Exam 3 - Ch. 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Subsistence Strategies
A
Tools, approaches, and techniques that enable individuals to secure their basic survival, material needs and well-being
2
Q
Foraging
A
- Traditional, part of human history
- Environmental variations = adaptability
- Climate influences species diversity
- Total reliance on nature
3
Q
Correlates of foraging
A
- Live in organized band based society
- Fewer than 100 people
- Related (kin)
- Highly mobile (nomadic), live off of the land
- Exogamous marriage practices
- Egalitarian division of labor
- Elders respected and revered
4
Q
Contemporary Foraging
A
- Urban & suburban foragers Aquatic/marine resources Fungi Plants Hunting wild game Fruit - Suggests the difficulty of having to find food through foraging around now - Dumpster Diving "Freeganism"
5
Q
Horticulture
A
- Cultivation of land which doesn’t use the following factors of food production : land, labor, capital and machinery.
- Focus on 1-2 types of crops
- Hand-crafted tools and physical labor
- Fields aren’t owned/permanently cultivated, but often left to fallow or are slashed/burned as a maintenance strategy
6
Q
Agriculture
A
- More labor than horticulture and land is used intensively and continuously.
- High labor demands (physical)
- Gender division of labor
- Domestication of animals
- *Sedentary
- Combination of Horticulture and Pastoralism
7
Q
Pastoralism
A
- Herder/Shepard whose activities focus on working with domesticated animals : symbiotic relationship, offering something for the animals [food/shelter/mates] and animals offers a lot to the humans as well.
- Direct use of herds for food [cheese to meat]
- Supplement diet by hunting/gathering
8
Q
Nomadism
A
Entire group moves, year around.
9
Q
Transhumance
A
Only PART of the group moves.
10
Q
Fallow
A
Allowing the land to rest
11
Q
Industrial vs. Sustainable agriculture
A
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