Exam 3 Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
-What is Sleep?
-What are the sleep Stages?
Rem sleep is considered?
A
-a period of reduced activity and decrease responsiveness to external stimuli and is easy to reverse. Changes in brain waves, body temperature, breathing, heart rate.
-Stage 1: easily awakened, image recall
-Stage 2: slower brain activity “spindles” sudden burst of activity in the brain
-Stage 3-4: brain activity with “delta waves” high amplitude of brain waves.
-REM (Rapid eye movement): dreams, breathing is rapid, irregular, limbs are paralyzed and eyes jerk rapidly.
REM Sleep is considered “paradoxical” because the brain’s oxygen consumption can be more active than when awake.
2
Q
-Benefits of sleep and cost of sleep loss?
A
- Benefits of sleep include, improved learning and attention, more productivity, and decision making problem solving skills, healthy growth development, strengthened immune system.
- Cost includes, less productivity, affects the neurotransmitters and stress hormones, greater risk of depression and suicide.
3
Q
- Sleep disorders in the DSM-5?
- Diagnosing sleep disorders
A
- persistent, reoccurring problem causing distress or impairment.
- diagnosing sleep disorder is from self-referral, blood work, sleep logs, and sleep study.
4
Q
- What is insomnia?
- Criteria?
- Primary Insomnia
- Secondary Insomnia
A
- difficulty maintaining sleep, falling asleep, or achieving restorative sleep, waking up at night, occurs 3 nights a week for more than 3 months, impairs daily functioning, affects memorization, health problems.
- Primary Insomnia is when it isn’t effected by a health problem its life events that is making you not sleep
- Secondary is health events that prevent you from sleeping. Such as cancer, chronic pain, depression.
5
Q
- Spielman’s Model of Insomnia
- Predisposing factor
- Precipitating factors
- perpetuating factors
A
- Predisposing factors are what may cause but a likelihood such as worry stress sleep, anxiety or depression.
- Precipitating factors could be triggers but lifestyle changes, medical psychiatric illness shift in work, stressful events.
- Perpetuating factors can cover maintain the problem. such as poor sleep or hygine, any factors that maintains the problem
6
Q
-What is Hyper-somnolence Disorder?
A
- recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness, wanting to nap all day at inapprotaite times. it is persistent, it is being sleepy after 8-12 hours of sleep period. Napping, dozing off, distress in daily function.
- happens to 1.5% in general population
- cannot be accounted for inadequate amount of sleep.
7
Q
- What is Narcolepsy?
- What is Cataplexy?
- What is sleep paralysis?
A
- has irresistible sleep attacks, episodes that occur without any warning, transitioning to wakefulness into deep sleep, occurring 3 times a week over 3 months.
- Cataplexy is total loss of muscle control triggered by a strong emotion as laughter.
- Sleep paralysis during waking up a person temporarily can’t move or talk to awaken.
8
Q
- Breathe related sleep disorders
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea
- Central Sleep Apnea
- Sleep Related Hypoventilation
A
- different types of breathing abnormalities that disrupt the sleep.
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea- the UPPER airway during sleep that is hard breathing. having daytime sleepiness.
- Central Sleep Apnea-breathing suddenly stops and starts because the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscle that is controlling your breathing.
- Sleep Related Hypoventilation is when it is caused by lower airway obstruction or breathing too slow.
9
Q
-Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
A
- a regular disruption of a sleep-wake cycle, sleep timing is off and have distress to social life. can be a precursor of insomnia disorder to hyper somnolence. have poor sensitivity to indicators of daytime, such as daylight.
10
Q
- Parasomnias
- NON REM
- With REM
A
- parasomnias are sleep disorder, unwanted events that can occur during REM sleep and none REM sleep.
- Non REM sleep are sleep terror (panicky scream) and Sleep walking
- with REM sleep are repeated episodes of acting out one’s dream during REM sleep, and nightmare disorder which are remembered during REM sleep.
11
Q
- Treating sleep disorders Behaviorally
- Cognitively
- Biologically
A
- Behaviorally such reduce intake of caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, reduce obesity,
- Cognitively highly effective having no worries about sleeping and not playing the blame game. Mindfulness and relaxation (poor cycle negative thoughts, emotion and behavior)
- C-CAP machine or benzodiazepines to fall asleep faster
12
Q
-Anorexia Nervosa
-Restricting subtype
-Binge eating purging subtype
-Physical Factors
Psychological Factors
A
-keeping a Low body weight and fears about gaining weight. weight lost restriction of calorie intake and starvation. Distorted body image, hard to get treatment because they don’t come in. BMI is significantly low. Failure to recognize weight.
-binge eating then throwing it up.
-Physical factors include loss of hair, and electrolyte imbalances, slow heart rate.
Psychological Factors include fear of gaining weight, anxiety around food, depressive mood, crave control and low self-esteem.
13
Q
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Physical factors
- Psychological factors
A
- binge eating then has a compensatory behavior (counteract the behavior such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, fasting), then accompanied by over concern with body weight and shape. consuming alot and overeating eating 20-30 times per day.
- Tension, craving, binge eating, purging to avoid weight gain, shame and disgust, strict diet.
- invisible disorder done in isolation.
- Physical factors such as dehydration, acid reflux, GI issues, loss of tooth, and raptures in esophagus
- Psychological factors include depression, low self esteem, perfectionism, anxiety.
14
Q
- Binge Eating Disorder
- Physical factors
- Psychological factors
A
- binge eating without subsequent compensatory behaviors. new addition to the DSM-5 and is used more than other food disorders. eating till uncomfortably full, eating rapidly, eating not when hungry eating alone.
- Physical factors are overweight and obese, high blood pressure, high cholesterol
- Psychological factors include depression, guilt shame, and impaired control.
15
Q
- Causes and Treatment of Eating Disorders
- Biological
- Psychological
- Sociocultural
A
- Biological causes are serotonin abnormalities using SSRI antridepressiaints. Genetics eating disorder runs in the family and can be treated by interventions and outreach.
- Psychological causes are perfectionism and treatment using cognitive behavioral therapy. learning weight phobia and exposure to prevention.
- Sociocultural can’t be stopped. But focus on western perspective and idolize thin in beauty.
16
Q
- Orthorexia
- Should it be in the DSM-6?
A
-Orthorexia has an obsession with eating healthy foods. having obsession in food quality and purity. Self esteem is linked to diet
17
Q
-Substance induced disorders versus substance use disorders
A
- subtance induced disorder refers to the immediate effects of substance abuse, so the effect the drugs gets to you.
- substance use disoder the persons brain and behavior leads ro inability to control the use of a legal substance. People may use the drug despite the harm it causes. harder time to get out of the drug, soley dependent on the drug, it progress as you want the feeling so you get addicted
18
Q
- Depressants
- Desired effects
- side effects
A
- Drugs that slow down or curb activity in the central nervous system. Reduce tension and anxiety and slow movement.
- Ex:Alcohol
- Desired effects: euphoria, disinhibition, sedation, tranquility.
- Side effects: impaired motor function coordination, cognitive process.
19
Q
- Stimulants
- Desired effects
- Side effects
A
- increases activity in the central nervous system, ex coffee widely used stimulant other types include Stacy, cocaine, nicotine.
- Desired effects has alter ness, euphoria, increased social activity
- Side effects depression, insomnia, paranoia, psychosis, and chronic illness.
20
Q
- Hallucinogens
- desired effects
- side effects
A
- producing sensory distortions or hallucinations or major alteratrions in color perception and hearing. EX:LSD Mary Jane.
- Desired effects such as euphoria, heightened senses.
- side effects bad trips, panic or paranoia
21
Q
- Addiction (gambling disorder)
- DMS-5 criteria
A
-compulsive use of a drug or substance, involves a loss of control over use, despite knowledge of consequence. Gambling disorder is a non chemical addictive disorder by loss of controlled behavior and a state of excitement when behavior is performed and withdrawn symptoms.
22
Q
- Causes and Treatment (drugs)
- Biological
- Psychological
- Non professional support groups
A
- Biologically causes are a hijacked brain because its always on the rewarded pathway so its hijacked by substances. Genetic factors increase 4-8 times when a family does it. Treatment includes detox and disulfiram conditioning your self to not like a drug by causing it to have bad effects on the body,. Violent responses including vomiting or headache.
- Psychological approach cause is drugs have positive effect on the body and its for the culture to make more friends. and treatment using motivational interviewing and relapse intervention
- opportunity to discuss feelings to others who are in the same place. better than professional.
23
Q
- Gender Dysphoria
- Gender identity
- Transgender identity
- Gender Dysphoria in children
- Appropriate candidate for surgery
A
- having distress because they have an impaired functioning conflict between their anatomic sex and their gender identity.
- sense of being male or female
- sense of belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other. desire to be the other gender.
- they wish to be the opposite sex as they are, strong preferences in clothing style, desire to wish to have a different organ, alot of role playing
- no illnesses, no depression, must meet DSM`1-5criteria must live one year as their desired sex before genital change.
24
Q
-Sexual Dysfunction disorder versus dissatisfaction
A
- Disorder is persistent or recurrent problems with sexual interest, disorder must be symptoms must be persistent and recurrent and cause psychological distress and difficulty. Dissatisfaction reflects on your own perceptions avoids defines of being normal.
25
Q
- Personality Disorders
- The Big 5 Levels of Personality
A
- something that is long term an individual differences in characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving, ridged behavioral patterns, or ways, relating to others that become self defeating.
- Open, Extraverted, Stable,Agressive.
26
Q
- Personality trait versus personality disorder
- The 3 P’s of personality Disorder
A
- Personality trait doesn’t produce distress, can be observed in single situations and is EGO-DYSTONIC meaning different from a person’s self-image. responses and behaviors that are against a person’s beliefs and will.
- Personality disorder produces distress and others around them, more persistent across context and EGO-SYTONIC meaning that they are responsive and appropriate to the environment given the situation. consistent with a person’s self image.
- The 3 P are persistent, pervasive and pathological.
27
Q
- Cluster A Personality Disorder (Odd or Eccentric)
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
A
- Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypical
- Paranoid Personality Disorder thinking people have motive on this person, having paranoid delusions, distrust in people blaming people with no evidence on them, perceived attacks on their character that are not apparent to others
- bear grudges, has reoccurring suspicions.
28
Q
Cluster A
-Schizoid Personality Disorder
A
- social aloofness and shallow or blunted emotions
- not talking as much, no social contacts lack of social relationships even with parents
- takes pleasure in few activities
- appears indifferent to other cristism
- aviod social activities and from others limited range of emotions and expression.
- lack of motivation and goals
29
Q
Cluster A
-Schizotypal Personality
A
- having trouble performing social relationships and odd peculiar beliefs. odd or ecentric and only have a few close realtionships. Don’t understand how relationships form or impact their behavior on others.
- don’t have trust in others
- social anxiety, can be inappropriate sometimes.
30
Q
- Cluster B( dramatic)
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
A
- no regards on right or wrong, doesn’t take account to other opinons. Can trat others harsly and to show no guilt or remorse behavior. no social rules atleast at the age of 18.
- aggerssive or hostile behavior
- irresponsible and impulsive
- lack of truthfulness
- no feelings, getting more angry
- want to kill someone
31
Q
Cluster B
- Borderline Personality Disorder
A
- very moody, unstable self image and lack of impulse control. impacts the way you think and feel about yourself and others, fear of abandonment and instability and have difficulty being alone.
- self-injury behavior
- deep sense of emptiness fear of being alone
- suicidal behaviors
- inappropriate tense of anger and difficulty controlling behavior.
32
Q
Cluster B
-Histrionic Personality Disorder
A
- dramatic displays of emotion to be the center of attention. Needs approval from everyone, uses physical appearance to draw attention, sexually seductive behavior.
- over dramatic, needing attention from everyone, being the light of the party.
- obsession with self image.
- uncomfortable when she is not in the center of attention.
33
Q
Cluster B
-Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A
- need of admiration lack of empathy for others, deep need for excessive attention and admiration. troubled relationships
- self-absoprbtion
- sense of entitlement
- Self worth is important
34
Q
Cluster C (Overly anxious and fearful) -Avoidant Personality Disorder
A
- sensitive to crisitism or rejection feeling unattractive, avoiding work activities, socially isolated and have extreme shyness in social situations.
- fear of REJECTION
- don’t take personal risk.
- unwilling to get involved with others.
- inferior to others
35
Q
Cluster C
-Dependent Personality Disorder
A
- excessive dependence on others and difficulty making independent decisions.
- needing others for their responsibility
- difficulty expressing disagreement with others.
- difficulty operating independently
- seeking new relationships when old one ends
- staying with one perticular person
36
Q
Cluster C
-Obesessive Compulsive Personality disorder
A
- need for perfectionism and excessive to detail
- having rules list, schedules to follow by, organization
- perfectionism that interferes with the task completion.
- excessive devotion to work.
37
Q
- Stress
- Sources of Stress
- Acute stress can be?
- Physical Effects
A
- upsetting of homeostasis the level of balance stress knocks it off. anything that poses a threat or a challenge to our well being.
- Daily hassles, Major Life events, Dramatic Events
- Can be adaptive and wants to be freed to either fight (confront) a stressor or flee (escape) from a stressor.
- flows decrease, eyes dilate, skin is sweating,=
38
Q
-Trauma
A
-A deeply distressing or disturbing experience, a malaptive reactions to identified stressor that develops within 3 months of the onset of the stressor.
