Exam 3- A and P 2 Flashcards
Primary Endocrine Organs and Tissues
-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-adrenal glands
-pineal gland
-parathyroid glands
(Main Functions of each?)
Secondary Endocrine Functions
-heart
-thymus
-adipose tissue
-digestive tract
-kidneys
-gonads
Which body processes are controlled by hormones?
-growth
-reproduction
-digestive
-healing
-blood pressure
-metabolism
Example of which hormone for the processes above?
What changes do hormones trigger at the cellular level?
- Increase in: protein synthesis, enzyme activity, membrane transport, cell division
-Decrease in: membrane transport
What hormones cause those different changes?
Thyroid Hormone function?
metabolic hormone, increases the enzyme activity, speeds up the chemical reactions
Thyroid stimulating hormone function?
made by the pituitary gland and it involves a membrane transport to target the thyroid
Growth hormone function?
Cell division (mitosis), it targets growth plates in most bones
The structural classes of hormones? (name all 3 and the following questions)
steroid hormones (lipid soluble or water-soluble)- lipid soluble
Examples?
-estrogen, cortisol
monoamines (lipid soluble or water-soluble)- water soluble
Examples?
-TH, melatonin (exception of TH?)- it is a monoamine that is not water-soluble
peptide
peptides (lipid soluble or water soluble?)- water soluble
Examples?
-oxytocin, insulin, TSH
3 ways hormone release can be triggered?
Explain all 3 and give examples of where these could happen:
Neural trigger
Humoral Trigger
Hormonal Trigger
What hormone classes use second messenger system?
lipid soluble
what is the second messenger system and how does it work?
Used for monoamines (melatonin). It works by a hormone connecting to a receptor on the outside of a cell that then interacts with a G Protien which carries into a chemical reaction that triggers inside the nucleus to create a trigger.
Functions of blood
-transport (nutrients, hormones, oxygen)
-protection (inflamation, destroy microorganisms, blood clotting)
-regulation (fluid distribution, PH balance, BP)
2 major fractions
-plasma
-formed elements
what are the formed elements of blood? what percent of each?
-RBC (99.9%)
-buffy coat (less than 1% )(WBC + Platelets)
Blood viscosity
the resistance of a fluid to flow
-the thickness or stickiness of blood
Blood osmolarity
the total concentration of solute particles
How much of the blood is plasma?
55%
What are the solutes of blood? What is their function?
plasma proteins
-albumins (60%- heavily influence osmotic pressure)
-globulins (36%- 5 classes of antibodies)
-fibrinogen (4%- gets converted to fibrin during clotting)
Describe the characteristics of Erthyrocytes (RBC)
-biconcave cell
-anucleate
-lack all organelles
How does the shape of RBCs serve their function?
Because of its biconcave shape it gives more surface area spread apart which means it can carry more oxygen, release more oxygen
-conclusion: mature rbc are only for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide
How many globin chains are in a rbc?
4, 2 alpha and 2 beta
What is the production of RBC called?
erythropioiesis
What is the kidney hormone responsible for signaling a stimulation so the red marrow produces RBC?
erythropoietin
Examples of erythrocyte disorders and what causes them (broadly?)?
Causes: inadequate erythropoiesis,S loss, RBC destruction
-iron deficiency
-anemia
-hemorrhagic
-pernicious
-aplastic
-hemolytic
what is the erythrocyte disorder that occurs when you are at high elevations?
secondary polycythemia
Antigens
A antigen
B antigen
RH antigen
-cellular name tags
Antibody
a specific binding site for one non self antigen
Ex. Blood types A+ A- all would have B antibodies present
5 classes of Leukocytes
Granulocytes:
-basophils
-eosinophils
-neutrophils
Agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
function of WBC?
-emigrate via depedesis
-chemotaxis
phagocytosis
“cell eating”
monocytes become what?
macrophages
most abundant WBC?
Neutrophils (C-shaped, pinwheel)
-phagocytize bacteria
-release antimicrobial chemicals
Monocytes
horse shoe shaped
-presents antigens to cells to activate cells in the immune system
-work once they leave the blood stream where they turn into macrophages (consume dead cells)
lymphocytes
Round/dimpled on one side
-destroy cancer cells
-immune memory
Basophil
U or S shaped
-secretes histamine
-secretes heparin (promotes mobility and prevents clotting)
Eosinophil
large loves connected with thin strand
-weaken/destroy pathogens
-phagocytize antigen/antibody complexes
3 cardiovascular circuits
1)pulmonary- carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns to heart
2)systemic- supplies blood to the organs, lungs, and heart itself
3)coronary-serves the heart wall
What happens if a blockage in the coronary circuit happens?
anastomoses will form- vessel bypass and it is created by angiogenesis
Ex of issues that may occur: heart attacks, angina pectoris, CABG
Describe the microscopic anatomy of a cardiac muscle cell
Small y shaped cells with 1-3 intercalated discs
Cardiac cells are held together by what?
elastic connection, fibrous CT and gap junctions (mechanical junctions, electrical junctions)
Explain the conduction system in 4 steps (draw it too)
1) SA node; establishes the sinus rhythm
2) AV node; the secondary pacemaker
3) AV bundle; the pair of branches that travel down the septum
4) subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers) - they go to the left and right of the heart after hitting the apex
