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Anatomy and Phys 2 > Exam 3- A and P 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3- A and P 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Endocrine Organs and Tissues

A

-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-adrenal glands
-pineal gland
-parathyroid glands
(Main Functions of each?)

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2
Q

Secondary Endocrine Functions

A

-heart
-thymus
-adipose tissue
-digestive tract
-kidneys
-gonads

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3
Q

Which body processes are controlled by hormones?

A

-growth
-reproduction
-digestive
-healing
-blood pressure
-metabolism
Example of which hormone for the processes above?

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4
Q

What changes do hormones trigger at the cellular level?

A
  • Increase in: protein synthesis, enzyme activity, membrane transport, cell division
    -Decrease in: membrane transport
    What hormones cause those different changes?
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5
Q

Thyroid Hormone function?

A

metabolic hormone, increases the enzyme activity, speeds up the chemical reactions

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6
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone function?

A

made by the pituitary gland and it involves a membrane transport to target the thyroid

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7
Q

Growth hormone function?

A

Cell division (mitosis), it targets growth plates in most bones

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8
Q

The structural classes of hormones? (name all 3 and the following questions)

A

steroid hormones (lipid soluble or water-soluble)- lipid soluble
Examples?
-estrogen, cortisol
monoamines (lipid soluble or water-soluble)- water soluble
Examples?
-TH, melatonin (exception of TH?)- it is a monoamine that is not water-soluble
peptide
peptides (lipid soluble or water soluble?)- water soluble
Examples?
-oxytocin, insulin, TSH

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9
Q

3 ways hormone release can be triggered?

A

Explain all 3 and give examples of where these could happen:
Neural trigger
Humoral Trigger
Hormonal Trigger

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10
Q

What hormone classes use second messenger system?

A

lipid soluble

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11
Q

what is the second messenger system and how does it work?

A

Used for monoamines (melatonin). It works by a hormone connecting to a receptor on the outside of a cell that then interacts with a G Protien which carries into a chemical reaction that triggers inside the nucleus to create a trigger.

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12
Q

Functions of blood

A

-transport (nutrients, hormones, oxygen)
-protection (inflamation, destroy microorganisms, blood clotting)
-regulation (fluid distribution, PH balance, BP)

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13
Q

2 major fractions

A

-plasma
-formed elements

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14
Q

what are the formed elements of blood? what percent of each?

A

-RBC (99.9%)
-buffy coat (less than 1% )(WBC + Platelets)

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15
Q

Blood viscosity

A

the resistance of a fluid to flow
-the thickness or stickiness of blood

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16
Q

Blood osmolarity

A

the total concentration of solute particles

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17
Q

How much of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

18
Q

What are the solutes of blood? What is their function?

A

plasma proteins
-albumins (60%- heavily influence osmotic pressure)
-globulins (36%- 5 classes of antibodies)
-fibrinogen (4%- gets converted to fibrin during clotting)

19
Q

Describe the characteristics of Erthyrocytes (RBC)

A

-biconcave cell
-anucleate
-lack all organelles

20
Q

How does the shape of RBCs serve their function?

A

Because of its biconcave shape it gives more surface area spread apart which means it can carry more oxygen, release more oxygen
-conclusion: mature rbc are only for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

21
Q

How many globin chains are in a rbc?

A

4, 2 alpha and 2 beta

22
Q

What is the production of RBC called?

A

erythropioiesis

23
Q

What is the kidney hormone responsible for signaling a stimulation so the red marrow produces RBC?

A

erythropoietin

24
Q

Examples of erythrocyte disorders and what causes them (broadly?)?

A

Causes: inadequate erythropoiesis,S loss, RBC destruction
-iron deficiency
-anemia
-hemorrhagic
-pernicious
-aplastic
-hemolytic

25
Q

what is the erythrocyte disorder that occurs when you are at high elevations?

A

secondary polycythemia

26
Q

Antigens

A

A antigen
B antigen
RH antigen
-cellular name tags

26
Q

Antibody

A

a specific binding site for one non self antigen
Ex. Blood types A+ A- all would have B antibodies present

27
Q

5 classes of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes:
-basophils
-eosinophils
-neutrophils
Agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

27
Q

function of WBC?

A

-emigrate via depedesis
-chemotaxis

27
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”

28
Q

monocytes become what?

A

macrophages

28
Q

most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophils (C-shaped, pinwheel)
-phagocytize bacteria
-release antimicrobial chemicals

28
Q

Monocytes

A

horse shoe shaped
-presents antigens to cells to activate cells in the immune system
-work once they leave the blood stream where they turn into macrophages (consume dead cells)

29
Q

lymphocytes

A

Round/dimpled on one side
-destroy cancer cells
-immune memory

29
Q

Basophil

A

U or S shaped
-secretes histamine
-secretes heparin (promotes mobility and prevents clotting)

30
Q

Eosinophil

A

large loves connected with thin strand
-weaken/destroy pathogens
-phagocytize antigen/antibody complexes

31
Q

3 cardiovascular circuits

A

1)pulmonary- carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns to heart
2)systemic- supplies blood to the organs, lungs, and heart itself
3)coronary-serves the heart wall

31
Q

What happens if a blockage in the coronary circuit happens?

A

anastomoses will form- vessel bypass and it is created by angiogenesis
Ex of issues that may occur: heart attacks, angina pectoris, CABG

32
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of a cardiac muscle cell

A

Small y shaped cells with 1-3 intercalated discs

33
Q

Cardiac cells are held together by what?

A

elastic connection, fibrous CT and gap junctions (mechanical junctions, electrical junctions)

34
Q

Explain the conduction system in 4 steps (draw it too)

A

1) SA node; establishes the sinus rhythm
2) AV node; the secondary pacemaker
3) AV bundle; the pair of branches that travel down the septum
4) subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers) - they go to the left and right of the heart after hitting the apex

35
Q
A

Anatomy and Phys 2 (1 decks)

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