Exam 3: ch 33, 34, 54, 56 Flashcards
animal characteristics
- multicellular heterotroph
- lack cell walls
- must have nerves, muscles, capacity to move at some pt in the life cycle
- ability to reproduce sexually
- specialized sensory structures and nervous system
- cells in extensive extracellular matrix
- unique cell junctions
animal kingdom…
monophyletic taxon
animal genomes are…
very similar
how many recognizable animal phyla?
35
4 main morphological and developmental features in animals
- presence/absence of different tissue types
- body symmetry
- presence/absence of tru body cavity
- patterns of embryonic development
different name for animals meaning many cells?
metazoa
metazoa (animals) divided into…
Parazoa (no tissue) and Eumatetazoa (has specialized tissues and organs)
Parazoa
porifera (sponges)
Based on body symmetry, Eumetazoa divided into…
radiata (radial symmetry) and bilateral (bilateral symmetry)
bilateral animals have…
cephalization and dorsal and ventral ends
radial (circle) animals have…
oral and aboral sides
ex: jellyfish and sea anemone
planes of bilateral symmetry
sagittal plane (results in two mirror image, right and left halves)
ex: butterfly, crab, human
2 divisions of bilateria (Eumatazoa)
true body cavity completely lined w mesoderm (coelom) and no body cavity (acoelomate)
coelomates divided into which two groups?
Prostomes and deuterostomes
what are the 3 cell layers that develop during gastrulation?
endoderm (inner), mesoderm (middle), ectoderm (outer)
prostomes
coelomate that includes arthropods, mollusks, and annelids
- blastopore (opening) becomes mouth then anus (PB)
deuterostomes
coelomate that includes more complex animals such as humans
- blastopore becomes anus then mouth (DB)
blastopore
opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development
how are animals classified?
by comparing similarities in the DNA and the ribosomal RNA of animals, esp sequences of nucleotides in gene that encodes RNA of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA)
advantage: more objective and subject to more rigorous testing
metazoa clade called?
monophyletic
what clade do echinoderms and chordates belong to?
dueterostomia
2 key differences between traditional and molecular phylogeny
presence of absence of a body cavity (coelomate/acoelomate)
- molecular evidence indicates presence of absence not a useful characteristic
what are the division of invertebrate animalia (hint: there are 6)
phylum- ctenophores: earliest animals
phylum- poifera: sponges
phylum- Cnidaria: jellyfish and other radially symmetric animals
clade- lophotrochozoa: PHYLUM(s): flatworms, rotifers, bryozoans, brachipods, mollusks, annelids
phylum- ecdysozoa: nematodes and arthropods
phylum- deuterostomia: echinoderms and chordates
the earliest animals phylum is now as…
phylum- ctenophores (ex: comb jellies)
what phylum are sponges under, nickname, and formation of larvae vs adults?
phylum: porifera!!!
- lack tissue, but multicellular
- aka pore bearers
- adults are sessile (immobile)
- larvae are free swimming
sponge structure: spongocoel
central cavity of sponge where water is drawn into through pores
sponge structure: osculum
top of sponge where water flows out through
sponge structure: choanocytes
line the spongocoel (central cavity)
- trap/eat small particles and planktons
sponge structure: ameobocyte
absorbs food from choanocytes
sponge structure: spicules
skeletal fibers or spongin for support
sponge structure: mesohyl
layer between choanocytes and pinacoderm where reproduction occurs
sponge reproduction (asexual)
small fragment or bud detach and form new sponge (no male/female)
- sm part of parent pinch off and grown on own
sponge reproduction (sexual)
most are heraphrodites (both male/female sex organs) producing both eggs and sperm (this happens in mesohyl)
two body forms of cnidaria
sessile polyp and motile medusa
sessile polyp
doesn’t move and only has a mouth
- ex: sea anemone
motile medusa
statocysts for equilibrium (balance) and ocelli are photosensitive (light detecting)
- only have mouth
- ex: jellyfish, man of war
nematocytes
specialized staining cells w/i cnidocytes that have a sticky hairlike trigger
- used as defense or to capture prey
- aka cnidocil
what are cnidarians symmetry ?
radially symmetric
3 main classes and characteristics of cnidaria
hydrozoa: portuguese man-of-war, some corals, hydra
scyphozoa: jellyfish
anthozoa: sea anemone, most corals
hydrozoa
mostly marine and polyp stage is usually dominant and colonial, reduced medusa stage
scyphozoa
all marine and medusa stage dominant and large w/ reduced polyp stage
anthozoa
all marine w/ polyp stage dominant, medusa stage absent, and many are colonial
lophotrochozoa
clade that contains 6 phylums which are:
platythelminthes, rotifers, bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, and annelids
phylum platythelminthes
flatworms
- 1st animals w active predatory lifestyle (predatory or parasitic)
- have bilateral symmetry w cephalization (eyes and head)
- no specialized respiratory or circulatory system and no digestive system (incomplete digestive system a gastrovascular cavity)
- distinct excretory system w protonephridia and flame cells
- have light sensitive spots (ocelli)
- cerebral ganglia receive input so no brain
- sexual/asexual reproduction
flatworm anatomy: first tripoblastic organisms
three embryonic germ layers
flatworm anatomy: mesoderm
allow sophisticated organs
flatworm anatomy: acoelomate
lack fluid-filled cavity (no cavity)
flatworm classes
cestoda, trematoda
flatworm class: cestoda
tapeworms
flukes
obligate, internal parasite of vertebrates
- complex life cycle
- require 2 hosts: snail, fish
- causes infections in all vertebrae
tapeworms
- adult ribbon-shaped, multi-segmented
- male/female structures inside
- each segment has male/female system - hold intestine by using scolex
- have 2 life cycles and 2 hosts
-adults in sm intestine of humans - larvae in animal tissue
- phylum: platyheminthes
scolex
mouth
cestode life cycle
scolex attaches to host… humans often infected by eating undercooked infected meat
flatworm class: trematoda
flukes
phylum: rotifera
- ciliated crown or corona
- mostly freshwater and microscopic
- digestive tract w mouth and anus
parthenogenesis
development of embryo from an unfertilized egg (unfertilized diploid eggs develop into females)
- asexual and sexual reproduction
phylum: bryozoa and brachiopoda
- both have lophophore (ciliary feeding device that functions in respiration)
phylum bryozoa
small, lives in shallow water, look like plants but are animals
zoecium
each animal secretes and lives w/i; composed of calcium carbonate and chitin
phylum brachiopoda
marine w/ 2 shells
- dorsal and ventral valves
phylum mollusca
diverse: snails, clams, octopus, chitons
- mostly marine
- economic importance: food
- intermediate hosts of parasites
mollusk body plan: shell
covers soft body (not all have shell)
mollusk body plan: three main parts
foot, visceral mass, mantle
mollusk body plan: foot
used for movement
mollusk body plan: visceral mass
contains organs
mollusk body plan: mantle
secretes a shell (if present)
mollusk body plan: mantle cavity
opening behind w/ gill
mollusk body plan: gills
housed in mantle cavity
mollusk body plan: coelom
confined to small area around heart
mollusk body plan: open circulatory system
hearth pumps hemolymph (hemocoel “blood pool”)
mollusk body plan: radula
unique tongue-like organ
mollusk reproduction
separate sexes; some hermaphroditic
trocophore larva
develops into veliger w/ rudimentary foot, shell, and mantle
mollusk classes (hint 2)
bivalvia and cephalopoda
class bivalvia
clams, mussels, oysters
- marine or freshwater, shell w/ two halves, filter feeders
class cephalopoda
octopuses, squids
- marine, predatory, closed circulatory system
phylum annelida
ex: earthworms
- rings are segments separated by septa
annelid body plan: setae
spine on each segment (all have except leeches)
giant axons
facilitate rapid response to stimuli
annelid body plan: double transport system
circulatory system and coelom is fluid both carry nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases
- complete and unsegmented digestive system
annelid sexual reproduction
involves 2 individuals ( some separate sexes, some hemaphroditic) w internal fertilization
- involves asexual reproduction by fission
major annelidan groups (hint 3)
sedentaria, earthworms, and leeches
phylum nematoda
roundworms (ecdysozoa)
roundworms
(phylum nematoda)
- tough collagen cuticle covers body
- pseudocoelom (false cavity) acts as hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
- separate sex sexual reproduction
what host do parasitic nematoda gravitate towards?
humans
4 nematoda parasites
-ascaris lumbricoides (in dog intestine)
- nectarines americanus : hookworm
- enterobius vermicularis: pinworm (in stomach)
- wucheria bancrofti: causes elephantiasis (mosquitos)
phylum arthropoda
- most successful phylum (3/4 of all living species) due to body plan
arthropoda body plan: exoskeleton
made of chitin and protein
- can be tough or soft and flexible
- provides protection, pt of muscle attachment
- impermeable to water
arthropoda body plan: jointed appendages
- segmented for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction
arthropoda body plan: tagmata
fused body segments
arthropoda body plan: sensory organs
- well developed sensory organs for sight, touch, smell, hearing, and balance
arthropoda body plan: compound eyes
ommatidia
- some species have simple eyes (ocelli)
arthropoda body plan: sophisticated brain
consists of cerebral ganglia connected to several smaller ventral ganglia
arthropoda body plan: circulatory system
closed circulatory system
- gas exchange via gills/ tracheal system
- complex digestive system
- excretion
2 arthropoda class
chelicerata, myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea
subphylum chelicerata (3 living classes)
- arachnida ( spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
- merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
- pycnogonida (sea spiders)
- two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen
- six pairs of appendages
spiders
- fangs (chelicerae) supplied w venom from poison glands
- abdominal spinnerets produce silk
other chelicerates…
scorpions, mites and ticks
subphylum myriapoda
class diplopoda (millipedes): 2 pairs of legs per seg, herbivorous
class chilopoda (centipedes): 1 pair of legs per seg, carnivorous
subphylum hexapoda
- ALL INSECTS!!!
- more insects than animal species combined
complete metamorphosis
4 stages: fertilized egg, larvae, pupa, adult butterfly
incomplete metamorphosis
3 stages: fertilized egg, nymph stages (look like mini adults), adult grasshopper
subphylum crustacea (phylum arthropoda)
crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimp
- marine, fresh water, terrestrial
- walking legs and swimmerets
ecology
study of interactions among organisms and their environment
two ecological interactions:
biotic interactions: among living things and
abiotic interactions: between organisms and their non living environment
environmental science
ecology to real world problems
2 sub disciplines of organismal ecology
physiological ecology and behavioral ecology
physiological ecology
investigates how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment
behavioral ecology
how behavior of an individual organism contributes to survival and reproductive success
population ecology
focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals (populations)
- to understand factors affecting population growth, density and size
community ecology
studies how populations of species interact and form functional communities
ecosystems ecology
studies the flow of energy between animals and environment nutrients among organisms w/i community and between organisms and the environment
species
group of animals/plants that reproduce
what are the 6 factors that determine environmental impact?
temperature, wind, salinity, pH, water and light availability, and water currents
- some species can tolerate relatively wide range of environmental conditions (some handle more than others)
temperature
- most important factor
- metabolism : chem rxn w/i living things; if temp down—metabolism down vice versa
temperatures effect on biological processes
-inability of most organisms to regulate body temp
water temp for coral reefs
abundant only in warm water bc of effects of temperature on coral deposition
ex: great barrier reef filled w coral (cnidarians)
frost
most important factor limiting geographic distribution of tropical and subtropical plants
where do cactus like to be?
where temp doesn’t remain below freezing for more than one night
how are endothermic animals effected by temp?
demands of cold temperatures
ex: vampire bats like area where avg min temp is above 10C
explain greenhouse effect
- solar radiation passes through atmosphere and heats earths surface
- that energy is radiated from the earth back into the atmosphere
- atmospheric gases (carbon dioxide and methane) absorb much of this energy and reradiate earths surface which further increases temperature
- w/o life would not exist on earth
- heat: infrared
global warming
human activities INCREASING the greenhouse effect
- CO2 has lower warming potential, but concentration is higher in atmosphere
winds effect on temp?
wind can amplify temperature or increases heat loss by evaporation and wind chill
winds effect on ocean
wind can intensify oceanic wave action
holdfasts
animals and plants w/ glues and muscular feet/holdfasts
water availability
plants = animals
no plants = no animals
no water/rain = no plants
how does light effect photosynthesis ?
more light means more photosynthesis
3 photosynthetic pathways
C3 (less light), C4 (more light), and CAM
- related to light intensity and water availability options
salinity/salt concentrations for freshwater fish
they tend to gain water and have to constantly eliminate water
salinity/salt concentrations for marine fish
lose water and must drink water to compensate (salt excreted at gills and kidneys)
salinity/salt concentrations for plants
halophytes are plants that tolerate higher salt concentrations which may have salt glands to excrete salt
pH (concentration of H ion) of rain water and why?
pH 5.6 and it’s slightly acidic due to CO2 forming carbonic acid
most common plant pH and why
6.5 is when nutrients are most available
what pH kills plants why
pH less than 5.2 prevents nitrifying bacteria from working
What pH do plants survive/ die?
6.5 is ideal for survival and below 5.2 the plants will die
at what pH does rain become acid rain?
acid rain pH less than 5.6, this results from burning fossil fuels on training sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
climate
weather pattern in a region; combo of the 6 factors mentioned above (temperature, water, salinity, pH, light wind)
climate predicts…
the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types)
atmospheric circulation
differences in temperature occur due to
variations in incoming solar radiation
- temp increases as the amount of solar radiation increases
what keeps temperature uniform across the tropics?
clouds and rainfall keep temperature uniform across the tropics
where are the sun rays longer and shorter when hitting the earths surface?
longer at top and bottom, shorter in center
global temperature
differences create winds and drive atmospheric circulation
global temp at equator
warmth at equator causes air to rise and flow north and south toward poles (air cools and falls, flowing back to the equator
coriolis effect
adds in effect of earth’s rotation (westward wind flow)
3 cells in each hemisphere
hadley cell nearest equator
polar cell nearest poles
ferrell cell in between
how are major biomes determined?
by temperature differences and wind patterns
how can elevation effect climate?
adiabetic cooling and rain shadow
adiabatic cooling
increasing elevation that leads to 10C drop
rain shadow
warm, moist air flows up mountain and cools releasing precipitation
how does proximity of land mass effect climate
during day, land heats up and air rises pulling cooler ocean air in to replace it
- sea moderates coastal and island temperatures
ocean currents
created by the combination of the earth and winds
biomes and the 2 types
major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water (community)
- terrestrial biome (land) and aquatic biome (water)
what does climate predict?
the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types)
what are the 10 terrestrial biomes?
- tropical rain forest
- tropical deciduous forest
- temperate rain forest
- temperate deciduous forest
- temperate coniferous formed (taiga or boreal forest)
- tropical grassland (savanna)
- temperate grassland (prairie)
- hot desert
- cold desert
- tundra
tropical forest
- equator
- extreme variation in precipitation
- thorny shrubs (woody, tall trees)
- high rainfall, large leave trees
desert
30 and -30 degrees latitude
- cactus
- very high temperature and very low rain fall
- 4 major types!!
major types of deserts
- hot and dry (main)
- semiarid
- coastal
- cold
hot and dry desert
warm throughout year and very hot during summer, winters usually bring little rainfall
- arizona
tropical grassland (savanna) (think minecraft)
moderate amounts of rainfall and high temperature
- support many large animals
- scattered trees
- adapted to frequent fires
- kenya
chaparral
- type of grassland
biome would most likely occur in a climate with mild rainy winters and hot dry summers - adapted to frequent fires
- california
temperate grassland
- adapted to frequent fires
- north dakota
which terrestrial biomes are adapted to frequent fires ?
temperate grassland, savanna, and chaparral
coniferous forest
- aka taiga
- colorado/canada
- woody plants, gymnosperms (needle trees)
- mostly herbivores, not enough energy to support numerous carnivores
temperate deciduous (broadleaf) forest
- north east
- warm and rainy climates
- organisms respond to different photoperiods
tundra
- alaska
- impossible for growth of trees because of low temperatures and short seasons
- permafrost soil (permanently frozen soil)
- supports bryophytes (liverworts, moss, and lichens
what determines biomes?
climate determines the biomes (10)
aquatic biomes
marine
- benthic zone: bottom of ocean where organisms are able to strive w/o use of sunlight but by use of sulfur
factors that determine aquatic biome
salinity (special glands, gills), content depth, current strength, and availability of light
how much of the earths surface does the ocean cover?
75% of earths surface and ocean also gives oxygen
how are aquatic biomes distinguished
stratified into zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth
photic and aphotic zones
bases of light penetration
neritic zone
distance from shore and water depth
benthic zone
open water at bottom
zonation in a lake
littoral zone, photic zone, benthic zone
marine zonation
neritic zone, photic zone (continental shelf), benthic zone, aphotic zone (underwater volcanos)
population ecology
how populations grow, what promotes and limits growth
density of population
number of organisms in a given unit area that are affected by population growth
simple visual count
estimation of abundance over large area by generalizing from smaller sample
- quadrants and traps
quadrants are for…
sessile (non moving) species
traps are used for…
mobile species
mark-recapture technique and the problem w/ it
catch, mark, release, recapture
- used to estimate population size
problem: animals might run from or learn to avoid the trap bc they’re smart
ex: 10 fish are caught and marked then released. when recaptured, 5 of the 10 originally caught fish were marked. what does this equal?
20 fish
(10x10)/5 = 20
other methods to estimate population size?
antennal: tracking w/ radio collars
unmanned aircraft system: (drones)
dispersion patterns
clumped, uniform, random
dispersion patterns: clumped
most common; clustered in nature (think jungle middle of desert, Aladdin)
- influenced by social behavior (school of fish, elephant herds
dispersion patterns: uniform
result from social interactions; competition pattern to max resources (penguins, animal parents, resting, protection, territorial)
dispersion patterns: random
common resources: rare (dandelions)
productive strategies
semelparity and iteroparity
semelparity
reproduce once then die
ex: octopus, squid, butterfly, salmon
iteroparity
(repeated) reproduce successively or during breeding season
seasonal: breeding seasons
continuous: reproduce repeatedly throughout the year
age class
reproductive strategy has a strong effect on subsequent age classes of a population
cohorts
same age; young plants/animals
demography
branch that studies growth of animal/plant population resulting from north, death, immigration…
- impractical to follow cohort from birth to death
life tables
number of animals based on AGE class
demographic tool
death rates/life expectancy at various age
- males not usually included
age specific fertility rate
number of female north per yr (mx)
100 female produce 75 offspring. what does this equal?
.75
100/75 = .75
age specific survivorship curve
(lx) plots numbers of surviving individual
ex: beaver plot
3 survivorship curves
Type 1, Type 2, Type 3
survivorship curve: type 1
rate of loss of juveniles low; old death (humans)
survivorship curve: type 2
uniform death (birds)
survivorship curve: type 3
younger deaths (plants, fish, oysters)
