Exam 3

Question 1

Raw Equation and norms

Answer 1

Equation: (PIP-Pplat)-flow

Norms: 0.5-2.5 cm H2O/L/sec

Question 2

Poiseuilles Law

Answer 2

Q=3.14×Pr4/8nL

Pressure is inversely related to r4

Question 3

DO2 equation and norm

Answer 3

CO×(CaO2×10)
QT×(CaO2×10)

Norm 5Lpm

Question 4

A-aO2 equation and norm

Answer 4

PAO2-PaO2

Norm: 5-10 mmHg

Question 5

C(a-v) O2 equation and norm

Answer 5

CaO2-CvO2
(Arterial-venous)

Norm 5%

Question 6

VO2 norm and equation

Answer 6

CO×(C(av)O2×10)

Norm 250 mL O2/Minute

Question 7

O2ER equation and norm

Answer 7

CaO2-CvO2/CaO2

Norm: 25%

Question 8

RQ equation and norm

Answer 8

VCO2/VO2

Norm: 0.8

Question 9

3 types of shunts and their associations

Answer 9

Absolute: congestive heart failure, intrapulmonary fistula, vascular lung tumors
Capillary: alveolar collapse, atelectasis, alveolar fluid accumulation, consolidation
Relative: hypoventilation

Question 10

V/Q disorders and severity percentages

Answer 10

Emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, excessive secretions

10%- normal
10-20% intrapulmonary abnormalities
20-30% significant intrapulmonary abnormalities
30% or above life threatening

Question 11

Alveolar ventilation equation and norm

Answer 11

V(minute alveolar ventilation)/Q(CO and perfusion)

Question 12

% shunt equation

Answer 12

CcO2-CaO2/CcO2-CvO2

Question 13

SvO2 and SaO2 norms

Answer 13

SvO2: 65-70%

SAo2: 94-100%

Question 14

Meaning of the steep and flat portions of the O2 dissociation curve

Answer 14

Flat: dissolved O2

Steep: O2 combined with hemoglobin

Question 15

PAO2 equation and norm

Answer 15

(Pb+PH2O)×FiO2-(PvO2×1.25)

Norm 60 mmHg 90%saturation

Question 16

CcO2 equation

Answer 16

(Hb×1.34)+(PAO2×0.003)

Question 17

Cv02 equation and norm

Answer 17

(Hb×1.34×SvO2)+(PvO2×0.003)

Norm 15%

Question 18

CaO2 equation and norm

Answer 18

(Hb×1.34×SaO2)+(Pa02×0.003)

Norm 20%

Question 19

Normal Hb values for male and female

Answer 19

Male:14-16g/100mL

Females 12-15 g/100mL

Question 20

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 20

Hyperventilation
Excessive mechanical ventilation
Emotions

Question 21

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 21

Hypoventilation (excess CO2)
Inadequate medical ventilation
V/Q mismatch

Question 22

Causes of metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 22

Low K
Low Cl
Loss of acid through emissions and suction
Base ingestion

Question 23

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 23

Normal Ion Gap
     Bicarbonate loss
     Early renal failure, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
High Ion Gap
     Gain fixed acids, acid ingestion 
Ketoacidosis, lactic acid build up

Question 24

Venous normal ABG levels

Answer 24

pH: 7.30-7.40
CO2: 42-48
HCO3: 24-30
PvO2: 35-45 mmHg

Question 25

Arterial normal ABG level

Answer 25

pH: 7.35-7.45
CO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
PaO2: 80-100 mmHg

Question 26

What happens when the curve shifts to the left?

Answer 26

Increased pH, temp
Decreased DRG, fetL Hb, COHb, PCO2, P50

O2 unloading is reduced

Question 27

What happens when the curve shifts to the right?

Answer 27

Low pH
High PCO2,temp, DPG, P50

tissue unloading

Question 28

P50 norms and saturation

Answer 28

Norm 27 mmHg with a saturation of 85% at 50

Question 29

Hypoxemia severity levels

Answer 29

Norm 80-100 PaO2
Mild 60-79
Moderate 45-59
Severe less than 40

Question 30

5 types of hypoxia

Answer 30

Hypoxemic Hypoxia:lower PaO2
Anemic Hypoxia: low RBC count
Circulatory Hypoxia: low Co and low perfusion
Affinity Hypoxia: low unloading and release of O2