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Ecology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define limiting resource:

A

Any resource that limits population size

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2
Q

in the food web, what forms the first trophic level?

A

producers

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3
Q

what is a keystone species?

A

a species that helps hold an ecosystem together

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4
Q

A sea otter and a sea star are examples of…..

A

keystone species

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5
Q

which is true of exploitive interactions?

A

most exploiters dont kill their food source

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6
Q

What does the fungus in mycorrhizal associations and the coral in coral algae mutualism have in common?

A

they gain carbohydrates from the exchange

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7
Q

Interaction between populations that enhances the fitness of 1 individual while reducing fitness of the exploited individual

A

exploitation

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8
Q

True or false: Lotka volterra predation model: in the absence of exploitation, hosts or prey will increase exponentially

A

true

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9
Q

True or false: The lotka volterra model has two possible solutions or outcomes: Competitive exclusion or stable coexistence

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Fish aren’t able to indirectly increase the reproductive success of terrestrial plants growing near shore

A

False

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11
Q

In commensalisms:

A

One is benefited and the other is unaffected

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of a constitutive defense?

A

Large body size

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13
Q

Which type of defense is nicotine?

A

Induced defense

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14
Q

Which statement describes a situation that would reduce the stability of a forest ecosystem?

A

A fierce predator is removed from the ecosystem

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15
Q

The Lotka-Volterra competition equations predict that two competing species can coexist if:

A

when intraspecific competition has a greater effect than interspecific

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16
Q

Constitutive defenses:

A

Are expressed continuously

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17
Q

The two types of competition are:

A

Resource competition

Interference competition

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18
Q

Competitive exclusion might be expected when:

A

Two species co-occur and occupy very similar niches

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19
Q

Parasites

A

Have an intimate relationship with their host

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20
Q

When one species affects another species indirectly through its effect on the shared predator, that is called:

A

apparent competition

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21
Q

Coevolution:

A

Is alluded to by the red queen hypothesis

22
Q

Which of these is not an example of a non consumptive effect?

A

Rabbits giving birth to more young when food is plentiful

23
Q

When applied to infections disease, R0 is:

A

The basic reproductive rate

24
Q

When R0 is less than 1:

A

The disease dies out

25
Q

Which of these is NOT true of facilitative interactions?

A

They include parasitic interactions

26
Q

In mycorrhizal associations, mycorrhizae:

A

Can become parasitic

27
Q

After a hike in the forest, you realize there is a burr stuck in your pant leg. You toss it into the trees. This is”

A

A commensalistic interaction

28
Q

A group of species that depend on the same resource for survival and reproduction is a:

A

Guild

29
Q

A group of species that performs the same function within the ecological community is a:

A

functional group

30
Q

Dominant species influence community structure primarily by their:

A

Great abundance of biomass

31
Q

According to the bottom-up control hypothesis:

A

Producers are primarily responsible for community structure

32
Q

The effect of wolves in Yellowstone is an example of:

A

Top-down control

33
Q

Beta diversity is:

A

A measure of species turnover along an environmental gradient

34
Q

The number of species in a community is the:

A

Species richness

35
Q

Define competition:

A

interactions between individuals that have a negative effect on the fitness of the interacting individuals

36
Q

What does the Lotka-Volterra model describe?

A

The conditions under which two competing species can coexist, based on the strength of competition and the cc of each species within a given environment.

37
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of different species

38
Q

Define competitive exclusion:

A

Where one species outcompetes a second species for a limiting resource and excludes it from a habitat.

39
Q

How do ants use formic acid?

A

As an irritating compound to use both offensively and defensively.

40
Q

Define resource competition

A

when species compete for a limiting resource such as good, space, or nest sites.

41
Q

Define interference competiton:

A

Competition in direct, aggressive acts

42
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Resource and Interference

43
Q

Did the book discuss competition for space between barnacle species?

A

Yes

44
Q

intertidal zone:

A

the region between the highest and lowest tides along the oceans shore

45
Q

What are the simplified regions of the intertidal zone?

A

upper, middle, lower

46
Q

What was Connell’s hypothesis as to why distribution changes arose in the regions of the intertidal zone?

A

He hypothesized this was due to differences in sensitivity to drying out (desiccating) and from interspecific competition for space.

47
Q

Why did Connell choose barnacles for his experiment?

A

They were small, abundant, easy to handle, and easy to transplant to new habitats.

48
Q

Why were Balanus rare and usually found in the upper intertidal zone?

A

Because they desiccated easily

49
Q

What seemed to limit the distribution of Balanus?

A

Moisture level

50
Q

What was the result of Connell’s experiment?

A

Balanus outcompetes Chthamalus for space in the lower intertidal zone

Ecology (3 decks)

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