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BIOL 2160 > exam 3 chapter 7 > Flashcards

exam 3 chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

glucose requirement is

A

continuous

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2
Q

food intake is

A

intermittent

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3
Q

cells in the nervous system can ONLY burn glucose _____

A

long term

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4
Q

most cells in the body can burn proteins, fats, or sugars for ____

A

energy

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5
Q

T/F there will never be a time when our bodies dont store glucose

A

True

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6
Q

Glucose can be in 2 places in our bodies:

A

in the blood or in the cells

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7
Q

We _____ blood sugar by moving glucose from the blood to the cells

A

lower

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8
Q

We lower blood sugar by moving glucose from ________ to _______

A

blood to cells

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9
Q

We ______ blood sugar by moving glucose from cells to our blood

A

raise

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10
Q

We raise blood sugar by moving glucose from _______ to _______

A

cells to our blood

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11
Q

glucose is continuous so we need a way to _____ and to _____ nutrients to maintain blood sugar at a constant level

A

store and mobilize

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12
Q

When glucose gets high in the blood, it gets assembled into a big molecule called

A

glycogen

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13
Q

stored in our liver and skeletal muscle

A

glycogen

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14
Q

what is glycogen used for

A

short term energy

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15
Q

When there is no more room in our liver or skeletal muscle for glycogen, excess glucose gets assembled into _____

A

fat

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16
Q

When blood sugar is high–>

A

glucose gets assembled into glycogen

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17
Q

When BS is high, glucose gets assembled into glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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18
Q

when blood sugar is low,

A

glycogen gets broken down into glucose

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19
Q

when BS is low, glycogen gets broken down into glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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20
Q

What is it called when new glucose molecules can be synthesized from proteins and fats?

A

gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Where is gluconeogenesis carried out?

A

liver

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22
Q

even if you cut sugar out of your diet, _________ make glucose by rearranging C,H, and O atoms

A

fats and proteins

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23
Q

what are biomolecules?

A

proteins, fats, and sugars

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24
Q

where and why are biomolecules broken down

A

broken down in mitochondria during cellular respiration to make ATP (release energy)

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25
Q

T/F Biomolecules break down other molecules

A

False

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26
Q

__________ used to synthesize other molecules (building other proteins, fats, and sugars)

A

biomolecules

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27
Q

biomolecules are stored for energy through 2 things:

A

glycogen (carbs) and triglyceride (fat)

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28
Q

short term or long term? glycogen

A

short term

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29
Q

short term or long term? triglyceride

A

long term

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30
Q

amount of energy (heat + work) released per unit time

A

metabolic rate

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31
Q

T/F our bodies store ATP

A

FALSE–> our bodies do NOT store ATP

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32
Q

Explain a fast metabolic rate.

A

If our bodies make a lot of atp, means our bodies are using a lot of ATP

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33
Q

______ + ______ always makes more ATP

A

glucose and oxygen (the reason we store glucose)

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34
Q

nutrients get broken down to make ATP in our

A

mitochondria

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35
Q

the more active we are, the more ATP will be used

A

Metabolic rate

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36
Q

the work we do per unit time

A

metabolic rate

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37
Q

anything that requires energy

A

work

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38
Q

muscle contraction, building molecules (proteins), and active transportation (Na+/K+ ATPase)

A

work

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39
Q

use of proteins to generate movements (muscles, cilia)

A

mechanical work

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40
Q

formation of chemical bonds (anabolism)

A

chemical work

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41
Q

moving molecules across membranes (active transport and endo/exocytosis)

A

transport work

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42
Q

metabolic rate of person who is awake, lying down, physically/mentally relaxed, and fasted for 12 hours

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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43
Q

equal to rate of oxygen consumption

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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44
Q

_____ used at the end of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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45
Q

the more oxygen we use–>

A

the more ATP we are making which is a reflection of how much ATP we are using (BMR)

46
Q

energy stored= energy input - energy output

A

energy balance

47
Q

weight gained

A

energy stored

48
Q

how many calories we ate that day

A

energy input

49
Q

how many calories we used that day

A

energy output

50
Q

if energy stored is a negative number,

A

you will lose weight

51
Q

if energy stored in a positive number,

A

you will gain weight

52
Q

how do you figure out how many calories you used that day?

A

energy output = work performed + heat released

53
Q

energy input > energy output

A

positive energy balance

54
Q

energy input < energy output

A

negative energy balance

55
Q

if you eat more calories than you burn, energy will be ____

A

stored in fat

56
Q

3-4 hours following meal, positive energy balance, energy stored

A

absorptive state

57
Q

between meals, negative energy balance, energy mobilized. glucose sparing (most cells metabolize proteins and fat, saving glucose for the nervous system)

A

post absorptive state

58
Q

during which state will you cells assembled glucose into glycogen and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins

A

absorptive state

59
Q

the long your body stays in the post-absorptive state,

A

the more fat you will burn

60
Q

cells that store fat (triglycerides)

A

adipocytes/ adipose tissue

61
Q

transitions between post-absorptive and absorptive states regulated by hormones and endocrine system

A

regulated by: insulin, glucagon, epinephrine

62
Q

promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules

A

insulin

63
Q

is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone

A

anabolic “building”

64
Q

increased release during absorptive state

A

insulin

65
Q

decreased release during post-absorptive state

A

insulin

66
Q

insulin is produced by _____ cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas

A

beta

67
Q

what is the main function of insulin

A

lowers blood sugar

68
Q

what does insulin promote

A

synthesis (building) of most molecules and prevents the breakdown of others

69
Q

is glucose polar or nonpolar

A

polar

70
Q

not normally in the membrane bc if it were, glucose would constantly be moving into our cells which would be bad bc it would lead to constant low blood sugar

A

GLUT 4

71
Q

_____ increases GLUT4 membrane expression and synthesis

A

Insulin

72
Q

when insulin gets released from beta cells in the pancreas, it binds to the insulin receptor on normal body cells and causes GLUT 4 to be inserted into the membrane, which would allow ____

A

glucose to move from the blood into the cells

73
Q

antagonist to insulin

A

glucagon

74
Q

catabolic hormone

A

glucagon

75
Q

decreased release during absorptive state

A

glucagon

76
Q

increased release during post absorptive state

A

glucagon

77
Q

glucagon is secreted by ______ cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

A

alpha

78
Q

gets released during the postabsorptive state when blood sugar is low

A

glucagon

79
Q

signals to stop building molecules for normal cells to burn fats and proteins for energy, and to break down glycogen to raise the blood sugar

A

glucagon

80
Q

glucagon is breaking down molecules bc the whole purpose is to –>

A

raise blood sugar levels

81
Q

fasting blood glucose > 140mg/dL, indicative of diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia

82
Q

fasting blood glucose <60mg/dL, bad for CNS

A

Hypoglycemia

83
Q

a measure of the percentage of your RBC that have glucose-coated hemoglobin

A

A1C

84
Q

a representation of your average blood sugar levels for the past 3 months

A

A1C levels

85
Q

when glucose enters your bloodstream, it attaches to ______ in your RBCs

A

hemoglobin

86
Q

sympathetic nervous system produces

A

ephinephrine

87
Q

epinephrine suppresses _____ and stimulates _______

A

insulin, glucagon

88
Q

epinephrine promotes ___________ processes

A

post-absorptive

89
Q

primarily important during stress reactions, energy for fight/flight

A

epinephrine

90
Q

T/F epinephrine does the same exact thing as glucagon

A

true

91
Q

main function of epinephrine

A

raises your blood sugar so that NS cells can function under these stressful conditions

92
Q

the cells are becoming resistant to insulin= result of weight gain

A

pre-diabetic

93
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; juvenile-onset, 5-10%

A

type 1

94
Q

insulin-independent diabetes mellitus; adult-onset, 90-95%

A

type 2

95
Q

result of obesity

A

type 2

96
Q

autoimmune disease

A

type 1

97
Q

type 1 diabetes- immune system destroys ____ cells of pancrease–> loss of insulin secretion

A

beta

98
Q

people with type 1 do not produce enough insulin due to damage to ______ cells–> must inject insulin to manage

A

pancreatic

99
Q

target cells throughout body do not respond well to insulin

A

type 2

100
Q

larger genetic factor/ lifestyle plays a large role

A

type 2

101
Q

type 2 diabetes produce enough insulin–> due to obesity, their cells are already full of glucose so when insulin binds to insulin receptors and GLUT 4 gets inserted into the membrane,

A

glucose does not enter the cells but stays in the blood and results in chronic high blood sugar

102
Q

decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones

A

ketoacidosis

103
Q

direct result of hyperglycemia

A

ketoacidosis

104
Q

proteins and fats produce ______ that lower the pH of the blood

A

ketones

105
Q

how does decreased insulin lead to ketoacidosis?

A

Decrease insulin–> Increase blood glucose (hyperglycemia) –>Increase fat and protein metabolism–> results in the production of ketones (make blood too acidic)

106
Q

how do parents know when their kid has juveline onset diabetes?

A

increased urination from hyperglycemia

107
Q

kidneys help clean our blood–> they remove anything we have an excess of in our blood

A

if blood sugar is high, there is excess glucose in the blood and this glucose gets filtered our into the urine–> water will move into our urine bc of osmosis creating a INCREASE IN VOLUME OF URINE AND SWEETNESS

108
Q

T/F glucose is present in the urine of a healthy individual

A

FALSE

109
Q

chronic high blood sugar leads to increased urination–> leads to dehydration, which leads to thick blood–> thicker blood clots more easily, which lead to a coma

A

hyper-osmolar Non-ketotic coma

110
Q

hyper-osmolar non-ketotic coma has nothing to do with ketones, but with

A

blood being too thick

111
Q

explain a hypoglycemic coma

A

accidental insulin overdose as part of diabetes treatment, decreased blood glucose, or nervous system damage

112
Q

why should you never inject insulin into someone without checking their blood sugar?

A

if blood sugar is high, giving them a glass of OJ wont kill them but if their blood sugar is low and you give them insulin, you might

BIOL 2160 (2 decks)

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