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COB - Epidemiology > Exam 3 - Biostatistical Tests > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Biostatistical Tests Flashcards

1
Q

A research perspective which states there will be no true difference between the groups being compared.

A

Null hypothesis

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2
Q

Three attributes that differ between nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio data.

A

Order/magnitude, spacing/scale, rational absolute zero

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3
Q

Does nominal data have magnitude? Does nominal data have a consistent scale?

A

No; No

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4
Q

Does ordinal data have magnitude? Does ordinal data have a consistent scale?

A

Yes (i.e. it can be ordered); No (example = satisfaction survey)

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5
Q

Does interval/ratio data have magnitude? Does interval/ratio data have a consistent scale?

A

Yes; Yes (Tigger/Buzz = Units)

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6
Q

Black

A

Nominal

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7
Q

Red

A

Ordinal

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8
Q

Orange

A

Interval

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9
Q

Yellow

A

Ratio

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10
Q

True/False: After data collection you can move up (i.e. nominal => ordinal => interval => ratio) is specificty.

A

False, you may only move down

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11
Q

Average of the squared-differences in each individual measure value (x) and the groups’ mean.

A

Variance

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12
Q

Square root of variance value

A

Standard deviation

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13
Q

In a normal distribution curve the first standard deviation represents how much of the data?

A

68%

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14
Q

In a normal distribution curve the second standard deviation represents how much of the data?

A

95%

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15
Q

In a normal distribution curve the third standard deviation represents how much of the data?

A

99.7%

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16
Q

Statistical test useful for normally-distributed data.

A

Parametric (i.e. associated with interval/ratio data)

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17
Q

Data distribution, asymmetrical, mean > median, tail points right

A

Positively skewed

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18
Q

Data distribution, asymmetrical, mean < median, tail points left

A

Negatively skewed

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19
Q

Skewness value of 0.

A

Symmetrical data distribution (i.e. not skewed)

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20
Q

Positive skewness value.

A

Positively skewed

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21
Q

Negative skewness value.

A

Negatively skewed

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22
Q

Numerical value that evaluates how aggregated a data set may be (i.e. how clusted the data is)

A

Kurtosis (i.e. + = more cluster)

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23
Q

Four key questions for selecting the correct statistical test.

A
  1. What data level is being recorded? (i.e. nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio)
  2. What type of comparison/assessment is desired?
  3. How many groups are being compared?
  4. Is the data independent or related/paired?
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24
Q

Buzz words for correlation statisical test.

A

Correlation, association, relationship

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25
Buzz words for regression statistical test.
Prediction, association, relationship.
26
Statisical test that derives a quantitative measure of strength and direction between the relationship of two variables.
Correlation
27
Nominal correlation test.
**_C_**ontingency **_C_**oefficent
28
Ordinal correlation test.
Spearman Correlation
29
Interval/ratio correlation test.
Pearson correlation
30
A correlaiton that controls for confounding variables (i.e. only for interval data)
Partial correlation
31
A correlation test, shows relationship of agreement between/consistency of "decisions".
Kappa statistic
32
+1 Kappa value.
Observers all classify everyone the same way.
33
0 Kappa value.
There is no relationship.
34
-1 Kappa value.
Observers classify everyone exactly the opposite of each other.
35
Statistical test, provides a measure of the relationship between variables by allowing the predictions about the dependent/outcome variable knowing the value/catergoy of independent variables.
Regression
36
Nominal regression test.
Logisitic regression
37
Ordinal regression test.
Multinomial logisitic regression
38
Interval/ratio regression test.
Linear regression
39
Statistical test, compare the proportion of events over time/time-to events between groups (ongoing progression)
Survival test
40
Common representation of survival tests.
Kaplan-Meir curve
41
Survival test for nominal data.
Log-Rank test
42
Survival test for ordinal data.
Cox-Proportional Hazards test
43
Survival test for interval data.
Kaplan-Meier test.
44
Buzz saying for survival test.
"Over time"
45
Statistical test for _independent_ **nominal** data comparing _two_ groups (i.e. for a normal to large set of data)
Chi-Square
46
Statistical test for _independent_ **nominal** data comparing _two_ groups (i.e. for smaller set of data).
Fisher's Exact Test
47
Statistical test for _independent_ **nominal** data comparing _3+_ groups (i.e. from a normal-large data set).
Chi-square
48
Statistical test for _independent_ **nominal** data comparing _3+_ groups (i.e. from a smaller data set).
Fisher's Exact
49
Post-hoc test, adjusts the p value for # of comparisons being made.
Bonferroni test of Inequality
50
Statistical test for _paired/related_ **nominal** data comparing _2_ groups.
McNemar Test
51
Statistical test for _paried/related_ **nominal** data comparing _3+_ groups.
Cochran
52
Statistical test for _independent_ **ordinal** data comparing _2_ groups.
Mann-Whitney test
53
Statistical test for _independent_ **ordinal** data comparing _3+_ groups.
Kruskal-Wallis test
54
What value/measurement is being compared in the ordinal group comparison tests?
Median values between groups
55
Statistical test for _paired/related_ **ordinal** data comparing _2_ groups.
Wilcoxon Signed Rank test
56
Statistical test for pair/related ordinal data comparing 3+ groups.
Friedman test
57
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, ordinal data, compares all pairwise comparisons possible, and all groups must be equal in size.
Student-Newman-Keul test
58
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, ordinal data, compares all pairwise comparisons againsts a singe control, and all groups must be equal in size.
Dunnett test
59
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, ordinal data, compares all pairwise comparisons possible, and useful when all groups are not of equal size.
Dunn test
60
Statistical test for _independent_ **interval** data comparing _2_ groups.
Student t-test
61
Statistical test for _independent_ **interval** data comparing _3+_ group.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
62
What value/measurement is being compared in interval data group comparison tests?
Means of all groups
63
Statisical test for _paired/related_ **interval** data comparing _2_ groups.
Paired t-test
64
Statistical test for _paired/related_ **interval** data comparing _3+_ groups.
ANOVA
65
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, interval data, compares all pairwise comparisons possible, and all groups must be equal in size.
Student-Newman-Keul test
66
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, interval data, compares pairwise comparisons against a single control, and all groups must be equal in size.
Dunnett test
67
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, interval data, compares all pairwise comparisons possible, useful when all groups are not of equal size.
Dunn test
68
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, interval data, compares all pairwise comparisons possbile, all groups must be equal in size, and slightly more conservative than the Student-Newman-Keul test.
Tukey test
69
Post-hoc test, 3+ groups, interval data, compares all pairwise comparisons possible, all groups must be equal in size, and less affected by violations in normality and homogeneity of variances (i.e. than Tukey or Student-Newman-Keul test).
Scheffe test (i.e. most conservative)
70
Statistical test, interval data, determines if variances are equal between groups.
Levene's test
71
How can interval/ratio data be delt with when it is not normally distributed?
Transform to standardized value (i.e. z-score or log transformation) or drop down to ordinal data and use odrinal test.
72
Guide for determining whether we accept/reject null hypothesis.
Statistical tests
73
Not accepting the Null hypothesis when it is TRUE.
Type I error
74
Accepting the Null hypothesis when it is FALSE.
Type II error
75
Probability that differences in group is due to chance. Probabily of making a type I error had you claimed there was a difference.
P value
76
A studies ability to find differences between groups.
Power
77
True/False: More people in a data set increases power of a study.
True
78
Things to consider when determining sample size.
How small is the difference between groups being determined, expected variation of measurement, and Type I and Type II Error Rate or Confidence Interval.
79

COB - Epidemiology (3 decks)

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