Exam 3 - Book material Flashcards
Informational Social Influence
Influence of other people that leads us to conform b/c we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform b/c we believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of acton
Importance of being accurate
when your judgement and decisions have consequences, it makes you more susceptible to social influence
When will people conform to informational social influence
when the situation is ambiguous, a crisis, or when other people are experts
Variations in Asch’s line study
fMRI scan showed that a part of the brain that is responsible for emotions was activated when individual went against the group showing discomfort, or negative emotions
When will people conform to normative social influence
when the group size is 3 or more, group is important, when one has no allies in the group
Social impact theory
idea that conforming to social influence depends on the strength of the group’s importance, immediacy and number of people in the group
Minority influence
when minority of group members influence the behavior of the majority, key is consistency,
Injunctive norms
people’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved/disapproved by others
Descriptive norms
people’s perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved/disapproved by others. (what people actually do)
Other reasons why we obey
- conforming to the wrong norm
- self-justification
- loss of personal responsibility
group cohesiveness
qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between memebers
Social loafing
tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple task but better on complex ones
group think
kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
group polarization
tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
great person theory
the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a food leader, regardless of the situation
contingency theory of leadership
idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented or relationship-orientated the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over time
task oriented leader
leader who is concerned more with getting a job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships
relationship-oriented leader
leader who is concerned primarily with workers’ feelings and relationships
Stephen King novel- relation so social dilemma
75% pay $1 for first installment otherwise he would stop writing.
tit-for-tat strategy
means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did on the previous trial
public good dilemma
individuals must contribute to a common good pool in order to maintain the public good (ex. taxes for public schools)
common dilemma
everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish its self if used in moderation but will disappear if overused (sheep example)
integrative solution
solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side..
why do people join groups
evolution, forming relationships with people fulfill a number of basic human needs
Gender and social loafing
men are more likely than women to social loaf
Cultural differences and social loafing
tendency to loaf is stronger in the western cultures than Asian cultures
deindividuation and accountability
makes people feel less accountable
deindividuation and obedience
increases obedience to group norms
avoiding groupthink
- remain impartial
- seek outside opinions
- create subgroups
- seek anonymous opinions
propinquity effect
finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
mere exposure effect
finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
assumptions about attractive people
“what is beautiful, is good”
social exchange theory
idea that people’s feelings about relationships depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve and the chances for having a better relationship with someone else
compassionate love
intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person’s presence
passionate love
intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy but hen its not, we feel sadness and despair
exchange relationships
relationships governed by the need for equality
communal relationships
relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other person’s needs
equity theory
idea that people are happiest with relationships in which rewards and costs experience and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal
evolution and love
men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other becuase this maximizes their chances of reproductive success
attachment styles
expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
secure attachment style
attachment style characterized by trust, lack of concern of being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
avoidant attachment style
characterized by suppression on attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop inmate relationships
anxious/ambivalent attachment style
characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in higher than average levels of anxiety
exchange relationships
relationships governed by the need for equality
communal relationships
relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other person’s needs
equity theory
idea that people are happiest with relationships in which rewards and costs experience and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal
evolution and love
men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other becuase this maximizes their chances of reproductive success
attachment styles
expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
secure attachment style
attachment style characterized by trust, lack of concern of being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
avoidant attachment style
characterized by suppression on attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop inmate relationships
anxious/ambivalent attachment style
characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in higher than average levels of anxiety
