Exam 3 Flashcards
What is theory
Theory is the foundation for the art of science of nursing
Group of related concepts proposing actions that guide practice
What are the components of a theory
A set of concepts, definitions, relationships and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models
Describes, explains, predicts, and/or prescribes nursing care
What is the nursing paradigm
- person
- health
- environmental/situation
- nursing
What are the types of theory
- grand theories
- middle range theories
- practice theories
What is a nursing theory
Conceptualizes an aspect of nursing to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing care.
Further explain theory
It helps explain an event by defining ideas or concepts, explaining relationships among the concepts and predicting the outcomes
What is a phenomenon
It is the term, description, or label given to describe an idea or responses about an event, situation, a process, a group of events or a group of situations.
What are some examples of phenomena in nursing
Caring, self-care, and pt responses to stress
What is domain
The perspective of a profession or discipline
Provides practical and theoretical aspects of discipline
What is a paradigm
A pattern of beliefs used to describe the domains of a discipline.
What are grand theories
Abstract, broad and complex.
Require further research
Does not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions
Answers the question “what is nursing?” and focus on the whole of nursing rather than on a specific type of nursing
What is a middle-range theory
More limited in scope
Expand on specific concepts or phenomena in a specific field of nursing such as uncertainty, incontinence, social support, quality of life, and caring
What are practice theories
AKA situation-specific theories
Bring theory to the bedside
Don’t direct specific nursing activities or produce change but help to explain pt assessments
What are prescriptive theories
Address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict the consequences
What is a shared theory
Explains a phenomenon specific to the discipline that developed the theory
Ex. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
What is Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
A grand theory focused on pt’s environment which she said nurses should manipulate (ventilation, lights, decreased noice, etc.)
Florence Nightingale is known as what
The founder of modern nursing
What is Peplau’s Interpersonal Theory
A middle-range theory that includes interpersonal relations among a nurse, a pt, and a pt’s family and developing the nurse-patient relationship
She said that nurses help pts reduce anxiety by converting it into constructive actions
Peplau is known as what
The mother of psychiatric nursing
What is Orem’s nursing theory
When applying this grand theory a nurse continually assesses a pt’s ability to perform self-care and intervenes as needed to ensure that pts meet their needs.
According to Orem, people who participate in self-care activities are more likely to improve their health outcomes
What is Leininger’s Culture Care Theory
Human caring varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns.
The major concept of this theory is cultural diversity and the goal of nursing care is to provide a pt with culturally specific nursing care
What is Henderson’s Need Theory
Nurses assist pts with 14 activities until pts can meet these needs for themselves or they help pts have peaceful death
What is Benner & Wrubel Theory
Caring is central to nursing
What is the relationship between nursing theory and nursing research
Theories provide direction for nursing research
Nursing theory and nursing research build the knowledge base for nursing which is then applied to practice
What is theory-generating research
This is research used to develop new theories
This this theory an investigator makes observations to view a phenomenon in a new way.
What is theory testing research
This research determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon.
Testing develops the evidence for describing or predicting pt outcomes.
Researcher has some idea as to how pts respond to phenomenon and generates research questions or hypotheses to test the assumptions of the theory.
What is the purpose of patient education
To help individuals, families, or communities achieve optimal levels of health
What does pt education include
Maintenance and promotion of health and illness prevention
Restoration of health
Coping with impaired functioning
What is teaching
The concept of imparting knowledge through a series of directed activities
What is learning
The purposeful acquisition of new knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills through an experience or external stimulus
What is the role of the nurse in teaching and learning
Teach info that pts and families need to make informed decisions regarding their care
Determine what pts need to know
Identify when pts are ready to learn
What does SPEAK UP stand for
Speak up if you have questions or concerns
Pay attention to the care you get
Educate yourself about your illness
Ask a trusted family member or friend to be your advocate
Know which medicines you take and why
Use a health care organization that has been carefully evaluated
Participate in all decisions about your treatment
Teaching as communication
Closely parallels the communication process
Depends partly on effective interpersonal communication
The learning objective describes what the learner will be able to accomplish after instruction is given
Effective communication involves feedback
What are the domains of learning
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
Kinesthetic
Cognitive domain
Includes all intellectual behaviors and requires thinking
Affective domain
Deals with expression of feelings and development of attitudes, opinions, or values
Psychomotor domain
Involves acquiring skills that require coordination and integration of mental and physical movements
Kinesthetic domain
Involves hands on learning
What are the basic learning principles
Motivation to learn
Ability to learn
Learning environment
What is motivation to learn
Addresses the pt’s desire or willingness to learn
What is ability to learn
Depends on physical and cognitive abilities, developmental level, physical wellness, thought processes
What is learning environment
Allows a person to attend to instruction
What is attentional set
The mental state that allows the learner to focus on and comprehend a learning activity
What is motivation
Force that acts on or within a person to cause the person to behave in a particular way
Requirements for learning environment
Well lit Good ventilation Appropriate furniture Comfortable temp Quiet Private
What is health literacy
The cognitive and social skills that determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to understand and use info in ways that promote and maintain good health
