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BIO 1000 > Exam 3: ch 33, 34, 54, 56 > Flashcards

Exam 3: ch 33, 34, 54, 56 Flashcards

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1
Q

animal characteristics

A
  • multicellular heterotroph
  • lack cell walls
  • must have nerves, muscles, capacity to move at some pt in the life cycle
  • ability to reproduce sexually
  • specialized sensory structures and nervous system
  • cells in extensive extracellular matrix
  • unique cell junctions
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2
Q

animal kingdom…

A

monophyletic taxon

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3
Q

animal genomes are…

A

very similar

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4
Q

how many recognizable animal phyla?

A

35

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5
Q

4 main morphological and developmental features in animals

A
  1. presence/absence of different tissue types
  2. body symmetry
  3. presence/absence of tru body cavity
  4. patterns of embryonic development
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6
Q

different name for animals meaning many cells?

A

metazoa

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7
Q

metazoa (animals) divided into…

A

Parazoa (no tissue) and Eumatetazoa (has specialized tissues and organs)

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8
Q

Parazoa

A

porifera (sponges)

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9
Q

Based on body symmetry, Eumetazoa divided into…

A

radiata (radial symmetry) and bilateral (bilateral symmetry)

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10
Q

bilateral animals have…

A

cephalization and dorsal and ventral ends

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11
Q

radial (circle) animals have…

A

oral and aboral sides
ex: jellyfish and sea anemone

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12
Q

planes of bilateral symmetry

A

sagittal plane (results in two mirror image, right and left halves)
ex: butterfly, crab, human

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13
Q

2 divisions of bilateria (Eumatazoa)

A

true body cavity completely lined w mesoderm (coelom) and no body cavity (acoelomate)

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14
Q

coelomates divided into which two groups?

A

Prostomes and deuterostomes

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15
Q

what are the 3 cell layers that develop during gastrulation?

A

endoderm (inner), mesoderm (middle), ectoderm (outer)

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16
Q

prostomes

A

coelomate that includes arthropods, mollusks, and annelids
- blastopore (opening) becomes mouth then anus (PB)

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17
Q

deuterostomes

A

coelomate that includes more complex animals such as humans
- blastopore becomes anus then mouth (DB)

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18
Q

blastopore

A

opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development

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19
Q

how are animals classified?

A

by comparing similarities in the DNA and the ribosomal RNA of animals, esp sequences of nucleotides in gene that encodes RNA of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA)

advantage: more objective and subject to more rigorous testing

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20
Q

metazoa clade called?

A

monophyletic

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21
Q

what clade do echinoderms and chordates belong to?

A

dueterostomia

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22
Q

2 key differences between traditional and molecular phylogeny

A

presence of absence of a body cavity (coelomate/acoelomate)
- molecular evidence indicates presence of absence not a useful characteristic

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23
Q

what are the division of invertebrate animalia (hint: there are 6)

A

phylum- ctenophores: earliest animals

phylum- poifera: sponges

phylum- Cnidaria: jellyfish and other radially symmetric animals

clade- lophotrochozoa: PHYLUM(s): flatworms, rotifers, bryozoans, brachipods, mollusks, annelids

phylum- ecdysozoa: nematodes and arthropods

phylum- deuterostomia: echinoderms and chordates

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24
Q

the earliest animals phylum is now as…

A

phylum- ctenophores (ex: comb jellies)

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25
Q

what phylum are sponges under, nickname, and formation of larvae vs adults?

A

phylum: porifera!!!
- lack tissue, but multicellular
- aka pore bearers
- adults are sessile (immobile)
- larvae are free swimming

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26
Q

sponge structure: spongocoel

A

central cavity of sponge where water is drawn into through pores

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27
Q

sponge structure: osculum

A

top of sponge where water flows out through

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28
Q

sponge structure: choanocytes

A

line the spongocoel (central cavity)
- trap/eat small particles and planktons

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29
Q

sponge structure: ameobocyte

A

absorbs food from choanocytes

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30
Q

sponge structure: spicules

A

skeletal fibers or spongin for support

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31
Q

sponge structure: mesohyl

A

layer between choanocytes and pinacoderm where reproduction occurs

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32
Q

sponge reproduction (asexual)

A

small fragment or bud detach and form new sponge (no male/female)
- sm part of parent pinch off and grown on own

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33
Q

sponge reproduction (sexual)

A

most are heraphrodites (both male/female sex organs) producing both eggs and sperm (this happens in mesohyl)

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34
Q

two body forms of cnidaria

A

sessile polyp and motile medusa

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35
Q

sessile polyp

A

doesn’t move and only has a mouth
- ex: sea anemone

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36
Q

motile medusa

A

statocysts for equilibrium (balance) and ocelli are photosensitive (light detecting)
- only have mouth
- ex: jellyfish, man of war

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37
Q

nematocytes

A

specialized staining cells w/i cnidocytes that have a sticky hairlike trigger

  • used as defense or to capture prey
  • aka cnidocil
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38
Q

what are cnidarians symmetry ?

A

radially symmetric

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39
Q

3 main classes and characteristics of cnidaria

A

hydrozoa: portuguese man-of-war, some corals, hydra
scyphozoa: jellyfish
anthozoa: sea anemone, most corals

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40
Q

hydrozoa

A

mostly marine and polyp stage is usually dominant and colonial, reduced medusa stage

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41
Q

scyphozoa

A

all marine and medusa stage dominant and large w/ reduced polyp stage

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42
Q

anthozoa

A

all marine w/ polyp stage dominant, medusa stage absent, and many are colonial

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43
Q

lophotrochozoa

A

clade that contains 6 phylums which are:
platythelminthes, rotifers, bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, and annelids

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44
Q

phylum platythelminthes

A

flatworms
- 1st animals w active predatory lifestyle (predatory or parasitic)

  • have bilateral symmetry w cephalization (eyes and head)
  • no specialized respiratory or circulatory system and no digestive system (incomplete digestive system a gastrovascular cavity)
  • distinct excretory system w protonephridia and flame cells
  • have light sensitive spots (ocelli)
  • cerebral ganglia receive input so no brain
  • sexual/asexual reproduction
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45
Q

flatworm anatomy: first tripoblastic organisms

A

three embryonic germ layers

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46
Q

flatworm anatomy: mesoderm

A

allow sophisticated organs

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47
Q

flatworm anatomy: acoelomate

A

lack fluid-filled cavity (no cavity)

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48
Q

flatworm classes

A

cestoda, trematoda

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49
Q

flatworm class: cestoda

A

tapeworms

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50
Q

flukes

A

obligate, internal parasite of vertebrates
- complex life cycle
- require 2 hosts: snail, fish
- causes infections in all vertebrae

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51
Q

tapeworms

A
  • adult ribbon-shaped, multi-segmented
  • male/female structures inside
    - each segment has male/female system
  • hold intestine by using scolex
  • have 2 life cycles and 2 hosts
    -adults in sm intestine of humans
  • larvae in animal tissue
  • phylum: platyheminthes
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52
Q

scolex

A

mouth

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53
Q

cestode life cycle

A

scolex attaches to host… humans often infected by eating undercooked infected meat

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54
Q

flatworm class: trematoda

A

flukes

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55
Q

phylum: rotifera

A
  • ciliated crown or corona
  • mostly freshwater and microscopic
  • digestive tract w mouth and anus
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56
Q

parthenogenesis

A

development of embryo from an unfertilized egg (unfertilized diploid eggs develop into females)
- asexual and sexual reproduction

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57
Q

phylum: bryozoa and brachiopoda

A
  • both have lophophore (ciliary feeding device that functions in respiration)
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58
Q

phylum bryozoa

A

small, lives in shallow water, look like plants but are animals

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59
Q

zoecium

A

each animal secretes and lives w/i; composed of calcium carbonate and chitin

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60
Q

phylum brachiopoda

A

marine w/ 2 shells
- dorsal and ventral valves

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61
Q

phylum mollusca

A

diverse: snails, clams, octopus, chitons
- mostly marine
- economic importance: food
- intermediate hosts of parasites

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62
Q

mollusk body plan: shell

A

covers soft body (not all have shell)

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63
Q

mollusk body plan: three main parts

A

foot, visceral mass, mantle

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64
Q

mollusk body plan: foot

A

used for movement

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65
Q

mollusk body plan: visceral mass

A

contains organs

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66
Q

mollusk body plan: mantle

A

secretes a shell (if present)

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67
Q

mollusk body plan: mantle cavity

A

opening behind w/ gill

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68
Q

mollusk body plan: gills

A

housed in mantle cavity

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69
Q

mollusk body plan: coelom

A

confined to small area around heart

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70
Q

mollusk body plan: open circulatory system

A

hearth pumps hemolymph (hemocoel “blood pool”)

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71
Q

mollusk body plan: radula

A

unique tongue-like organ

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72
Q

mollusk reproduction

A

separate sexes; some hermaphroditic

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73
Q

trocophore larva

A

develops into veliger w/ rudimentary foot, shell, and mantle

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74
Q

mollusk classes (hint 2)

A

bivalvia and cephalopoda

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75
Q

class bivalvia

A

clams, mussels, oysters
- marine or freshwater, shell w/ two halves, filter feeders

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76
Q

class cephalopoda

A

octopuses, squids
- marine, predatory, closed circulatory system

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77
Q

phylum annelida

A

ex: earthworms
- rings are segments separated by septa

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78
Q

annelid body plan: setae

A

spine on each segment (all have except leeches)

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79
Q

giant axons

A

facilitate rapid response to stimuli

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80
Q

annelid body plan: double transport system

A

circulatory system and coelom is fluid both carry nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases
- complete and unsegmented digestive system

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81
Q

annelid sexual reproduction

A

involves 2 individuals ( some separate sexes, some hemaphroditic) w internal fertilization
- involves asexual reproduction by fission

82
Q

major annelidan groups (hint 3)

A

sedentaria, earthworms, and leeches

83
Q

phylum nematoda

A

roundworms (ecdysozoa)

84
Q

roundworms

A

(phylum nematoda)
- tough collagen cuticle covers body
- pseudocoelom (false cavity) acts as hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
- separate sex sexual reproduction

85
Q

what host do parasitic nematoda gravitate towards?

A

humans

86
Q

4 nematoda parasites

A

-ascaris lumbricoides (in dog intestine)
- nectarines americanus : hookworm
- enterobius vermicularis: pinworm (in stomach)
- wucheria bancrofti: causes elephantiasis (mosquitos)

87
Q

phylum arthropoda

A
  • most successful phylum (3/4 of all living species) due to body plan
88
Q

arthropoda body plan: exoskeleton

A

made of chitin and protein
- can be tough or soft and flexible
- provides protection, pt of muscle attachment
- impermeable to water

89
Q

arthropoda body plan: jointed appendages

A
  • segmented for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction
90
Q

arthropoda body plan: tagmata

A

fused body segments

91
Q

arthropoda body plan: sensory organs

A
  • well developed sensory organs for sight, touch, smell, hearing, and balance
92
Q

arthropoda body plan: compound eyes

A

ommatidia
- some species have simple eyes (ocelli)

93
Q

arthropoda body plan: sophisticated brain

A

consists of cerebral ganglia connected to several smaller ventral ganglia

94
Q

arthropoda body plan: circulatory system

A

closed circulatory system
- gas exchange via gills/ tracheal system
- complex digestive system
- excretion

95
Q

2 arthropoda class

A

chelicerata, myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea

96
Q

subphylum chelicerata (3 living classes)

A
  • arachnida ( spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
  • merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
  • pycnogonida (sea spiders)
  • two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen
  • six pairs of appendages
97
Q

spiders

A
  • fangs (chelicerae) supplied w venom from poison glands
  • abdominal spinnerets produce silk
98
Q

other chelicerates…

A

scorpions, mites and ticks

99
Q

subphylum myriapoda

A

class diplopoda (millipedes): 2 pairs of legs per seg, herbivorous

class chilopoda (centipedes): 1 pair of legs per seg, carnivorous

100
Q

subphylum hexapoda

A
  • ALL INSECTS!!!
  • more insects than animal species combined
101
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

4 stages: fertilized egg, larvae, pupa, adult butterfly

102
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A

3 stages: fertilized egg, nymph stages (look like mini adults), adult grasshopper

103
Q

subphylum crustacea (phylum arthropoda)

A

crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimp
- marine, fresh water, terrestrial
- walking legs and swimmerets

104
Q

ecology

A

study of interactions among organisms and their environment

105
Q

two ecological interactions:

A

biotic interactions: among living things and
abiotic interactions: between organisms and their non living environment

106
Q

environmental science

A

ecology to real world problems

107
Q

2 sub disciplines of organismal ecology

A

physiological ecology and behavioral ecology

108
Q

physiological ecology

A

investigates how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment

109
Q

behavioral ecology

A

how behavior of an individual organism contributes to survival and reproductive success

110
Q

population ecology

A

focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals (populations)
- to understand factors affecting population growth, density and size

111
Q

community ecology

A

studies how populations of species interact and form functional communities

112
Q

ecosystems ecology

A

studies the flow of energy between animals and environment nutrients among organisms w/i community and between organisms and the environment

113
Q

species

A

group of animals/plants that reproduce

114
Q

what are the 6 factors that determine environmental impact?

A

temperature, wind, salinity, pH, water and light availability, and water currents

  • some species can tolerate relatively wide range of environmental conditions (some handle more than others)
115
Q

temperature

A
  • most important factor
  • metabolism : chem rxn w/i living things; if temp down—metabolism down vice versa
116
Q

temperatures effect on biological processes

A

-inability of most organisms to regulate body temp

117
Q

water temp for coral reefs

A

abundant only in warm water bc of effects of temperature on coral deposition
ex: great barrier reef filled w coral (cnidarians)

118
Q

frost

A

most important factor limiting geographic distribution of tropical and subtropical plants

119
Q

where do cactus like to be?

A

where temp doesn’t remain below freezing for more than one night

120
Q

how are endothermic animals effected by temp?

A

demands of cold temperatures
ex: vampire bats like area where avg min temp is above 10C

121
Q

explain greenhouse effect

A
  1. solar radiation passes through atmosphere and heats earths surface
  2. that energy is radiated from the earth back into the atmosphere
  3. atmospheric gases (carbon dioxide and methane) absorb much of this energy and reradiate earths surface which further increases temperature
  • w/o life would not exist on earth
  • heat: infrared
122
Q

global warming

A

human activities INCREASING the greenhouse effect
- CO2 has lower warming potential, but concentration is higher in atmosphere

123
Q

winds effect on temp?

A

wind can amplify temperature or increases heat loss by evaporation and wind chill

124
Q

winds effect on ocean

A

wind can intensify oceanic wave action

125
Q

holdfasts

A

animals and plants w/ glues and muscular feet/holdfasts

126
Q

water availability

A

plants = animals
no plants = no animals
no water/rain = no plants

127
Q

how does light effect photosynthesis ?

A

more light means more photosynthesis

128
Q

3 photosynthetic pathways

A

C3 (less light), C4 (more light), and CAM
- related to light intensity and water availability options

129
Q

salinity/salt concentrations for freshwater fish

A

they tend to gain water and have to constantly eliminate water

130
Q

salinity/salt concentrations for marine fish

A

lose water and must drink water to compensate (salt excreted at gills and kidneys)

131
Q

salinity/salt concentrations for plants

A

halophytes are plants that tolerate higher salt concentrations which may have salt glands to excrete salt

132
Q

pH (concentration of H ion) of rain water and why?

A

pH 5.6 and it’s slightly acidic due to CO2 forming carbonic acid

133
Q

most common plant pH and why

A

6.5 is when nutrients are most available

134
Q

what pH kills plants why

A

pH less than 5.2 prevents nitrifying bacteria from working

135
Q

What pH do plants survive/ die?

A

6.5 is ideal for survival and below 5.2 the plants will die

136
Q

at what pH does rain become acid rain?

A

acid rain pH less than 5.6, this results from burning fossil fuels on training sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

137
Q

climate

A

weather pattern in a region; combo of the 6 factors mentioned above (temperature, water, salinity, pH, light wind)

138
Q

climate predicts…

A

the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types)

139
Q

atmospheric circulation

A

differences in temperature occur due to
variations in incoming solar radiation

  • temp increases as the amount of solar radiation increases
140
Q

what keeps temperature uniform across the tropics?

A

clouds and rainfall keep temperature uniform across the tropics

141
Q

where are the sun rays longer and shorter when hitting the earths surface?

A

longer at top and bottom, shorter in center

142
Q

global temperature

A

differences create winds and drive atmospheric circulation

143
Q

global temp at equator

A

warmth at equator causes air to rise and flow north and south toward poles (air cools and falls, flowing back to the equator

144
Q

coriolis effect

A

adds in effect of earth’s rotation (westward wind flow)

145
Q

3 cells in each hemisphere

A

hadley cell nearest equator
polar cell nearest poles
ferrell cell in between

146
Q

how are major biomes determined?

A

by temperature differences and wind patterns

147
Q

how can elevation effect climate?

A

adiabetic cooling and rain shadow

148
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

increasing elevation that leads to 10C drop

149
Q

rain shadow

A

warm, moist air flows up mountain and cools releasing precipitation

150
Q

how does proximity of land mass effect climate

A

during day, land heats up and air rises pulling cooler ocean air in to replace it

  • sea moderates coastal and island temperatures
151
Q

ocean currents

A

created by the combination of the earth and winds

152
Q

biomes and the 2 types

A

major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water (community)
- terrestrial biome (land) and aquatic biome (water)

153
Q

what does climate predict?

A

the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types)

154
Q

what are the 10 terrestrial biomes?

A
  1. tropical rain forest
  2. tropical deciduous forest
  3. temperate rain forest
  4. temperate deciduous forest
  5. temperate coniferous formed (taiga or boreal forest)
  6. tropical grassland (savanna)
  7. temperate grassland (prairie)
  8. hot desert
  9. cold desert
  10. tundra
155
Q

tropical forest

A
  • equator
  • extreme variation in precipitation
  • thorny shrubs (woody, tall trees)
  • high rainfall, large leave trees
156
Q

desert

A

30 and -30 degrees latitude
- cactus
- very high temperature and very low rain fall
- 4 major types!!

157
Q

major types of deserts

A
  1. hot and dry (main)
  2. semiarid
  3. coastal
  4. cold
158
Q

hot and dry desert

A

warm throughout year and very hot during summer, winters usually bring little rainfall
- arizona

159
Q

tropical grassland (savanna) (think minecraft)

A

moderate amounts of rainfall and high temperature
- support many large animals
- scattered trees
- adapted to frequent fires
- kenya

160
Q

chaparral

A
  • type of grassland
    biome would most likely occur in a climate with mild rainy winters and hot dry summers
  • adapted to frequent fires
  • california
161
Q

temperate grassland

A
  • adapted to frequent fires
  • north dakota
162
Q

which terrestrial biomes are adapted to frequent fires ?

A

temperate grassland, savanna, and chaparral

163
Q

coniferous forest

A
  • aka taiga
  • colorado/canada
  • woody plants, gymnosperms (needle trees)
  • mostly herbivores, not enough energy to support numerous carnivores
164
Q

temperate deciduous (broadleaf) forest

A
  • north east
  • warm and rainy climates
  • organisms respond to different photoperiods
165
Q

tundra

A
  • alaska
  • impossible for growth of trees because of low temperatures and short seasons
  • permafrost soil (permanently frozen soil)
  • supports bryophytes (liverworts, moss, and lichens
166
Q

what determines biomes?

A

climate determines the biomes (10)

167
Q

aquatic biomes

A

marine
- benthic zone: bottom of ocean where organisms are able to strive w/o use of sunlight but by use of sulfur

168
Q

factors that determine aquatic biome

A

salinity (special glands, gills), content depth, current strength, and availability of light

169
Q

how much of the earths surface does the ocean cover?

A

75% of earths surface and ocean also gives oxygen

170
Q

how are aquatic biomes distinguished

A

stratified into zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth

171
Q

photic and aphotic zones

A

bases of light penetration

172
Q

neritic zone

A

distance from shore and water depth

173
Q

benthic zone

A

open water at bottom

174
Q

zonation in a lake

A

littoral zone, photic zone, benthic zone

175
Q

marine zonation

A

neritic zone, photic zone (continental shelf), benthic zone, aphotic zone (underwater volcanos)

176
Q

population ecology

A

how populations grow, what promotes and limits growth

177
Q

density of population

A

number of organisms in a given unit area that are affected by population growth

178
Q

simple visual count

A

estimation of abundance over large area by generalizing from smaller sample
- quadrants and traps

179
Q

quadrants are for…

A

sessile (non moving) species

180
Q

traps are used for…

A

mobile species

181
Q

mark-recapture technique and the problem w/ it

A

catch, mark, release, recapture
- used to estimate population size

problem: animals might run from or learn to avoid the trap bc they’re smart

182
Q

ex: 10 fish are caught and marked then released. when recaptured, 5 of the 10 originally caught fish were marked. what does this equal?

A

20 fish
(10x10)/5 = 20

183
Q

other methods to estimate population size?

A

antennal: tracking w/ radio collars
unmanned aircraft system: (drones)

184
Q

dispersion patterns

A

clumped, uniform, random

185
Q

dispersion patterns: clumped

A

most common; clustered in nature (think jungle middle of desert, Aladdin)
- influenced by social behavior (school of fish, elephant herds

186
Q

dispersion patterns: uniform

A

result from social interactions; competition pattern to max resources (penguins, animal parents, resting, protection, territorial)

187
Q

dispersion patterns: random

A

common resources: rare (dandelions)

188
Q

productive strategies

A

semelparity and iteroparity

189
Q

semelparity

A

reproduce once then die
ex: octopus, squid, butterfly, salmon

190
Q

iteroparity

A

(repeated) reproduce successively or during breeding season

seasonal: breeding seasons
continuous: reproduce repeatedly throughout the year

191
Q

age class

A

reproductive strategy has a strong effect on subsequent age classes of a population

192
Q

cohorts

A

same age; young plants/animals

193
Q

demography

A

branch that studies growth of animal/plant population resulting from north, death, immigration…
- impractical to follow cohort from birth to death

194
Q

life tables

A

number of animals based on AGE class

195
Q

demographic tool

A

death rates/life expectancy at various age
- males not usually included

196
Q

age specific fertility rate

A

number of female north per yr (mx)

197
Q

100 female produce 75 offspring. what does this equal?

A

.75

100/75 = .75

198
Q

age specific survivorship curve

A

(lx) plots numbers of surviving individual
ex: beaver plot

199
Q

3 survivorship curves

A

Type 1, Type 2, Type 3

200
Q

survivorship curve: type 1

A

rate of loss of juveniles low; old death (humans)

201
Q

survivorship curve: type 2

A

uniform death (birds)

202
Q

survivorship curve: type 3

A

younger deaths (plants, fish, oysters)

BIO 1000 (1 decks)

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