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PE4505 Flash Cards > Exam 3 - BK > Flashcards

Exam 3 - BK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two digital logic states?

A

Logic 1 (ON)
Logic 0 (OFF)

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2
Q

How many bits in a Byte?

A

8

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3
Q

How many bits is a Nibble?

A

4

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4
Q

What are the two advantages of Digital signals?

A
  1. Error detection and correction (MOST IMPORTANT)
  2. Stored memory in semiconductors
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5
Q

What does ADC stand for

A

Analogue to Digital

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6
Q

What does DAC stand for

A

Digital to Analogue

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7
Q

List 2 common ADC circuits

A
  1. Successive Approximation Register (SAR)
  2. Dual Slope
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8
Q

What is the basic operation of an ADC

A

Converts an analogue signal voltage to a string of binary code depending on the value of the analogue input voltage

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9
Q

If the inputs to an AND gate are 1 & 0, what is the output

A

0

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10
Q

If the inputs to an OR gate are 1&1, what is the output

A

1

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11
Q

How many inputs and outputs are there in a NOT gate

A

1 Input, 1 Output

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12
Q

What is another name for a NOT gate?

A

Inverter

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13
Q

On a XOR gate, when the input is 1&1, what is the output

A

0

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14
Q

What is Fan-In

A

The number of inputs a logic gate can accept

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15
Q

What is Fan-Out

A

The number of inputs a logic gate can drive

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16
Q

What must be used if a logic gate has a High Fan-In of more than 10 inputs

A

A buffer

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17
Q

What is the disadvantage of a High Fan-In logic gate

A

Slower due to its complexity

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18
Q

What is the normal Fan-out output of any logic gate, and how can it be expanded?

A

Normal Fan-Out = 10
Can be expanded with a buffer

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19
Q

What is propagation delay?

A

Time required for a digital signal to travel from input to output

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20
Q

What problems does propagation delay cause in an asynchronous circuit?

A

Intermittent faults

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21
Q

Does propagation delay increase or decrease with temperature

A

Increase

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22
Q

Does propagation delay increase or decrease with output load increase

A

Increase

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23
Q

In a logic circuit, what are some advantages in keeping the number of components to a minimum?

A
  • Keep costs low
  • Reduce complexity
  • Reduce size of power supply
  • Reduce propagation delay
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24
Q

What is the most basic flip-flop that all other bi-stable latches and multi-vibrators are made from?

A

SR Flip Flop
(Set-Reset)

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25
Q

What does the term “Transparent” mean when talking about flip-flops?

A

Output responds immediately to input

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26
Q

Are SR Flip-Flops Synchronous or Asynchronous?

A

Asynchronous

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27
Q

How many inputs and outputs does and SR Flip-Flop have?

A

2 Inputs (Set-Reset)
2 outputs (Q - notQ)

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28
Q

Which 3 ways can the clock signal be read?

A

Edge Trigger:
-Positive Edge (Rising)
-Negative Edge (Falling)
Level Trigger:
- When clock pulse reaches a certain logic level (Usually 1)

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29
Q

How is a Gated SR Flip-Flop different from a standard SR Flip-Flop?

A

A clock signal input

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30
Q

How many inputs in a Gated SR Flip-Flop?

A

3 Inputs:
-Set
-Reset
-Clock (Enable) Input

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31
Q

What is the disadvantage to a Gated SR Flip-Flop that is fixed by adding inputs ‘Preset and Clear’

A

Uncertainty in switching

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32
Q

What is a disadvantage to a Gated SR Flip-Flop w/Preset&Clear that is fixed by using a D-type Flip-Flop?

A

Using a D-type Flip-Flop eliminates need for having 2 additional input for Preset and Clear by connecting an inverter between Set and Reset (or between J and K)

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33
Q

How many inputs to a D-type Flip-Flop?

A

2 Inputs:
Clock and ‘D’ input

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34
Q

How is a Master-Slave Flip-Flop constructed?

A

2 bi-stable SR circuits connected in a cascade

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35
Q

How does a T-Type Flip-Flop work?

A

Output changes state every application of a clock signal and latches onto that signal until another input signal is added

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36
Q

What can the T-type Flip-Flop also be used for?

A

Frequency Divider - Output frequency is half of input frequency

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37
Q

In a JK Flip-Flop, what happens when both J and K are 1

A

Q toggles

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38
Q

What does Clear and Preset do?

A

Cleared to 0 or Preset to 1 independently of clock signal

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39
Q

Is D-type transparent?

A

Yes

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40
Q

Where is the inverter placed in a data flip flop?

A

In-between S and R inputs

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41
Q

What are some uses for T-type?

A

Frequency Divider
Binary Counter

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42
Q

Is T-type commercially available?

A

No, can be made by connecting the J and K inputs together

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43
Q

What output condition must be avoided in a SR Flip-Flop?

A

S=0
R=0
- Invalid Output

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44
Q

What Flip-Flop was made to overcome the S=R=0 condition in a SR Flip-Flop?

A

JK Flip Flop
(Added clock signal)

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45
Q

What are the 4 outputs conditions of a JK Flip-Flop?

A

Logic 1
Logic 0
No Change
Toggle

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46
Q

What does the JK Flip-Flop suffer from?

A

It suffers from the timing problem dubbed ‘Race’

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47
Q

How is ‘Race’ in a JK Flip-Flop overcome

A

By keeping the timing pulse as short as possible by reducing the period.
This is done by increasing frequency.

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48
Q

What Flip-Flop is used to eliminate timing problems in a JK Flip-Flop?

A

Master-Slave Flip-Flop

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49
Q

Where does the Master circuit trigger on the clock pulse?

A

Triggers on positive edge of clock pulse

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50
Q

When does the Slave circuit trigger on the clock pulse?

A

Triggers on the negative edge

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51
Q

Where does the feedback go to on a Master-Slave circuit?

A

The output of the Slave circuit is fed back to the Master circuit

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52
Q

Is the Master-Slave Flip-Flop Synchronous or Asynchronous?

A

Synchronous

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53
Q

What is the most common use for a Square Wave?

A

Clock and Timing Signal

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54
Q

What is the duty cycle of a square wave?

A

50% duty cycle

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55
Q

What is the equation for finding the frequency of a square wave?

A

Frequency = 1 / (ON time + OFF time)

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56
Q

Is a rectangular wave symetrical?

A

No nigga

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57
Q

What is another name for the Positive and Negative wave half on a rectangular wave?

A

Mark and Space

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58
Q

What are rectangular waves used for in a circuit?

A
  • Regulating power
    (Higher duty cycle = Greater power applied)
  • Pulse Width Modulation
59
Q

Are triangular waves symetrical?

A

Yes

60
Q

What is the duty cycle of a triangular wave?

A

50%

61
Q

Is a sawtooth wave symetrical?

A

No

62
Q

What are sawtooth waves rich in?

A

Harmonics

63
Q

What type of sawtooth wave is the most common?

A

Positive Ramp

64
Q

What is the purpose of Triggers and Pulses?

A

To control the timing in a circuit

65
Q

What are the characteristics of a Trigger?

A
  • Very narrow pulse
  • Swings either positive or negative
66
Q

What are the characteristics of a Pulse?

A
  • ONLY POSITIVE
  • Shape of the pulse is determined by Mark-to-Space ratio
  • Similar to a rectangle wave
67
Q

What is a Schmitt Trigger used for?

A

Creating a clean square wave from an input

68
Q

What 3 waves can a function generator make?

A
  • Sinusoidal
  • Triangle
  • Square
69
Q

How many inputs on a Schmitt Trigger

A

1 - Clock input

70
Q

How many times does Q0 change state per line?

A

Every line

71
Q

How many times does Q1 change state per line?

A

every 2 lines

72
Q

How many times does Q3 change state per line?

A

every 8 lines

73
Q

How many times does Q2 change state per line?

A

every 4 lines

74
Q

What Flip-Flop configuration do counters use?

A

T-Type
(Toggle mode)

75
Q

What does ‘mod’ mean when used in a counter

A

number of states

76
Q

What are the two types of counters?

A

Asynchronous
Synchronous

77
Q

What does a counter do?

A

It is a digital circuit which produces a Binary count

78
Q

What does Asynchronous mean?

A

The clock pulses to the Flip-Flop arrive at different times

79
Q

What does Synchronous mean?

A

Each Flip-Flop is clocked in at the exact same time

80
Q

What is another name for an Asynchronous counter?

A

Ripple counter

81
Q

What is a disadvantage to Asynchronous counters?

A

Takes time for the change of the clock pulse to change the output.
The device has to wait to count the ‘ripples’ before it can be used.

82
Q

On what edge of the clock pulse is the UP counter changing states

A

Negative edge
(falling edge)

83
Q

What does an UP/DOWN counter count?

A

Counts both up and down

84
Q

On an UP/DOWN counter, how does it count up?

A

The Q output is steered to the next flip-flop’s clock

85
Q

On an UP/DOWN counter, how does it count down?

A

The notQ output is steered to the next flip-flop’s clock

86
Q

What makes a frequency divider useful for being used as a counter?

A

Because the Q outputs are multiples of the clock frequency, they can be used as a counter.

87
Q

What is a general rule for the number a frequency divider can count?

A

The counter will divide by one more than it can count to

88
Q

What are the 4 different types of Registers?

A
  • Storage (Retains info but does not alter it)
  • Shift (Moves it left/right)
  • Series (Serial data is entered or removed1 bit at a time)
  • Parallel (All the bits are entered or removed simultaneously
89
Q

What is a Register?

A

Temporarily stores information using Flip-Flops

90
Q

What is a Buffer Register?

A

Serves as a temporary store when transferring data between two units with different speeds or doing independent tasks

91
Q

How is a Buffer Register made using flip-flops?

A

Parallel in - Parallel out

92
Q

What are Shift Left/Right Registers

A

Allows data to be shifted left OR right by multiplying or dividing by the power of 2

93
Q

How are Shift Left/Right Registers configured?

A

As D-Type flip flops

94
Q

What are the two families used on Digital ICs

A
  1. CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Silicone)
  2. TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)
95
Q

What is the internal circuitry of CMOS ICs based off?

A

MOSFETS and FETS

96
Q

What is the internal circuitry of TTL ICs based off?

A

NPN and PNP Bipolar Transistors

97
Q

What is the advantages and disadvantages of CMOS

A

Advantages:
- Very low power consumption
- low propagation
Disadvantages:
- Slower operating speeds

98
Q

What is the advantages and disadvantages of TTL

A

Advantage:
- Much faster operating speed
Disadvantage:
- Very high power consumption

99
Q

What applications can CMOS be used for?

A
  1. Low power battery circuits
  2. High Frequency Tuning operation for switching speeds upwards of 100MHz
100
Q

What is the 3rd output state added to ICs to allow them to be connected together with different output states?

A

High Impedance state (Hi-Z)

101
Q

In Boolean logic, what does True (T) mean?

A

Logic 1, High

102
Q

In Boolean logic, what does False (F) mean?

A

Logic 0, Low

103
Q

What is the state in-between HIGH and LOW which has an unpredictable output which noise can affect?

A

No-mans land

104
Q

What does the term source and sink mean?

A

weather a circuit is being supplied or is drawing from a previous or future stage

105
Q

What are the 4 functional blocks of a Microprocessor?

A
  • Store/Memory
  • Control
  • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
  • Input/output (I/O)
106
Q

What is the integrated package of Microprocessors called?

A
  • MPU (Microprocessor unit)
  • CPU (Central Processing unit)
107
Q

What is the purpose of busses in a Microprocessor?

A

Provides a path for the flow of information

108
Q

What is the purpose of an I/O interface?

A

Provides a connection to the outside world

109
Q

What is the definition of an Instruction?

A

An instruction is a number of discreet operations a computer is told to perform a given task

110
Q

What is a Program?

A

A group of instructions that allows the computer to perform a specific task

111
Q

What is a Computer Word?

A

A group of binary digits (Bit and Bytes) that occupy storage memory

112
Q

What is an example of a Word Length?

A

8bit, 16bit, 32bit, 64 bit

113
Q

What are the 3 Busses in a Microprocessor?

A
  • Address Bus
  • Data Bus
  • Control Bus
114
Q

What does the Address bus do?

A

Carries info from the CPU to the I/O to ensure the correct device is accessed
- UNIDIRECTIONAL

115
Q

What does the Data bus do?

A

Carries instructions to CPU
- BIDIRECTIONAL

116
Q

What does the Control Bus do?

A

Carries control signal from the CPU to the Memory and I/O to ensure it arrives at the CORRECT TIME
- UNIDIRECTIONAL

117
Q

What is the most important section to a Microprocessor?

A

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

118
Q

What is the accumulator in a Microprocessor?

A

Main working register to store data

119
Q

What is the Data Register in a Microprocessor?

A

Temporary storage for data coming from or going to the Data bus

120
Q

What is the Instruction Decoder in a Microprocessor?

A

Converts the instructions (Binary) into the appropriate control information to the MPU

121
Q

What is the Program Counter in a Microprocessor?

A

Keeps track of a program to ensure it follows in the CORRECT SEQUENCE

122
Q

What is an Operand?

A

Data words that (aren’t instructions codes) operated on by an ALU

123
Q

What is an Opcode?

A

Binary (or Hex) word which represents a Microprocessor instruction

124
Q

What does a Volatile memory mean?

A

The contents of the data are lost after the power is removed

125
Q

What does a Non-Volatile memory mean?

A

The contents of the data are not lost after the power is removed

126
Q

Is RAM volatile or non-volatile?

A

Volatile

127
Q

What are the two categories or RAM?

A
  • Static RAM
  • Dynamic RAM
128
Q

How is info stored on Static RAM?

A

An array of Flip-Flops (either Bipolar or MOS)

129
Q

For Static RAM, Is Bipolar or MOS faster?

A

Bipolar is faster but uses more power

130
Q

How is info stores on Dynamic RAM?

A

In an array of capacitors

131
Q

What is a downside to storing information in an array of capacitors?

A

Capacitors lose charge via leakage.
- It must be refreshed every few milliseconds, this requires additional circuitry

132
Q

Which of the two types of RAM is best?

A

Dynamic RAM
- Faster, cheaper, uses less power

133
Q

What does ROM stand for?

A

Read Only Memory

134
Q

Is ROM volatile or non-volatile?

A

ROM is Non-Volatile

135
Q

What are the 4 types of ROM

A
  • Masked Programmed ROM
  • Programmable ROM (PROM)
  • Erasable PROM (EPROM)
  • Electrically Alterable PROM (EAPROM)
136
Q

What are the two types of ROM that cannot be altered?

A
  • Masked Programmed ROM
  • Programmable ROM (PROM)
137
Q

Which types of ROM can be altered?

A
  • EPROM
  • EAPROM
138
Q

How is a program stored in a Masked Programmed ROM?

A

Stored during manufacture to perform a dedicated function.
- Expensive unless done in a mass manufacture

139
Q

How is information stored in a PROM?

A

Short pulses of high current pass through small resistive links and fuse them permanently.

140
Q

How is a program erased on an EPROM?

A

Exposing EPROM under intense UV light erases ALL data stored (can be a downside)

141
Q

What ROM should be used if only a portion of the data is to be altered?

A

EAPROM
- Small areas can be altered electrically instead of altering the whole fucking lot

142
Q

What is firmware?

A

A special type of software that is RARELY CHANGED

143
Q
A

PE4505 Flash Cards (6 decks)

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