exam 3 bms Flashcards
NAME?
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.
NAME?
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.
NAME?
Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?
NAME?
Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?
NAME?
Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?
NAME?
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body’s content of sodium?
NAME?
Which of these is not a property of the renal counter-current multiplier?
NAME?
Functions of the urinary system include
NAME?
A glomerulus is
NAME?
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of
NAME?
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
NAME?
Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?
NAME?
Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?
-1
True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.
NAME?
In which region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?
NAME?
Which of the following is NOT part of a renal lobe?
NAME?
Which of the following is directly connected to the ureters?
NAME?
The urinary filtrate first enters __________.
NAME?
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
NAME?
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
NAME?
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:
NAME?
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
NAME?
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
NAME?
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
NAME?
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
NAME?
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers
NAME?
The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of
NAME?
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
NAME?
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
NAME?
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
NAME?
The macula densa forms part of the __________.
NAME?
The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________.
NAME?
The process of filtration is driven by
NAME?
If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?
NAME?
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
NAME?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
NAME?
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
NAME?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.
NAME?
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
NAME?
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except
NAME?
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to
NAME?
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
NAME?
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains
NAME?
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
NAME?
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
NAME?
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
NAME?
In addition to the urinary system, bodily wastes are removed by all of these systems except the __________.
evaporative cooling
Sweating produces heat loss largely by __________.
heat
About 40% of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.
liver
Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?
iron
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
liver cells
Gluconeogenesis is performed by __________.
reduced; oxidized
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Sometimes called “good cholesterol,” ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
During starvation
fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA
During beta-oxidation, __________.
glucagon secretion
Which of these is not characteristic of the absorptive state?
metabolism.
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
the mitochondria
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
All of the answers are correct.
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for
All of the answers are correct.
Cells must synthesize new organic compounds
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
a coenzyme
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
a metal ion.
Each cytochrome contains
All of the answers are correct.
During glycolysis
begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
The citric acid cycle
the citric acid cycle.
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
All of the answers are correct.
In the electron transport chain
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
mitochondrial matrix.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria.
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).
The end products of aerobic respiration are
acetyl-CoA
Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.
Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.
Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation?
linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
The essential fatty acids are
chylomicrons.
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
Lipids
urea
The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________.
B6
Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________.
transferred to a keto acid.
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is
the liver forms glycogen.
During the absorptive state,
The liver produces more glycogen.
Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state?
growth hormone
Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?
potassium.
The major cation in cytoplasm is
chloride.
The major anion in body fluids is
calcium.
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is
A
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
K
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
thiamine.
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is
riboflavin.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is
niacin.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is
pyridoxine (B6).
A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
pantothenic acid.
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is
folic acid (folate).
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is
D
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.
radiation.
The loss of infrared energy from the body is called
All of the answers are correct.
The heat-gain center for thermoregulation
decreased acid secretion
Which of these effects on digestion is not produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?
esophagus and stomach
The cardiac sphincter is found between the __________.
nervous
The cephalic phase of stomach function is an example of the __________ system interacting with the digestive system.
stimulates gastric secretion
Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin?
greater omentum
A fatty apron known as the __________ protects the abdominal viscera anteriorly.
bladder.
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
Digestion refers to the
All of the answers are correct.
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by
coordinates activity of muscularis externa
Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?
mesenteries
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
submucosal plexus.
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
lamina propria.
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the
large intestine
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
large intestine
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
stratified squamous
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
All of the answers are correct.
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
uvula.
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
dentin.
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
pulp cavity.
The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the
cementum.
The root of a tooth is covered by
parasympathetic stimulation.
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from
parotid glands.
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the
vestibule.
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
posterior margin of the soft palate.
The uvula is located at the
mucus
The cells in the gastric mucosa near the openings of the gastric pits largely specialize in secreting __________.
hydrochloric acid.
Parietal cells secrete
pepsinogen.
Chief cells secrete
gastrin.
G cells of the stomach secrete
body.
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
rugae.
The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called
stimulate hunger.
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to
proteins.
The enzyme pepsin digests
duodenum.
The pylorus empties into the
there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
entry of food into the stomach.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
pernicious anemia.
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for
is greater during digestion of a large meal than following a 24-hour fast.
The pH of the blood in gastric veins
has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.
The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it
a higher pH during gastric digestion.
A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in
jejunum
Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is performed in the __________.
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
Plicae and intestinal villi
enterocrinin
An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands is
secretin
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
cholecystokinin
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
gastrin
An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is
pancreatic acini.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
lobule
The basic functional unit of the liver is the
All of the answers are correct.
The Kupffer cells of the liver
All of the answers are correct.
The pancreas produces
gallbladder
Bile is stored in the
All of the answers are correct.
Enterogastric reflexes
All of the answers are correct.
The essential functions of the liver include
undigested fat in the feces.
An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in
jaundice
Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?
sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by:
pancreatic juice
Which digestive juice contains enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
mass movements.
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
resorption (absorption) of water and compaction of feces.
Functions of the large intestine include
expansible pouches of the colon.
Haustra are
appendix
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
pancreas
The enzyme alpha-amylase that digests polysaccharides is secreted by the __________.
diffusion
Lipid-soluble vitamins cross the digestive epithelium primarily by _________.
polysaccharides
The enzyme amylase digests
trypsin
An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is
mouth
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
lactose
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
the intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase
Which of the following is true regarding lactose intolerance?
All of these systems are important in the regulation of digestion.
Regulation of digestion depends on the __________.
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
The respiratory mucosa consists of
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
Henry’s law states that
they are equal.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
As air moves from the nasal cavity to the glottis it passes through the pharynx in this order, __________.
decreased pH
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
All of the answers are correct
Carbonic anhydrase
trachea
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
torr.
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 -
Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
phonation.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
Dalton’s law states that
thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
pharynx
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
more intense inhalation.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
Asthma is
both the medulla oblongata and the pons
The respiratory centers are located in __________.
epiglottis is depressed.
During swallowing, the
alveoli
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
larynx
The vocal folds are located within the
nasopharynx
The auditory tubes open into the
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
The apneustic centers of the pons
Inspiratory reserve volume
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
carbonic acid.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
pharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
Tidal volume
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
lower respiratory tract.
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
bound to hemoglobin
Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream while it is __________.
All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.
If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells (septal cells) is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
the opening to the larynx.
The glottis is
simple squamous epithelium.
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
External respiration involves the
elevated PCO2.
The term hypercapnia refers to
pulmonary embolism.
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
bicarbonate ions.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
inversely proportional to volume
Boyle’s law states gas pressure is __________.
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
The chloride shift occurs in order to
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
During quiet breathing,
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
