exam 3 chapter 7 Flashcards
glucose requirement is
continuous
food intake is
intermittent
cells in the nervous system can ONLY burn glucose _____
long term
most cells in the body can burn proteins, fats, or sugars for ____
energy
T/F there will never be a time when our bodies dont store glucose
True
Glucose can be in 2 places in our bodies:
in the blood or in the cells
We _____ blood sugar by moving glucose from the blood to the cells
lower
We lower blood sugar by moving glucose from ________ to _______
blood to cells
We ______ blood sugar by moving glucose from cells to our blood
raise
We raise blood sugar by moving glucose from _______ to _______
cells to our blood
glucose is continuous so we need a way to _____ and to _____ nutrients to maintain blood sugar at a constant level
store and mobilize
When glucose gets high in the blood, it gets assembled into a big molecule called
glycogen
stored in our liver and skeletal muscle
glycogen
what is glycogen used for
short term energy
When there is no more room in our liver or skeletal muscle for glycogen, excess glucose gets assembled into _____
fat
When blood sugar is high–>
glucose gets assembled into glycogen
When BS is high, glucose gets assembled into glycogen
glycogenesis
when blood sugar is low,
glycogen gets broken down into glucose
when BS is low, glycogen gets broken down into glucose
glycogenolysis
What is it called when new glucose molecules can be synthesized from proteins and fats?
gluconeogenesis
Where is gluconeogenesis carried out?
liver
even if you cut sugar out of your diet, _________ make glucose by rearranging C,H, and O atoms
fats and proteins
what are biomolecules?
proteins, fats, and sugars
where and why are biomolecules broken down
broken down in mitochondria during cellular respiration to make ATP (release energy)
T/F Biomolecules break down other molecules
False
__________ used to synthesize other molecules (building other proteins, fats, and sugars)
biomolecules
biomolecules are stored for energy through 2 things:
glycogen (carbs) and triglyceride (fat)
short term or long term? glycogen
short term
short term or long term? triglyceride
long term
amount of energy (heat + work) released per unit time
metabolic rate
T/F our bodies store ATP
FALSE–> our bodies do NOT store ATP
Explain a fast metabolic rate.
If our bodies make a lot of atp, means our bodies are using a lot of ATP
______ + ______ always makes more ATP
glucose and oxygen (the reason we store glucose)
nutrients get broken down to make ATP in our
mitochondria
the more active we are, the more ATP will be used
Metabolic rate
the work we do per unit time
metabolic rate
anything that requires energy
work
muscle contraction, building molecules (proteins), and active transportation (Na+/K+ ATPase)
work
use of proteins to generate movements (muscles, cilia)
mechanical work
formation of chemical bonds (anabolism)
chemical work
moving molecules across membranes (active transport and endo/exocytosis)
transport work
metabolic rate of person who is awake, lying down, physically/mentally relaxed, and fasted for 12 hours
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
equal to rate of oxygen consumption
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
_____ used at the end of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration
oxygen
the more oxygen we use–>
the more ATP we are making which is a reflection of how much ATP we are using (BMR)
energy stored= energy input - energy output
energy balance
weight gained
energy stored
how many calories we ate that day
energy input
how many calories we used that day
energy output
if energy stored is a negative number,
you will lose weight
if energy stored in a positive number,
you will gain weight
how do you figure out how many calories you used that day?
energy output = work performed + heat released
energy input > energy output
positive energy balance
energy input < energy output
negative energy balance
if you eat more calories than you burn, energy will be ____
stored in fat
3-4 hours following meal, positive energy balance, energy stored
absorptive state
between meals, negative energy balance, energy mobilized. glucose sparing (most cells metabolize proteins and fat, saving glucose for the nervous system)
post absorptive state
during which state will you cells assembled glucose into glycogen and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins
absorptive state
the long your body stays in the post-absorptive state,
the more fat you will burn
cells that store fat (triglycerides)
adipocytes/ adipose tissue
transitions between post-absorptive and absorptive states regulated by hormones and endocrine system
regulated by: insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules
insulin
is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone
anabolic “building”
increased release during absorptive state
insulin
decreased release during post-absorptive state
insulin
insulin is produced by _____ cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas
beta
what is the main function of insulin
lowers blood sugar
what does insulin promote
synthesis (building) of most molecules and prevents the breakdown of others
is glucose polar or nonpolar
polar
not normally in the membrane bc if it were, glucose would constantly be moving into our cells which would be bad bc it would lead to constant low blood sugar
GLUT 4
_____ increases GLUT4 membrane expression and synthesis
Insulin
when insulin gets released from beta cells in the pancreas, it binds to the insulin receptor on normal body cells and causes GLUT 4 to be inserted into the membrane, which would allow ____
glucose to move from the blood into the cells
antagonist to insulin
glucagon
catabolic hormone
glucagon
decreased release during absorptive state
glucagon
increased release during post absorptive state
glucagon
glucagon is secreted by ______ cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
alpha
gets released during the postabsorptive state when blood sugar is low
glucagon
signals to stop building molecules for normal cells to burn fats and proteins for energy, and to break down glycogen to raise the blood sugar
glucagon
glucagon is breaking down molecules bc the whole purpose is to –>
raise blood sugar levels
fasting blood glucose > 140mg/dL, indicative of diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
fasting blood glucose <60mg/dL, bad for CNS
Hypoglycemia
a measure of the percentage of your RBC that have glucose-coated hemoglobin
A1C
a representation of your average blood sugar levels for the past 3 months
A1C levels
when glucose enters your bloodstream, it attaches to ______ in your RBCs
hemoglobin
sympathetic nervous system produces
ephinephrine
epinephrine suppresses _____ and stimulates _______
insulin, glucagon
epinephrine promotes ___________ processes
post-absorptive
primarily important during stress reactions, energy for fight/flight
epinephrine
T/F epinephrine does the same exact thing as glucagon
true
main function of epinephrine
raises your blood sugar so that NS cells can function under these stressful conditions
the cells are becoming resistant to insulin= result of weight gain
pre-diabetic
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; juvenile-onset, 5-10%
type 1
insulin-independent diabetes mellitus; adult-onset, 90-95%
type 2
result of obesity
type 2
autoimmune disease
type 1
type 1 diabetes- immune system destroys ____ cells of pancrease–> loss of insulin secretion
beta
people with type 1 do not produce enough insulin due to damage to ______ cells–> must inject insulin to manage
pancreatic
target cells throughout body do not respond well to insulin
type 2
larger genetic factor/ lifestyle plays a large role
type 2
type 2 diabetes produce enough insulin–> due to obesity, their cells are already full of glucose so when insulin binds to insulin receptors and GLUT 4 gets inserted into the membrane,
glucose does not enter the cells but stays in the blood and results in chronic high blood sugar
decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones
ketoacidosis
direct result of hyperglycemia
ketoacidosis
proteins and fats produce ______ that lower the pH of the blood
ketones
how does decreased insulin lead to ketoacidosis?
Decrease insulin–> Increase blood glucose (hyperglycemia) –>Increase fat and protein metabolism–> results in the production of ketones (make blood too acidic)
how do parents know when their kid has juveline onset diabetes?
increased urination from hyperglycemia
kidneys help clean our blood–> they remove anything we have an excess of in our blood
if blood sugar is high, there is excess glucose in the blood and this glucose gets filtered our into the urine–> water will move into our urine bc of osmosis creating a INCREASE IN VOLUME OF URINE AND SWEETNESS
T/F glucose is present in the urine of a healthy individual
FALSE
chronic high blood sugar leads to increased urination–> leads to dehydration, which leads to thick blood–> thicker blood clots more easily, which lead to a coma
hyper-osmolar Non-ketotic coma
hyper-osmolar non-ketotic coma has nothing to do with ketones, but with
blood being too thick
explain a hypoglycemic coma
accidental insulin overdose as part of diabetes treatment, decreased blood glucose, or nervous system damage
why should you never inject insulin into someone without checking their blood sugar?
if blood sugar is high, giving them a glass of OJ wont kill them but if their blood sugar is low and you give them insulin, you might
