Exam 3 - Adolescence (Study Guide) Flashcards
Age range for adolescence stage
11 to 21 years
● Onset of puberty in boys and girls: ___
● Length of puberty: ___
● Onset of puberty in boys and girls: Boys ages from 12 to 16.5, Girls ages 10.5 to 14
● Length of puberty: 5 to 7 years
● Peak growth velocity in boys and girls – describe
○ Girls: SMR stage ___ at age ___years old
○ Total average Height gain of ___, on average ___
■ Height growth peaks at age ___
■ Lasts for ___ months
■ Typically girls stop growing in height by age ___
○ Boys: SMR stage 4 at age ___
■ Height gain of ___inches/year until ~__yrs old
● Peak growth velocity in boys and girls – describe
○ Girls: SMR stage 2-3 at age 9.5-14.5 years old
○ Total average Height gain of 9.8, on average 3.5 in/year
■ Height growth peaks at age ~12.5
■ Lasts for 24-26 months
■ Typically girls stop growing in height by age 16
○ Boys: SMR stage 4 at age 14.4 yrs old
■ Height gain of 3-5 inches/year until ~21 yrs old
● General changes in body fat / muscle, bone development during puberty in males and females
○ Tanner stages – first/latter signs of puberty in males and female
● General changes in body fat / muscle, bone development during puberty in males and females
○ Tanner stages – first/latter signs of puberty in males and female: development of secondary sexual characteristics
■ Girls:
● breast development and pubic hair growth (ages 8-12 in Stage 2)
● menarche starts (ages 9 to 17 in Stage 4 ~ avg age 12.5)
● peak weight gain around 12.5 of 18.3 lbs (starts around menarche until adolescent)
● peak around/after menses
● DURING - lean mass decreases, body fat increases
● after puberty – increase both but most weight gain around 15-16
■ Boys: Stage 1 –> stage 5
● Peak weight gain ~14.5 yrs of ~20 lbs/year
● decrease body fat, increase bone mass,
● Enlargement of testes, pubic hair growth, spermache, growth spurt, acne, axillary perspiration, axillary hair, facial hair, voice chan
Age peak bone mass: achieved at ___ years of age
Age peak bone mass: achieved at 24~25 years of age
Cognitive / Emotional / social changes during adolescence
● Early, middle and late adolescence (interactions with peers/ parents, cognition, self-efficacy)
Early Adolescence (Ages 11-14) ○ Concrete thinking, egocentrism, impulsive behavior ○ Body image/sexuality ○ Concrete --> abstract thinking ○ Strong peer influence
Middle Adolescence (Ages 15-17) ○ Emotional and social independence from family, personal issue conflicts, heightened eating and physical activity behaviors ○ Enormous Peer pressure ○ Body image/sexuality ○ Abstract thinking ○ Identity development ○ Independence from parents
Late Adolescence (Ages 18-21) ○ Personal identity and moral beliefs, less family dependent, less impulsive and self conscience, more personal choices, abstract reasoning development ○ Body image established ○ Abstract thinking ○ Strong peer influence ○ Independence from parents ○ Serious intimate relationships
● Risky behaviors – alcohol (time it takes to oxidize 1 ounce of alcohol: 2 hrs)
○ Alcohol, marijuana
○ Tobacco: more prevalent in white teens; damages the lungs, coughing, nicotine addiction, lower levels Vitamin C & E
○ Smokeless tobacco: less than 10% of high school kids, lung cancer
Nutritional Development
● Nutrient needs for growth during puberty
● Nutrient needs for growth during puberty
○ bone growth
—■ vitamin A, vitamin C, Calcium and Vitamin D
○ folate, vitamin CADE, iron, zinc, calcium,
○ protein: 0.85 g/kg which is 10-30% of total kcal; carbohydrate: 130 g/day which is 45-65% of total kcal; fat: 25-35% kcal and less than 10% of saturated fat
Nutritional Development
● Nutrients of concern
● Nutrients of concern
○ iron (deficiency symptoms; food sources)
–■ Symptoms: anemia (tired and fatigue, lack of oxygen due to decreased red blood cells)
–■ sources: lean meat, shellfish, legumes, broccoli, spinach, nuts
○ calcium / vitamin D (deficiency symptoms, food sources)
- -■ deficiency: osteoporosis, bone fractures
- -■ sources: bread/grains, vegetables, cheese, soy – not really milk
○ zinc (deficiency symptoms, food sources)
- -■ sources: meat, fish, seafood, beans, nuts, legumes
- -■ deficiency: decrease bone and growth development; can be due to high calcium levels (decrease zinc binding/absorption)
Nutritional Development
● Nutrients in excess
● Nutrients in excess
○ Sodium (effect on body; food sources)
- -■ effect: hypertention
- -■ sources: salty snacks
○ Fat (type, effect on body; food sources)
- -■ type: 35% of total kcal and less than 10% from saturated fat
- -■ effect: promote health and decrease cardiovascular disease
○ Carbohydrate (type, effect on body, food sources)
● Typical eating behaviors of adolescents (meals / snacking) / food groups lacking in diet)
● Typical eating behaviors of adolescents (meals / snacking) / food groups lacking in diet)
–○ High fat, high sugar, meal skipping,
● BMI for age ranges for normal, overweight, obese adolescents
● BMI for age ranges for normal, overweight, obese adolescents
○ normal: 5th -85th %ile, overweight is 85th – 94th %ile, obese is greater than 95%ile
Obesity
● Prevalence obesity
○ Highest prevalence in which ethnic groups: ____
● Predictors of obesity: critical periods (prenatal, adiposity rebound, adolescence)
○
● Risk factors for obesity
○ ___
● Health Complications of obesity
○ ___
● Treatment recommendations for overweight and obese adolescents (American Academy Pediatrics):
○ ___
Obesity
● Prevalence obesity
○ Highest prevalence in which ethnic groups: Hispanic, Native American, African American
● Predictors of obesity: critical periods (prenatal, adiposity rebound, adolescence)
○
● Risk factors for obesity
○ At least one overweight parent, low income, Hispanic, native American and African American ethnicity, limited physical activity individuals
● Health Complications of obesity
○ sleep apnea, asthma, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension/heart disease, psychosocial, orthopedic complications
● Treatment recommendations for overweight and obese adolescents (American Academy Pediatrics):
○ obese weight maintenance and then weight loss, overweight is weight loss and if complications also weight loss
○ 4 Stages
● Pregnancy in Adolescents
● Needs of young pregnant teens who are growing (weight gain, nutrients)
Energy and Nutrient Needs
• Poor Outcomes
− Growing adolescent
• biological immaturity
− Lifestyle
• drugs, smoking, poor diet
Weight Gain
–
Poor outcomes - Preterm child
Normal if around 17 years old pregnant
Don’t have maturity to think about child
Pregnant adolescent still growing - take high amount of energy
recommendation
Healthy body weight - gain 25 - 35 percent of body weight -
recommend high end of weight
Adolescent athletes
● Hydration recommendations
● Dietary recommendations for adolescent athletes
Adolescent athletes
● Hydration recommendations
○ 2 cups water/lb, replenish fluids after training/activity, only need sports drinks after 1 hours of activity
● Dietary recommendations for adolescent athletes
○ high carbohydrates and adequate protein, supplement ergogenic aids (protein powder and healthy diet and caffeine)
Eating Disorders
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