Exam 3 chapter 5-6 Flashcards
Body systems/ organ systems
formed when organs join with other organs or structures to carry out vital body functions.
How many body systems are there?
12
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
Cardiovascular
Urinary
Male and female reproductive systems
Integumentary system
Encloses and protects all of the other body systems
Provides protection, regulated temperature, and prevent water loss.
Parts of the integumentary system
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands (oil)
Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
Skeletal system
Provides the body with protection and support
Produces blood cells and stores minerals, fat, and calcium
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Muscular system
Produces movements, produces body heat, and helps maintain posture
Lymphatic system
Works with the immune system
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph.
Parts of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Glands
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Immune system
Responsible for protecting the body against bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, parasites, and cancer
How does the immune system provide protection
By circulating white blood cells and antibodies throughout the body
Respiratory system
Provides oxygen to body cells and removes carbon dioxide
Respiration
Process of taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide
Internal respiration (inhaling)
Gas exchange between the blood and the body cells
External respiration (exhaling)
Exchange of air between the lungs and the outside environment
Digestive system
Responsible for the intake and digestion of food, the absorption of nutrients, and the removal of solid waste.
Alimentary canal organs
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Accessory organs
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Nervous system
Responsible for conscious actions and unconscious actions
Two major divisions of the nervous system
CNS
PNS
Central nervous system (CNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
How does the nervous system function?
By transmitting electrical impulses
Endocrine system
Controls the functions of organs and tissues at a cellular level
Parts of the endocrine system
Glands that secrete various hormones
Organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids including the blood
How does the endocrine system function
Controls the body over time using hormones
Hormones
Chemicals secretes by a cell that affect the functions of other cells
Cardiovascular system (Circulatory system)
Responsible for sending blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and to the digestive system to collect nutrients and then for delivering the oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
Parts of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood vessels
Urinary system
Responsible for removing metabolic waste from the blood
Maintaining proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body fluids
Removing excess fluids from the body
Parts of the urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Female reproductive system
Produces oocytes that develop into female sex cells (ova)
Site of fertilization and fetal development
Produces milk for the newborn
Influence sexual function and behaviors
Parts of the female reproductive system
Ovaries
Vagina
Uterus
Mammary glands
Associated structures
Male reproductive system
Produces and transports sperm
Generates hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior
Parts of the male reproductive system
Testes
Accessory structures
Ducts
Penis
Average amount of blood in adult
8 to 12 pints
What is the same as a pint
A unit of blood
What is the usual amount of blood transferred to a patient when needed
A unit of blood
What must a phlebotomist have an understanding of
Circulation, composition, and function of blood
How the closed circuit of blood vessels transport blood
Location of blood vessels
Large arteries of the heart that carry blood throughout the body
Aorta
Pulmonary
Coronary circulation
Supplies blood to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Place of gas exchange
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the right atrium and takes blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs and oxygenated blood is pumped back into the heart
Systematic circulation
Responsible for delivering nutrient rich oxygenated blood to all other parts of the body
What are the three main blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Arteries
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart
What are arteries considered
Efferent vessels because they carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries
vessels that form a link between the arterioles and the venules where all gas exchange occurs
Veins
Carrie’s blood toward the heart
Afferent vessels
What is a hematoma
Occurs when blood collects under the skin forming a black and blue mass
Why do hematomas occur from venipuncture
Inserting needle through a vein or artery
Fragile veins can leak or break
How to prevent arterial puncture
Do not select a vein that lies over or close to an artery
What to do if an accidental arterial puncture occurs
Stop the bleeding
Immediately notify a nurse or supervisor
Cephalic vein
Second choice for venipuncture
Tends to roll, harder to stabilize
Large but not easy to see Harder to feel
Lateral to the median cubital vein
Can roll
A little more painful for patient
Antecubital fossa
Most preferred region for venipuncture
Located at the middle of the arm in front of the elbow
Median cubital vein
Middle of the forearm
Large
Close to the surface
Less prone to injury
Best vein for venipuncture
Hurts the patient least
Least likely to roll
Basilic vein
Last choice
Large
Medial to the median cubital vein
Easier to palpate than cephalic
Not anchored well, easily roll
Close to median nerves high risk of nerve damage
Close to brachial artery
Can’t adjust needle when in site
Very painful to patient
Avoiding Nerve Injury
Avoid probing around at the site Must use correct technique after properly selecting the vein
Accidental puncture of the median nerve can result in temporary or permanent loss of function in that arm
Could open self to lawsuit for act of negligence
What can affect the supply of hemoglobin
Excessive blood loss
Destruction of red blood cells
Decreased blood cell formation
Anemia
Abnormally low hemoglobin level and/ or decrease in the number of red blood cells
Symptoms of anemia
Weakness
Headache
Difficulty breathing
Pale skin color
Some conditions that can cause a decrease in hemoglobin and/or RBC numbers
Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia (free bleeder- easily bleeds)
Some forms of cancer
Dietary deficiency of iron, folate, and B12
Bilirubin
Produced during the break down of red blood cells is processed by the liver, deposited in the intestines, then eliminated
Normally low levels of bilirubin are present in the blood due to the normal cell cycle of RBC’s.
What could cause jaundice
Hemolysis of RBC’s prematurely in the bloodstream leading to higher levels of bilirubin in the blood
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Smallest of all the cellular components
1 to 4 micrometers across their diameter
Do not contain a nucleus and are not complete cells
Fragments of megakaryocytes found in bone marrow
Function of platelets
Play an important role in preventing blood loss
First component to arrive at the site of an injury
Stick to the injury site forming a plug which slows or stops bleeding
What to platelets secrete which causes blood vessels to narrow and decrease blood loss until clot forms
Serotonin
Where are platelets formed and how are they removed
Formed in the bone marrow and old platelets are trapped and removed by the spleen
Liquid component of blood (Plasma)
Pale yellow fluid that contains: water, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, proteins, fibrinogen, globulins, albumin, waste, and protective substances
Plasma
Plasma is the liquid portion of unclotted blood
When tested requires tube with an anticoagulant
Fibrinogen is present
Tested immediately after processing by centrifugation
Serum
Serum is the liquid portion of clotted blood. When tested tubes without anticoagulants are used
Clots with in 10 to 30 minutes
Fibrinogen is absent
Must be kept upright to coagulate the centrifuged before testing
How is a clot formed
When fibrinogen converts into fibrin and traps the formed elements of the blood
Coagulation
When a clot forms some clotting factors are depleted and the fluid that remains is known as serum
Centrifugation
Spinning of test tubes at high speed around a central axis
What does a centrifuge do
Separates blood by spinning at at high speed
Hemostasis
Blood at rest
Hemo- blood
Stasis- stopping
What are the main two clotting factors in blood
Thrombin
Fibrin
Thrombin
Enzyme used to convert the plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrin
Strong and elastic protein
Threadlike composition forms a mesh like sac that adheres to the injury site form a clot by trapping platelets, blood cells, and other particles
What information has to be on requisition form before procedure can be done
Patients full name
Date of birth
Sex
Specific identification numbers (medical record number pr social security number)
When do you label tubes?
Immediately after collection before patient leaves or before you leave the patients bedside
Four types of consent
Informed
Expressed
Implied
Consent for minors
Informed consent
Patient fully understands all aspects of procedure and gives consent usually in high risk, invasive and surgical procedures and done before procedure is perform covers consent for any unforeseen circumstances
Expressed consent
Patient give a consent written or orally
Implied consent
Most common for phlebotomy
Patient’s actions indicate them giving consent (holding arm out for blood draw)
Consent for minors
17 years or younger need parental consent for procedure with some special circumstances stances (military, emancipation, married, or otherwise self-efficient)
Patients 18 and over have right to privacy if requested
If patient refuses procedure
Make sure to document any refusals in patients chart
Common pretesting preparations
Fasting
Medications
Basal State
Fasting
Nothing to eat or drink other than water 8 to 12 hours before blood collection
Medications
Verify if patient has taken medicine or if they have followed medication intake doctor specified before a blood draw
Could change date and time of appointment if not followed correctly
Basal State
No eating, drinking, or exercise for 8-12 hours before blood draw
What to ask patient before blood draw
Allergies especially latex
If the feel faint or if the have fainted during blood draw or seeing blood
If feeling faint or do faint stop procedure and take out needle get help don’t leave patient alone
Possible complications of venipuncture
Excessive bleeding or bruising
Severe pain or lack of sensation
Infection
Infants younger than 12 months
Stick the sides of the heel of the foot
Adults
Use sides of middle and ring finger
Other sites for venipuncture
Hands
Ankle
Foot
Hands
Dorsal side of hand
Second choice
Smaller more painful
Butterfly needle
Ankle and Foot
Have to have physician’s order before doing stick
Difficult to access
Prone to injury
Have to let lab know because lab values can be affected
Veins to avoid
Sclerotic
Tortuous (varicose)
Thrombotic
Fragile
Phlebitic
Sclerotic veins
Hard
Inflexible
Narrow
Tortuous veins (varicose)
Twisted
Dilated
Lack elasticity
Very thin
Prone to bleeding
Common in elderly
Thrombotic veins
Blood clot present
Feels hard
Inflexible
Tender to the touch
Fragile veins
Quite thin
Weak
Difficult to puncture
When palpated they collapse easily and don’t refill as quickly
Common in elderly, newborns and pediatric patients
Phlebitic veins
Veins that are tender and warm with a red area around them
common non blood specimen collection
Urine
Stool
Sputum
Semen
Types of urine collection
Random
Fasting (first morning)
Clean catch (midstream)
Timed
Reagent
Random urine specimen
Can be collected any time of day
Fasting (first morning) urine specimen
First urine when patient wakes up
8-12 hours fasting
Can have water
clean catch urine specimen(midstream)
Wipe/ cleanse area
Urinate into toilet first then urinate into cup
Wipe
Timed urine specimen
Collected with provided container and held on ice or refrigerated for 24 hours
Don’t use first morning urine collect every other urine for 24 hours afterwards
Urine reagent testing
Uses test strips to test for different things
What is tested with urine reagent testing
pH- bacteria
White blood cells and nitrites: infection
Specific gravity- dehydration
Hemoglobin- red blood cells, bleeding, infection, cancer, kidney disease, chemical poisoning
Ketones- fat metabolism
Bilirubin- liver disease, RBC destruction
Protein: inflammation, kidney disease, chemical poisoning
Glucose- diabetes
Drug screens
Stool sample
Tests for Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)- testing for blood in stool
Has to be refrigerated
Septum sample
First thing in the morning before eating, drinking, or brushing teeth
Mucus has to come from lungs
Semen sample
Fertility testing
Effectiveness of vasectomy
Criminal investigation
Has to be in lab 1 hour after collection
Can’t be in extreme heat or cold temperatures
