thoughts and behavior
- emerge as consequences of thoughts and behavior
What is the behavioral component of morality
Prosocial and antisocial behavior
How does moral reasoning develop?
Cognitive maturation & social interactions
- parents, peers, school
- mutual perspective taking, considering other possible points of view
- issue-focused discussions
- “why do think they did that?”
- “was there something else they could have done?”
- “how do you think other people interpret those actions?”
What is the Heinz dilemma
A women was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick women’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” So Heinz got desperate and considered breaking into the man’s laboratory to steal the drug to save his wife’s life.
Should he steal the drug for his wife?
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Thought
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
What is preconventional moral reasoning
Emphasis on getting rewards and avoiding punishment
Stage one: whatever leads to punishment is wrong
Stage two: whatever leads to reward is right
What is the rough age range and point of view of pre-conventional moral reasoning
Infancy, toddlerhood: whatever leads to punishment is wrong
Preschool: the right was to behave is the one that’s rewarded
What is the conventional level of moral thought
Emphasis on social rules
Stage 3: “golden rule” thinking, “good girl/boy”
Stage 4: “law and order”
What is the rough age range and point of view of the conventional stage
School-age + : behaving in ways that conform to the expectations of those close to me is “good boy/girl behavior”. Bad actions harm relationships.
Early adolescence + : doing one’s duty to the group, maintaining law and order is the right thing to do. Bad actions harm society.
What is the post-conventional level of moral thought
Emphasis on moral principles
Stage five: “laws should sometimes be broken if human rights are being violated”
Stage six: “ current social conventions could be wrong for the greater good and future generations”
What is the post-conventional rough age range and point of view
Late adolescence + : sometimes there’s a difference between moral and legal right, rules should sometimes be broken, especially if an individuals rights are being violated
Adulthood: we need to look inward to overpass social conventions that could be wrong for the greater good and future generations
What are some of the criticisms of kohlberg
Underestimates children’s moral sophistication
Discounted the role of culture
- collectivistic cultures emphasize social responsibility
- individualistic cultures emphasize individual rights/justice
Kohlberg ignored gender
- the participants in Kohlberg’s original research were all boys
Beyond Kohlberg - Gender differences?
Men/boys more likely to emphasize law and order reasoning
Women/girls more likely emphasize relationship maintenance reasoning
Beyond Kohlberg - Carol Gilligan
Care orientation
- characterized by empathy, desire to maintain relationships, responsibility to not cause harm
Ex: carol gilligan argued that children, adolescents and adults place emphasis on emotion, caring aspects of moral
Justice orientation
- based on principles of fairness and individualism
Morality in emerging adulthood: Dual-process model of morality
Includes both deliberate (cognitive) and intuitive (emotional) thought
- we sometimes make judgements based on quick, emotion-based intuitions
- other times make judgements using more deliberative rational processes
Do moral reasoning and behavior always line up
No they do not always line up
With age, adolescent’s behavior becomes more consistent with their beliefs
What is prosocial behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
- often motivated by empathy
- the ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own
