Exam 3 :( chap 9-12 Flashcards
Mental activities that are related to thinking.
Examples: brainstorming, studying, decision making, perception
Cognition
Concepts and phototypes help us organize the way we think
Thinking
A mental groupping that groups similar objects and people
Concept
The most representative image of a concept . (the first image you have when you hear something, the first thing that comes to mind)
For example: When they talk to you about a dog, you picture Bully as the dog.
Prototype
One way to do something/one answer/ single answer.
Examples: 7x5, 9x8
Convergent thinking
A lot of ways to respond to something, more creative, open to interpretation, multipe answers.
Divergent Thinking
Going around an obstacle to get to your end point
Problem Solving
Choosing between alternatives
Decision Making
Enables snap judgements (mental shortcut) Allows you to make decisions in a snap second
Heuristic
Making a decision based on available information that you have.
Availability Heuristic
The way we present an issue can sway our decisions and judgmenets
Framing
Sometimes once we have made a decision we will stick with that belief no matter what
Belief Perseverance
____________ involves trying various possible solutions, and if that fails, trying others.
Trial and error
________ is a step strategy for solving a problem, methodically leading to a specific solution. (you know your going to solve your problem but have to follow steps)
Algorithms
A ______ is a short-cut, step-saving thinking strategy or principle which generates a solution quickly. (possibly in error)
Heuristics
______ refers to a sudden realization, a leap forward in thinking, that leads to a solution.
Insight
Obstacles to effective problem-solving
- Confirmation bias- only seeking out info that will confirm what you believe.
- Mental sets- approaching a problem with the idea that has worked in the past.
- Fixation- stuck in that mental set, can’t see any other way to solve the problem
- Heuritics- Snap judgments
Strategies for arriving at solutions include:
- Trial and error- trying various possible solutions, and if it fails, trying others.
- Algorithms- step by step for solving a problem
- Heuristics- a short cute/ snap judgments to solving a problem.
- Insight- a sudden realization, a leap forwards in thinking, that leads to a solution.
Obstacles to Effective Problem Solving
- Confirmation bias- only seeking out info that will confirm in what you believe
- Mental Sets-approaching a problem with the idea that has worked in the past.
- Fixation- stuck in that mental set, can’t see any other way to solve the problem.
- Heuristic- snap judgements
A system for using symbols to think and communicate
Language
What do we use language for?
- Hear and understand things we have never experienced.
- Make plans and have others carry them out.
- We can know what another person is thinking more directly than just by observing their behavior.
- We can store information
Smallest unit of a sound
Phonemes
Smallest unit of meaning
Morphemes
The rules that you’re following
Grammar
*How many morphemes and phonemes are in the word “chairs”? *
Morphemes: 2 (chair-s) singular vs plural
Phonemes:4 (ch-ai-r-s)
We acquire the use of 10 new words per day between ages 2 and 18. (T or F)
True
We must expose the use of language by the age of _____.
7
_____ is the ability to understand language
Receptive language
_____ is the ability to produce and communicate language.
Productive language
Sequence of Language Learning
- Babbling (4-12 months)
- First words (12 months)
- Telegraphic speech (2-3 years)
- Grammar (by 4 years)
Encourage Language Development by:
- Give positive reinforcement when your child talks.
- Read to your child.
- Try to avoid TV
Two areas in the brain associated with language
- Broca- speech production
2. Wernicke- speech comprehension
Aphasia is ________
Impairment in language
Broca/Aphasia is ___________________
Not able to produce language
Wernicke/Aphasia
Not able to comprehend language
Charles Spearman is the man who created Spearman’s General Intelligence Factor which is ___________
The idea of one general intelligence
Being REALLY REALLY REALLY REALLY good at one thing
Servant
Your ability to complete academic tasks and solve problems
Analytic Intelligence
Your ability to use existing knowledge and skills to effectively deal with new and unusual situations
Creative Intelligence
Your ability to use existing knowledge and skills to modify, adapt to, or select a different environment in order to achieve your goals. (street smart, being able to interact with people, common sense, everyday tasks)
Practical Intelligence
Ability to learn
Aptitude task
What you have learned
Achievement
First intelligence test that measured mental age/mental ability was conducted by whom?
Binet
Second intelligence test is what and was created by whom?
-IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and was created by Stern
A good intelligence test needs to be:
- Reliable- same results each time
- Valid- Measures what it’s supposed to measure
- Standardized- Is able to compare scores
Ronnie worked very hard on her writing assignment and was shocked to discover that the instructor marked her work with a D. She was so disturbed she took it to an English graduate student she knew and asked her to read it over. The graduate student said praised her work and said it was worth at least an A-. The two discrepancies indicate low _________.
Reliability- did not produce the same results every time.
Bruce was interested in becoming a certified public accountant. The career counseling inventory he took suggested he had a limited mathematical aptitude. Despite this
result, Bruce was able to complete graduate school, pass certification, and make a good living as a CPA. This indicated the career inventory Bruce took was low in __________.
Validity- Did not measure what its supposed to measure
Carly is a 6year old who took an intelligence test and got a total of 25 questions correct. Dennis is a 14-year-old who took the same intelligence test and got a total of 75 questions correct. Carly and Dennis’s parents decide this means Dennis has a higher IQ than Carly. Their parent’s failed to use ___________.
Standardization- is not able to compare scores. One is younger than the other. You cannot compare their mental ability because they’re not the same age.
Joshua took an IQ test when he was 9 years old and again when he was 12. The first testing indicated that Joshua was below average while the second testing indicated that Joshua was functioning well within the normal range. The dramatic change in results indicated the IQ test is low in __________.
Reliability- Does not produce the same results everytime.
Urge to move towards a goal
Motivation
Need, want interest or a desire
Motive
Three Major Motives that contribute to motivation:
- Needs (constant)- Biological
- Drives (tension)- if a need is not met
- Incentives (external)- environment
A theory that claims organisms are motivated by their biological (innate) instincts.
Major Motives: basic survival
Examples: oxygen, hunger, thirst, sex, body temperature regulation.
Instinct Theory
A theory that claims that the body is motivated to reduce a drive. The body is motived to get rid of the drive to get back to homeostasis.
Ex: Biological need occurs (water, food)> need gives rise to drive (drive- internal state of tension)> organism needs to satisfy a drive> drive reduced> balance is restored> homeostasis.
Drive- Reduction Theory
A theory that is motivated to pursue optimum level of stimulation . The body is motivated to do behaviors that either increases or decreases arousal.
Arousal Theory
claims that finding happy medium/ moderate arousal levels are the best (not too low or energy or too high).
Yerkes-Doson Law
The pyramid. You’re going to do this type of behavior before going to the next stage.
Maslow Hierarchical Model or Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological- to have a balance of bodily systems.
- Safety- to feel safe and secure
- Love- belongingness- to feel part of the group, to have relationships
- Esteem- to achieve, to have self-respect and feelings of independence.
- Self-actualization- to strive for one fullest potential
- Self-transcendence- to extend beyond self
This word definition is “the way in which we process and react to events we see as threatening”
Stress
Stress can be a good thing depending on how you interpret the situation (T or F)
True
The process of stress includes:
- The stressor- what causes stress
- Cognitive appraisal- Body react to the stressor
- Body response- what your body goes through
- Coping strategies- the way you deal with stress
What can cause stress (stressors)
- Catastrophe- unpredictable events (natural disasters)
- Significant life change- Moving to a new city
- Daily Life Hassle- traffic, school, daily little things that contribute to stress
This term states that believing that stress is good for you can actually make you healthier.
Cognitive Appraisal
Stress hormones are also known as
Adrenal glands
General Adaptation Syndrome- Hans Selye
- Phase one- Alarm reaction (sympathetic nervous system)
- Phase two: resistance (cope)- using body energy to challenge
- Phase three: exhaustion- continuously being exposed to challenge without resting
A brief experience of stress can be beneficial: you need to focus, feel engaged, energized, and satisfied. (T or F)
True
Extreme or prolonged stress (stress over a really long time without stop), causes problems: Mental and physical coping systems become overwhelmed and defeated rather than strategize. (T or F)
True
Two ways to cope with stress
- Problem-focused coping: working out a conflict, or tracking a difficult project (get rid of stress/solve stress.
- Emotion- focused on getting rid of the emotional impact of stress by getting support, comfort, and perspective from others. (talk about your stress)
Perceive stress in a situation that you do not have control of (luck, hands of others)
EX: no matter how much I study i’m still going to fail the test because the teacher makes it hard
External Locus of Control
You fell like you have control of the situation, there is something you can do.
Ex: I did good or bad on a test because of the amount of studying I put in
Internal Locus of control
We blame ourselves for bad events, or have the illusion that we have the power to prevent bad events.
Too much internal locus of control
We lose initiative, lose motivation to achievement have more anxiety about what might happen to us
Too much external locus of control
- Meditation- relaxation response
- Aerobic exercise
- social support
- Faith/religious/ spiritual involvement
Methods of reducing stress
A theory that claims that a stimulus triggers physiological and or behavioral reactions, which leads to emotion.
James- Lange Theory
*A theory that claims that a reaction to a stimulus and experience occurs simultaneously (at the same time). Information is sent to different parts of your body to process. Sends to amigula and sympathetic nervous system. They are different but happen at the same time).
Cannon-Bard Theory
Examples: a pounding heart, fear, etc.
- A theory that claims that the experience of emotion is a result of two factors: *
1. Physiological arousal-
2. Cognitive label: label based on our “knowledge” of past experiences
Schacter- Singer Two Factor Theory
Scenario: A car driving the wrong lane (same lane as you is going to hit you). What theory is this?
- James-Lange Theory
you see the car coming and it triggers a physiological and behavioral reaction, which leads to emotion
A term that is a pattern of thinking, feelings, and acting. It’s consistent and makes you unique.
Personality
A theory that focuses on unconscious mind. How the unconscious mind creates our personality. (talks about sex)
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
The unconscious mind: what goes on in our unconsciousness is what makes us on the outside.
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
If we cannot express our desires we develop a disorder that can be treated through ________.
Free Association
Mostly conscious: makes peace between the ID and the superego)- what we actually do in real life.
Ego
Internalized ideals- How you should behave. (extremely moral)
Superego
Unconscious energy- seeks pleasure, wants to do what it whats to do, instant gratification, does think about it.
ID
The ego balances the ID and the Superego (T or F)
True
think of a situation/scenario. Determine how the ID, ego, and superego would react in the situation.
I came to class with only two hours of sleep. I'm extremely sleepy and really want to take a nap. ID- I'm going to fall asleep right now, no matter if the instructor is in the middle of her lecture. (what we want to do)
Superego- I’m not going to fall asleep because it’s rude and I need to take notes for the exam.
(How we should behave)
Ego- I’m going to get through this class, take notes, and wait until I’m home to take a nap.
(what we actually do)
Are here to protect ego and you from anxiety from the conflict that you have with yourself.
Defense Mechanism
Reduce and redirect anxiety by distorting reality. (unconscious process)
Defense Mechanism
Reaction formation (defense mechanism):
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite. (You act the opposite way you feel).
EX: If someone has a secret pornography desire, they’re going to be rejected by society. In public, they’re going to act like they hate everything that is sexual.
Projection (defense mechanism)
Attributing aspect of yourself onto others.
EX: Someone is socially anxious. They don’t want to admit they’re socially anxious so they’re going to act/see everyone as socially anxious!
According to Schacter- Singer Two Factor Theory what two factors create the experience of emotion
- Physiological arousal-
2. Cognitive label: label based on our “knowledge” of past experiences
Intellectualization
Think away an emotion or reaction
Ex: heavy debt. Instead of feeling the emotion they’re going to organize and plan how to get rid of their debt.
Regression
Reverting to your younger coping techniques (something that worked when you were a child)
Ex: Ted. Singing the thunder storm song because it worked when you were a child.
Denial
Refuse to believe or perceive realities that are painful.
Ex: someone gets cancer, they refuse to believe it.
______ are there to protect you.
Defense mechanisms
Rationalization
Justification of a situation or negative experience.
Ex: when someone drinks too much but justified/makes an excuse to not make it look bad.
Displacement
Shifting unpleasant behaviors to something less threatening
Ex: punching the wall instead of hitting your friend.
Focuses on “healthy people”, strive for self- determination and self- realization.
Humanistic Theories
According to the Humanist Theory you need to have these things to have a positive self-concept
Genuineness, empathy, and acceptance.
Critics of the Humanistic Theory claim that
its too positive
Critics of Freud’s physiological theory think that
it’s too negative
The Big 5 personality traits
- conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- Openness
- Extraversion
Social- Cognitive Theory
How the environment and thoughts interact to form who you are.
Proposed by Albert Bandura
_____ shape how we interpret/react to certain events. They influence situations.
Personalities
Thinking that other people are paying more attention than they really are
The Spotlight Effect
How aware you are about yourself
self-consciousness !
Carl Rogers: Person-Centered
Acceptance
Genuineness
Empathy
Trait Theory
The Big Five
“CANOE”or“OCEAN”
Reciprocal Determinism
Different People choose different environments
