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Biomechanics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to adults, a child’s stride length is

A

Shorter

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2
Q

Compared to an adult, a child’s cadence is

A

Higher

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3
Q

Compared to an adult, a child’s gait speed is

A

Lower

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4
Q

If we wanted to compare stride length in children and adults, how would we do it?

A

Normalize it by height and look at stride length as a % of height

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5
Q

What was the goal of the Chester, Tingley and Biden study?

A

Examine kinetic and kinematic differences in kids 3-13

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6
Q

How is cadence measured?

A

Steps per second

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7
Q

What is the relationship between cadence and cycle time?

A

Cadence is the INVERSE of cycle time

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8
Q

Cycle time =

A

1/cadence

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9
Q

How would you describe gait kinetics?

A

Moments

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10
Q

How would you describe gait kinematics?

A

Osteokinematics of gait

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11
Q

What were the results of the Chester, Tingley and Biden study?

A

There is very little difference between the kinematics of the 3-4 yr olds, 7-8 yr olds, and 9-13 yr olds.

BUT there is a difference in max hip flexion between the 3-4 yr old group and the 9-13 group (but not statistically significant)

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12
Q

At what age does a child’s gait kinematics look like an adults?

A

3-4 years old

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13
Q

Are joint moments between 3 year olds and older kids the same?

A

No

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14
Q

Sutherland says that gait “stabilizes” by what age and matures at what age?

A

Stabilizes by 3

Matures by 7

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15
Q

GRF behind the ankle’s center of rotation will cause what?

A

Plantarflexion

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16
Q

GRF behind the center of rotation at the knee will cause what?

A

Flexion

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17
Q

GRF in front of the hips center of rotation will cause what?

A

Flexion

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18
Q

GRF behind the hips center of rotation will make it want to do what?

A

Extension

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19
Q

GRF in front of the knees center of rotation will push the knee into

A

Extension

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20
Q

GRF in front of the ankle’s center of rotation will cause what?

A

Dorsiflexion

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21
Q

What are we talking about when we say joint moments?

A

The moments that the muscles are creating, NOT the moments that gravity or acceleration are creating

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22
Q

What do joint moments act against?

A

GRF

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23
Q

What is GRF made up of?

A

Forces against gravity and the forces accelerating the body through the gait cycle

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24
Q

How does gravity not make us fall down?

A

Muscles counteract gravity

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25
Q

Gravity and acceleration create a moment about the ____ and our muscles counteract that moment in the _____ direction

A

Hip

Opposite

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26
Q

What equipment do you need to record joint moments?

A

3D motion analysis system and force plate

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27
Q

The older children had greater

A

Peak plantarflexion moment

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28
Q

The younger children had the

A

Least plantarflexion moment

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29
Q

How do you measure kinetics?

A

(N*m)/kg

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30
Q

Are kinetics normalized? How?

A

yes- normalized to body weight. that’s why its / by kg

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31
Q

What did Chester, Bingley, and Biden use for their statistical analysis?

A

MANOVA

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32
Q

Which age group DOES have different kinematics?

A

Toddlers (1-3)

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33
Q

Children at age 1 have a (higher/lower) step frequency than adults

A

Higher- 180 steps/min

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34
Q

Do toddlers age 1 have reciprocal arm swing?

A

No- they hold their arms in “high guard”

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35
Q

What is the position of the hips, knees, and ankles during toddler (1 yr) gait?

A

Hip- externally rotated
Knees- remains flexed
Ankles- PF at heelstrike, DF during swing phase dominished

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36
Q

What three things at the hip are all increased during swing phase for a toddler? (1)

A

Hip flexion
APT
Hip abduction

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37
Q

Single-limb stance is (increased/decreased) for toddlers

A

Decreased

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38
Q

Toddlers have a (wide/narrow) BOS

A

Wide

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39
Q

Where is our center of mass?

A

Slightly in front of S2

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40
Q

What is the definition of COM, according to Neumann?

A

Each body has a point where the COM is evenly distributed

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41
Q

What happens to COM when subjected to gravity?

A

COM of a body closely coincides with its center of gravity

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42
Q

What is COG?

A

Point at which the effects of gravity are completely balanced

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43
Q

What is the point where all of the mass of the object is concentrated?

A

Center of mass

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44
Q

Will an object rotate when supported at its COM?

A

No- there is no net torque acting on the body and it will remain in static equilibrium

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45
Q

An object balances on its

A

COM

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46
Q

How will an object move when kicked in line with its COM?

A

Without rotating

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47
Q

How will an object move when kicked above or below its COM?

A

Will rotate around COM

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48
Q

The exact point of COM will be in the center of

A

Rotation

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49
Q

Are COM and COG synonymous?

A

Yes

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50
Q

Is there only one COM in our entire body?

A

No- each body segment has its own COM, but we sum them all up when considering COM

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51
Q

The COM of the entire body moves relative to what?

A

The body segments

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52
Q

When someone falls, they are doing what?

A

Rotating around the COM/COG

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53
Q

What is the importance of the Fosbury flop?

A

COM goes underneath the body during a high jump

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54
Q

What is the equation for potential energy?

A

Mass x gravity x height

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55
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy that could be converted into acceleration if the object fell to the groun

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56
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy created by the acceleration of a moving body

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57
Q

When is kinetic energy greatest during gait?

A

When the COM is at it’s lowest point

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58
Q

When during gait is the COM at it’s lowest point?

A

IC or opposite IC

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59
Q

When is potential energy at it’s greatest point?

A

When the COM is at the highest point

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60
Q

When is the COM at it’s highest point during the gait cycle?

A

Feet adjacent

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61
Q

Why isn’t the COM at exactly 50% of body height?

A

The top half of the body weighs more than the bottom half

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62
Q

Where does COM reside along the M-L axis?

A

Right in the middle because the body is symmetrical in the frontal plane

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63
Q

Where does COM reside along the vertical axis?

A

Height of S2

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64
Q

Where does COM reside along the AP axis?

A

Right in front of S2

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65
Q

If someone has a R side above knee amputation, what does that do to their COM?

A

COM will move higher and to the L side because w/o the leg, the mass is concentrated higher and on the left

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66
Q

What did the data from Orendurff suggest?

A

Relationship between vertical and ML displacement of COM excursions changes substantially with walking speed

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67
Q

What is a sinusoidal pattern?

A

Sine wave

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68
Q

As speed increases, vertical displacement of COM

A

Increases

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69
Q

As speed increases, ML displacement of COM

A

Decreases

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70
Q

What test could Orendurff use for within subject data?

A

Paired t test or repeated measures ANOVA

BUT they should use repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni

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71
Q

What is postural sway?

A

constant displacement and correction of the COG within the BOS

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72
Q

Are COM and COP the same thing?

A

NO

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73
Q

What is COP?

A

The location of the GRF where your feet are pushing on the ground to control your COM

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74
Q

Which leads which? (COP/COM)

A

COP leads COM

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75
Q

(COM/COP) oscillates about the (COM/COP) to keep the person balanced

A

COP oscillates about the COM

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76
Q

What happens to COP during quiet standing?

A

COP falls almost directly under COM because the accelerations are very small. GRF very close to vertical

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77
Q

Does COM need to stay within the BOS at all times?

A

No- only during quiet standing

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78
Q

Does the COM need to stay within the BOS during movement?

A

No- dynamic stability can be preserved despite short periods in which the body is unsupported

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79
Q

How do you measure COP?

A

Force plates

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80
Q

If we are standing still and only looking at the transverse plane, will the COM and COP be far apart?

A

No

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81
Q

What are the 3 functions of the gait cycle?

A

PT intervention
Surgical intervention
Document change

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82
Q

What 2 things make gait?

A

Controlled fall + recovery

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83
Q

What creates momentum to set the body up for a fall?

A

Swinging limb

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84
Q

During which phase does the outstretched limb catch the body?

A

Early stance

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85
Q

What is the interval between IC of each foot?

A

Step length

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86
Q

What are your double limb support phases?

A

IC, LR, Preswing

87
Q

What are the 3 functional tasks of gait?

A

Weight acceptance (stance)
Single limb support (stance)
Swing limb advancement (swing)

88
Q

What is the fxn of weight acceptance?

A

Stability
Shock absorption
Forward progression

89
Q

What is the fxn of single limb support?

A

Stability

Forward progression

90
Q

What is the fxn of swing limb advancement?

A

Foot clearance

Limb advancement

91
Q

Which phases are weight acceptance?

A

IC, LR

92
Q

Which phases are single limb support?

A

Midstance

Terminal stance

93
Q

Which phases are swing limb advancement?

A

Preswing

Initial, mid, terminal swing

94
Q

What are the 3 critical events that help normal gait?

A

ROM
Torque demand
Muscle activity

95
Q

What is ROM of the hip during IC?

A

20 degrees flexion

96
Q

What is ROM of the knee during IC?

A

5 degrees flexion

97
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during IC?

A

Neutral

98
Q

Which phases have your heel rocker?

A

IC, LR

99
Q

What is ROM of the hip during LR?

A

20 degrees flexion

100
Q

What is ROM of the knee during LR?

A

15 degrees flexion

101
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during LR?

A

5 degrees PF

102
Q

What is ROM of the hip during midstance?

A

Neutral

103
Q

What is ROM of the knee during midstance?

A

5 degrees flexion

104
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during midstance?

A

5 degrees DF

105
Q

Which phase do you have the ankle rocker?

A

Midstance

106
Q

What is ROM of the hip during terminal stance?

A

20 deg apparent hyperextension

107
Q

What is ROM of the knee during terminal stance?

A

5 degrees flexion

108
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during terminal stance?

A

10 degrees DF

109
Q

During which phases do you have the forefoot rocker?

A

Terminal stance

110
Q

What is ROM of the hip during preswing?

A

10 deg apparent hyperextension

111
Q

What is ROM of the knee during preswing?

A

40 deg flexion

112
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during preswing?

A

15 deg PF

113
Q

What is ROM of the hip during initial swing?

A

15 deg flexion

114
Q

What is ROM of the knee during initial swing?

A

60 deg flexion

115
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during initial swing?

A

5 deg PF

116
Q

What is ROM of the hip during midswing?

A

25 deg flexion

117
Q

What is ROM of the knee during midswing?

A

25 deg flexion

118
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during midswing?

A

Neutral

119
Q

What is ROM of the hip during terminal swing?

A

20 deg flexion

120
Q

What is ROM of the knee during terminal swing?

A

5 deg flexion

121
Q

What is ROM of the ankle during terminal swing?

A

Neutral

122
Q

What is the critical event during IC?

A

Heel first contact

123
Q

What is the critical event during LR?

A

Hip stability
Controlled knee flexion
Ankle PF

124
Q

What is the critical event during midstance?

A

Controlled tibial advancement

125
Q

What is the critical event during terminal stance?

A

Controlled ankle DF with heel rise trailing limb

126
Q

What is the critical event during preswing?

A

Passive knee flexion to 40

Ankle PF

127
Q

What is the critical event during initial swing? (in terms of knee flexion and hip flexion)

A

Knee flexion to 60

Hip flexion to 15

128
Q

What is the critical event during midswing?

A

Further hip flexion to 25

Ankle DF to 0

129
Q

What is the critical event during terminal swing?

A

Knee extension to neutral

130
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during IC at the ankle?

A

Pretibials (ant tib)

131
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during LR at the ankle?

A

Pretibials

132
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during midstance at the ankle?

A

Calf

133
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during terminal stance at the ankle?

A

Calf

134
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during preswing at the ankle?

A

None

135
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during initial swing at the ankle?

A

DF

136
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during midswing at the ankle?

A

DF

137
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during terminal swing at the ankle?

A

DF

138
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during IC at the knee?

A

None

139
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during LR at the knee?

A

Quads

140
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during midstance at the knee?

A

Quads then none

141
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during terminal stance at the knee?

A

None

142
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during preswing at the knee?

A

None

143
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during initial swing at the knee?

A

2 jt flexors

Short biceps

144
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during mid swing at the knee?

A

Short head biceps

145
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during terminal swing at the knee?

A

Quads

146
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during IC at the hip?

A

Hip extensors

147
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during LR at the hip?

A

Hip extensors

Hip abductors

148
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during midstance at the hip?

A

None

149
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during terminal stance at the hip?

A

None

150
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during pre-swing at the hip?

A

Minimal add. longus

151
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during initial swing at the hip?

A

2 jt flexors

Hip flexors

152
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during mid swing at the hip?

A

Flexors then extensors

153
Q

What muscle activity is occurring during terminal swing at the hip?

A

Hamstrings then glutes

154
Q

What three movements make up pronation?

A

DF
Eversion
Abduction

155
Q

What three movements make up supination?

A

Inversion
Adduction
PF

156
Q

What position is the calcaneus in during rearfoot valgus?

A

Eversion

157
Q

What position is the calcaneus in during rearfoot varus?

A

Inversion

158
Q

What are you looking for with rearfoot varus/valgus?

A

How the calcaneus lines up with talus, tibia, fibula

159
Q

What are you looking for with forefoot varus/valgus?

A

How the forefoot lines up with the calcaneus

160
Q

Rear foot inverted (rearfoot varus) means the medial side of the ____ will be elevated

A

Heel

161
Q

Forefoot varus and rear foot normal means the medial side of the ____ is elevated

A

Forefoot

162
Q

How do we compensate for rearfoot and forefoot varus?

A

STJ pronation, leaves the foot in an unstable position

163
Q

Where in the gait cycle do we see the most pronation?

A

LR going into midstance

164
Q

Where in the gait cycle do we see supination?

A

Preswing

165
Q

What are the normal biomechanics of the foot during the LR of gait?

A

Eversion of calcaneus
Inward rotation of talus
Medial rotation of ankle joint axis
Internal rotation of tibia

166
Q

What happens to the patellofemoral mechanics during excessive pronation?

A

Increasing IR of tibia

167
Q

Where is the greatest pressure on the foot at heel strike?

A

Heel

168
Q

Where is the greatest pressure on the foot at midstance?

A

Midfoot

169
Q

Where is the greatest pressure on the foot at toe off?

A

First toe

170
Q

Where do you have greater ground reaction forces on the foot when walking?

A

Heel (heel strike) and metatarsal heads (push off)

171
Q

Why is there a small peak in force when the foot initially hits the ground?

A

Rearfoot striking

172
Q

What are the three rockers of normal gait?

A

Heel (first)
Ankle (second)
Forefoot (third)

173
Q

What is the heel rocker characterized by?

A

Heel strike at IC and ankle PF

174
Q

What is the ankle rocker characterized by?

A

Tibial advancement over the foot and DF

175
Q

What is the forefoot rocker characterized by?

A

Heel rise, forefoot DF, and ankle PF

176
Q

What is directional stability?

A

Stability of a moving body about an axis that is perpendicular to its direction of motion

177
Q

If a vehicle is directionally stable, what is produced in a direction opposite to the rotational disturbance?

A

Restoring moment

178
Q

What does stability mean?

A

That after a perturbation the system will return to baseline

179
Q

What is the opposite of stability?

A

Chaos

180
Q

What does instability mean?

A

The system will deviate further from baseline (fail/blow up)

181
Q

What are examples of unstable systems?

A

Things that grow exponentially (population growth)

182
Q

Define postural stability

A

The ability to maintain the position of the body and COM within the stability limits

183
Q

True or false- the term stability can be equated with balance or equilibrium

A

True

184
Q

True or false- stability limits do not change according to the task

A

False- stability limits change according to the individual’s biomechanics/environment

185
Q

What are 3 ways you can increase the stability of an object?

A

Increasing the base of support
Lowering the COM
Increasing the mass of the system

186
Q

Is the area of COP excursion during standing sway considered to be a valid and reliable measure of balance?

A

Yes

187
Q

What is a more valid measure of balance in older adults?

A

Sway with a closed base of support

188
Q

What does closed BOS mean?

A

Feet together

189
Q

What does an open BOS mean?

A

Feet shoulder width apart

190
Q

Sway is a valuable measure of what?

A

Static balance

191
Q

Area of sway (eyes closed) is _____ than the area of sway (eyes open)

A

Larger

192
Q

What are some ways to measure sway path?

A

Sway path length
Sway path length (AP or ML)
AP or ML sway range

193
Q

Why do we study balance with perturbations?

A

Because perturbations are repeatable in an experimental setting

194
Q

What would a greater COP distance or COP velocity following perturbation indicate?

A

Poorer balance

195
Q

What are the three strategies used to control standing balance?

A

Ankle strategy
Hip strategy
Step strategy

196
Q

What is important to note about both the ankle and hip strategy?

A

They can both turn into the step strategy

197
Q

Motion of the platform backwards during the Horak study would cause the subject to sway

A

Forward

198
Q

If the ankle muscles turn on after the hip muscles, which strategy does this indicate?

A

Hip strategy

199
Q

Motion of a platform forward would cause a subject to sway

A

Posteriorly

200
Q

What sway occurred in the young adult group?

A

Posterior sway causing ankle PF

201
Q

What sway occurred in aging group 1?

A

7/12 were normal, but proximal & distal muscles were significantly delayed sompared to young adults

202
Q

What sway occurred in aging group 2?

A

5/12 shows REVERSALS of distal proximal respose. Quads fired before anterior tib.

203
Q

What does the quads firing before the ant tip indicate in aging group 2?

A

A hip strategy instead of an ankle strategy

204
Q

Older adults have (shorter/longer) muscle latency responses (especially distal responses)

A

Longer

205
Q

True or false- younger adults use the hip strategy more

A

False- older adults use the hip strategy more

206
Q

What does EMG activation look like in late independent walking for children?

A

Ankle strategy pattern

EMG activations take place quickly after perturbation

207
Q

How does EMG activity look different in a child with CP?

A

Antagonist and agonist muscles activated during the isometric test.

Neurotypical showed only agonist muscles activating during isometric test

208
Q

What is it called (in a child who has CP) when their agonist and antagonist muscles activate isometrically at the same time?

A

Co-contraction

209
Q

What is a typical pattern of EMG activity in a baby in regards to trunk extensors?

A

Trunk extensors activate earlier to anterior deltoid

210
Q

At what points in the walking gait cycle are the ground reaction forces the greatest?

A

LR, terminal stance

211
Q

What was the THM of the Chester Tinglet and Biden study?

A

Kinematics between groups were not different but kinetics WERE significantly different

212
Q

How much does the COM move up and down during neurotypical gait?

A

5 cm

213
Q

How much does the COM move from side to side during neurotypical gait?

A

4 cm

Biomechanics (1 decks)

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