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Anatomy and physiology 2 > Exam 3- Blood,kidney, and Renal/urinary system > Flashcards

Exam 3- Blood,kidney, and Renal/urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the percentage of the kidney’s body weight

A

0.4%

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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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3
Q

What is the percentage of nephrons found in the cortex?

A

80%

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4
Q

What percentage of nephrons found in the medulla?

A

20%

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5
Q

How many nephrons are found in one kidney?

A

1 million

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6
Q

The glomerulus is created by?

A

afferent arteriole

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7
Q

Blood travels away from the glommerulus via the?

A

efferent arteriole

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8
Q

What part of the nephron completely surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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9
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

What part of the nephron controls the process of filtration?

A

Renal corpuscle

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11
Q

What is the percentage of caridac output the kidney receives?

A

25%

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12
Q

The three major buffer systems in our body

A

Phosphate, bicarbonate, Protein + phosphate + bicarbonate

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13
Q

Common causes of acute tubular necrosis?

A

Low blood pressure and nephrotic drugs

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14
Q

What hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

The main location where aneurysms form?

A

Circle of Willis

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16
Q

Why do people with kidney disease have uncontrollable blood pressure

A

JG cells that regulate blood pressure in a kidney are not working properly

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17
Q

Three areas in the body that need to have healthy vitamin D

A

Liver, skin, and kidney

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18
Q

active form of vitamin D is made in what organ?

A

Kidney

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19
Q

What is the outcome of untreated high potassium levels?

A

Cardiac arrest

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20
Q

What is the outcome of low level potassium in people with kidney disease?

A

Hypokalemia which eventually leads to cardic arrest

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21
Q

What is the waste that evaluates the health of the kidney?

A

Creatinine

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22
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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23
Q

What is the average number of afferent arterioles in each kidney?

A

1 million

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23
Q

function of afferent arteriole

A

brings blood to every individual nephron

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24
Q

How many glomeruli are in each kidney?

A

1 million

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25
Q

What process does Renal corpuscle initiate in the kidney

A

Filtration

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26
Q

What are the four processes of the kidney?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

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27
Q

function of efferent arteriole

A

where blood exits the intial portion of a nephron

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28
Q

What is net filtration pressure?

A

18 mm of Hg

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29
Q

What is the importance of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Most of the reabsorption of filtration happens, up to 80%

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30
Q

What percent of filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

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31
Q

What percent of filtrate becomes urine?

A

1%

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32
Q

What is the most dangerous electrolyte in kidney disease?

A

Potassium

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33
Q

Where do you find macula densa?

A

found in distal convoluted tubules

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34
Q

What are the components of a nephron

A

a. Glomerulus (Afferent & Efferent arteriole)
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal Convoluted Tubule (Macula Densa found here)
f. Collecting duct

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35
Q

What is the major location of the antidiuretic hormone(A.D.H.)?

A

Collecting duct via aquaporins

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36
Q

What is the JG apparatus composed of?

A

macula densa and JG cells

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37
Q

function of JG cells

A

produce and secrete renin after stimulation of the macula densa

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38
Q

Where are JG cells located?

A

In the walls of the Afferent arteriole mostly.

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39
Q

Least vascular part of the medulla?

A

Renal papilla

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40
Q

Counter current multiplier exchange mechanism happens at what location?

A

Loop of Henle

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41
Q

What hormone is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of sodium?

A

Aldosterone

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42
Q

Where is aldosterone produced and secreted from?

A

Zona glomerulosa of the Adrenal cortex

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43
Q

Who stimulates the Zona Glomerulosa?

A

Angiotensin 2

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44
Q

How is Angiotensin 1 produced?

A

By the action of renin on Angiotensin

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45
Q

What organ produces angiotensin?

A

Liver

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46
Q

What hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of water from the Nephron?

A

Anti- diuretic hormone(A.D.H.)

47
Q

Where is A.D.H produced?

A

Hypothalamus

48
Q

Where is A.D.H secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

49
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A tuft/structure of capillaries that are formed by the afferent arteriole

50
Q

What are the cells that produce and secrete renin?

A

JG cells( Juxtaglomerular cells)

51
Q

Up to 80% of the reabsorption of filtrate happens here

A

PCT(Proximal convoluted tubule)

52
Q

The two major types of cells that do not have a defined nucleus?

A

Red blood cells and platelets

53
Q

What is the most osmoreactive electrolyte in the blood?

A

Sodium

54
Q

What is the most predominant protein found in the human blood?

A

Albumin

55
Q

Where are most of the proteins in the human body produced?

A

Liver

56
Q

What are the only cells in the body that produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

57
Q

What are the main types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes ,T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

58
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes,eosionphils, monocytes,basophils

59
Q

What is the least abundant white blood cell?

A

Basophil

60
Q

What is the predominant acid in the human body?

A

Carbonic acid

61
Q

Where do you witness chloride shift?

A

All tissues except alveolar capillaries

62
Q

Where do you witness reverse chloride shift?

A

Only in alveolar capillaries

63
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells?

A

120 days

64
Q

What is plasma?

A

Blood- Cells

65
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma- Clotting factors

66
Q

What is the most common inherited clotting disorder?

A

Von Willebrand disease

67
Q

What is the antidote of heparin?

A

Protamine sulfate

68
Q

In what disorders is the renal corpuscle destroyed?

A

Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus

69
Q

What is the largest white blood cell

A

Monocyte

70
Q

What is the most predominant acid in the human body?

A

Carbonic acid

71
Q

Where is the most carbon dioxide prodcued as a byproduct?

A

Krebs cycle

72
Q

Where do you witness chloride shift?

A

All tissues except for aveolar capillaries

73
Q

Where do you witness reverse chloride shift?

A

Only in alveolar capillaries

74
Q

What is sodium bicarbonate used to treat?

A

Severe acidosis

75
Q

What blood cell type that is related to anaphylatic shock?

A

Basophil

76
Q

What blood cell type that is loaded with granules that contain histamines?

A

Basophil

77
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

It is the overall manager of human immune system

78
Q

How many lobes does a normal nuetralphil have?

A

2 to 5 lobes

79
Q

In what conditions do eosinophils rise in the blood?

A

Severe allergies, parasitic infestations, and drug reactions

80
Q

What test is an assessment of platelet function?

A

Bleeding time

81
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

7 days

82
Q

If someone overdoses on Aspirin,what will be the antidote of aspirin?

A

Blood transfusion over 7 days

83
Q

What factor has to be present in the collagen for the platelets to exhibit the platelet plug?

A

Von Willebrand factor

84
Q

What is bound to Von Willebrand factor?

A

Factor 8

85
Q

What organ serves as the graveyard of the red blood cells?

A

Spleen

86
Q

What is a hypersegmented neutrophil?

A

A neutrophil that has more than 5 lobes

87
Q

What is hemoglobin broken into ?

A

Heme and globin

88
Q

What substance is neither secreted or reabsorbed at the nephron?

A

Creatine and inulin

89
Q

What does the macula densa sense?

A

The levels of sodium and other electrolytes

90
Q

What are the three major processes that are involved in the creation of urine by the nephron?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

91
Q

What is the only electrolyte that is a clotting factor?

A

Calcium

92
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Stoppage of bleeding

93
Q

What are the only type of lymphocytes that are granulated?

A

Natural killer cells

94
Q

What is the most abundant lymphocyte?

A

T lymphocyte

95
Q

What lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocyte

96
Q

What lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocyte

97
Q

What is vasospasm?

A

Reflex mechanism to prevent further blood loss

98
Q

What are the requirements to form a platelet plug?

A

Collagen and Von Willebrand factor

99
Q

What test evaluates where clotting is occuring?

A

D-Dimer

100
Q

Vitamin K is processed by what organ?

A

The liver

101
Q

What clotting factors does Vitamin K produce?

A

Clotting factors 2,7,9, and 10

102
Q

What is warfarin?

A

An anti-vitamin K medication

103
Q

What does warfarin do?

A

blocks/inhibits the extrinsic pathway

104
Q

What is an immediate source of clotting factors 2,7,9 and 10?

A

Fresh frozen plasma

105
Q

What is the medication that can destroy a clot?

A

Tissue plasma activator

106
Q

What are the steps of Hemostasis?

A

1.Vasospasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Clotting/coagulation
4.Clot retraction
5. Clot lysis

107
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

7 days

108
Q

What is the danger of aspirin?

A

Internal hemorrhage

109
Q

A hypersegmented neutrophil is a sign of what?

A

A vitamin B12 and/or Folic acid deficiency

110
Q

What is the normal pH of the blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

111
Q

What is the evaluation for the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?

A

Prothrombin time

112
Q

What is the evaluation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?

A

aPPT/PTT

113
Q

What medication blocks the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?

A

Heparin

114
Q

What medication blocks the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?

A

Wafarin/Coumadin

Anatomy and physiology 2 (2 decks)

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