Exam 3

Question 1

Define limiting resource:

Answer 1

Any resource that limits population size

Question 2

in the food web, what forms the first trophic level?

Answer 2

producers

Question 3

what is a keystone species?

Answer 3

a species that helps hold an ecosystem together

Question 4

A sea otter and a sea star are examples of…..

Answer 4

keystone species

Question 5

which is true of exploitive interactions?

Answer 5

most exploiters dont kill their food source

Question 6

What does the fungus in mycorrhizal associations and the coral in coral algae mutualism have in common?

Answer 6

they gain carbohydrates from the exchange

Question 7

Interaction between populations that enhances the fitness of 1 individual while reducing fitness of the exploited individual

Answer 7

exploitation

Question 8

True or false: Lotka volterra predation model: in the absence of exploitation, hosts or prey will increase exponentially

Answer 8

true

Question 9

True or false: The lotka volterra model has two possible solutions or outcomes: Competitive exclusion or stable coexistence

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or False: Fish aren’t able to indirectly increase the reproductive success of terrestrial plants growing near shore

Answer 10

False

Question 11

In commensalisms:

Answer 11

One is benefited and the other is unaffected

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a constitutive defense?

Answer 12

Large body size

Question 13

Which type of defense is nicotine?

Answer 13

Induced defense

Question 14

Which statement describes a situation that would reduce the stability of a forest ecosystem?

Answer 14

A fierce predator is removed from the ecosystem

Question 15

The Lotka-Volterra competition equations predict that two competing species can coexist if:

Answer 15

when intraspecific competition has a greater effect than interspecific

Question 16

Constitutive defenses:

Answer 16

Are expressed continuously

Question 17

The two types of competition are:

Answer 17

Resource competition

Interference competition

Question 18

Competitive exclusion might be expected when:

Answer 18

Two species co-occur and occupy very similar niches

Question 19

Parasites

Answer 19

Have an intimate relationship with their host

Question 20

When one species affects another species indirectly through its effect on the shared predator, that is called:

Answer 20

apparent competition

Question 21

Coevolution:

Answer 21

Is alluded to by the red queen hypothesis

Question 22

Which of these is not an example of a non consumptive effect?

Answer 22

Rabbits giving birth to more young when food is plentiful

Question 23

When applied to infections disease, R0 is:

Answer 23

The basic reproductive rate

Question 24

When R0 is less than 1:

Answer 24

The disease dies out

Question 25

Which of these is NOT true of facilitative interactions?

Answer 25

They include parasitic interactions

Question 26

In mycorrhizal associations, mycorrhizae:

Answer 26

Can become parasitic

Question 27

After a hike in the forest, you realize there is a burr stuck in your pant leg. You toss it into the trees. This is”

Answer 27

A commensalistic interaction

Question 28

A group of species that depend on the same resource for survival and reproduction is a:

Answer 28

Guild

Question 29

A group of species that performs the same function within the ecological community is a:

Answer 29

functional group

Question 30

Dominant species influence community structure primarily by their:

Answer 30

Great abundance of biomass

Question 31

According to the bottom-up control hypothesis:

Answer 31

Producers are primarily responsible for community structure

Question 32

The effect of wolves in Yellowstone is an example of:

Answer 32

Top-down control

Question 33

Beta diversity is:

Answer 33

A measure of species turnover along an environmental gradient

Question 34

The number of species in a community is the:

Answer 34

Species richness

Question 35

Define competition:

Answer 35

interactions between individuals that have a negative effect on the fitness of the interacting individuals

Question 36

What does the Lotka-Volterra model describe?

Answer 36

The conditions under which two competing species can coexist, based on the strength of competition and the cc of each species within a given environment.

Question 37

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 37

Competition between individuals of different species

Question 38

Define competitive exclusion:

Answer 38

Where one species outcompetes a second species for a limiting resource and excludes it from a habitat.

Question 39

How do ants use formic acid?

Answer 39

As an irritating compound to use both offensively and defensively.

Question 40

Define resource competition

Answer 40

when species compete for a limiting resource such as good, space, or nest sites.

Question 41

Define interference competiton:

Answer 41

Competition in direct, aggressive acts

Question 42

What are the two types of competition?

Answer 42

Resource and Interference

Question 43

Did the book discuss competition for space between barnacle species?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

intertidal zone:

Answer 44

the region between the highest and lowest tides along the oceans shore

Question 45

What are the simplified regions of the intertidal zone?

Answer 45

upper, middle, lower

Question 46

What was Connell's hypothesis as to why distribution changes arose in the regions of the intertidal zone?

Answer 46

He hypothesized this was due to differences in sensitivity to drying out (desiccating) and from interspecific competition for space.

Question 47

Why did Connell choose barnacles for his experiment?

Answer 47

They were small, abundant, easy to handle, and easy to transplant to new habitats.

Question 48

Why were Balanus rare and usually found in the upper intertidal zone?

Answer 48

Because they desiccated easily

Question 49

What seemed to limit the distribution of Balanus?

Answer 49

Moisture level

Question 50

What was the result of Connell's experiment?

Answer 50

Balanus outcompetes Chthamalus for space in the lower intertidal zone