Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology UAB exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the physical properties to infections

A
  1. mucous ( put it everywhere) it has lysozymes[microbial agent] that enables the breakdown of certain microbial compounds such as breaking up peptidoglycan layers
  2. tight junctions (to help protect the body) tight junctions are full of glycoprotein and adhesions that help lock the cells into place so that they cannot be separated and bacteria cannot get through and in between the cells
  3. SALT-also known as skin-associated lymphoid tissue- extra lymphoid support (infection control in the skin) ex: Langerhans(hangs out in the cell all the time)
  4. GAULT- also known as gut-associated lymphoid tissue-ex: peyers patches, peyers patches are like little pockets that have extra micro-folds.
  5. CFTR- also known as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator - it is a chloride channel embedded in the epithelial tissue of the lungs that helps to modulate chloride ions going in and out which helps hydrate the mucous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the chemical barriers to infections

A
  • ph (make the stomach extremely acidic so that if anything bad gets in there it will be killed)
  • temperature (make the temperature higher than room temperature) ex: constant body temp
  • salt (make the outside of the skin super salty)
  • oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Know the different antimicrobials

A

lysosomes-help break up the mag and limp of peptidoglycan
peroxidases-use catalysts to break up hydrogen peroxide and they create reactive oxygen species which can be a targeted attack against the pathogens
definisms-have proteins around 30 to 40 amino acids long so they really take advantage of electrobiochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Signal barriers to infections

A

All humans should have
1. specific glycoproteins (CD47)
2. Membrane protein called Major Histocompatibility Complex 1 - this is used in a blue person cell
MHC2 is used against a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are histamines related to

A

inflammatTion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe lineages and specific features of leukocytes

A

White blood cells=leukocytes
WBC types:
-Neutrophil(PMN) neutrophil extracellular trap(most abundant leukocyte)*goes and attacks things like cilia
-Eosinophil- release ‘vasoactive’ agents to effect permeability of blood vessels. Eosinophils are made up of tiny granules that are highly acidic (they stain with dye called eosin) granules contain basoactive agents which can affect blood volume
-monocyte- only one nucleus- are able to leave and enter the tissues (extravastation) they differentiate in phagocytes. Monocytes can actually leave places. Monocytes are phagocytes (They can differentiate and usually live in the blood but they can extravasate)
-Lymphocyte- B or T cell ( T and B cells are derived from the same lymphnoid progenitor) Lymphocytes work between the innate and adaptive immune system derived from a lymphnoid progenitor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do B and T cells originate

A

Bone Marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the process and 5 symptoms of inflammations

A
  1. 5 symptoms
    -WRAPS
    Warmth
    Swelling
    Altered Function
    Pain
    Swelling

Process: The splinter pushes skin level resonant floor like staphylococcus aureus deeper into the skin, once it gets deep into the skin, it is considered a pathogen which wreaks havoc. Phagocytotic cells, like macrophages, the launger hans cells, come in and bind to the staphyloccus aureus cells using toll-like receptors and eventually release alarm signals called cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do toll-like receptors know these are pathogens?

A

MAMPS (microbe associated molecular patterns) ex:LPS, flagellin, then more phagocytotic cells enter different tissues to help out (extravasation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of a basic inflammatory response

A

Infection via splinter-> Resident macrophages engulf pathogens and release cytokinesis-> vasoactive factors and cytokinesis help deliver additional phagocytes-> some cytokinesis initiate healing as pathogens are destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

compliment system explained

A

The compliment system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytotic cells to clear microbes and damage cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogens cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

A
  • hormone system that regulates blood pressure

- involves ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What binds to the ACE receptor?

A

SARS-COV-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SARS-COV-2 binds to the ACE receptor (hostamino-terminal lobe) with its S protein (carboxy-terminal domain)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Coronavirus is a positive sense single stranded RNA

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four structual proteins of the corona virus?

A

Membrane(coat)
Envelope(coat)
Nucleoplasmid(inside)
Spike(coat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Steps of lung infection within SARS-COV-2

A
  1. S protein binds to ACE2 receptor
  2. enters via proteolytic cleavage and fuses with host membrane
  3. can immediately begin to create proteins
  4. The negative strand can be used within an RNA-dependent polymerase
  5. N proteins bind RNA, M,E,S proteins and get inside of host ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do new viruses use to undergo exocytosis out of the cell with clathrin-coated residue?

A

Golgibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does SARS coV continue to fight?

A
  • Inactivating host ribosomes (nsp1)

- modifying host mRNA to make them unreadable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basic immunity: The body fights back

A

Dendritic cells process pathogen and present pieces of its called antigens to t cells, these are also called antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cells signal helper T cells?

A

Dendritic cells, which recruit killer T cells. T killer cells kill anything with the antigen (i.e) infected cells by docking to them

24
Q

Elicits primary inflammatory responses

A

Primary responses include:

  • cytokine release
  • Express anti-viral factors
  • pulmonary cell infiltration
  • RAS dysfunction
25
Q

Elicits secondary inflammatory responses

A

Secondary responses include:

  • Skewed macrophage responses
  • acute lung injury
  • cellular damage
26
Q

Which type of cells present the SARS-COV antigen?

A

Dendritic cells

27
Q

What feature of immunocompromised people might make them ineffective of combating SARS COV 2 ?

A
  • if they lack T cells of generally cannot form them at all

- S protein

28
Q

What drugs might work to fight SARS-COV-2?

A
  • add soluble antibodies

- the natural rhythym of wakefullness helps the docking process

29
Q

compare biotrophs and necrotrophs

A
  • Biotrophs do not kill as rapidly, feed on living cells, tend to use hormone salicyclic acid (SA). They want to keep plants alive for as long as possible
  • Necrotrophs want to kill, feed on dead remains (tend to use hormone jasmoic acid (JA) ex: insects, they do not want to mantain the livelyhood of a plant
30
Q

How would a microbial even get into a plant cell?

A

The major cause of plant infections is psuedomonas syringae.

31
Q

Path of war

A

type of classification of microbes thats even more specific than species, subtly different infection mechanism when it enters a plant

32
Q

Two different ways a pathogen can get into a plant cell

A

1) open wound or physical abrasion in the plant cell itself

2) enters through the bottom of the plant cell or plant leaf in the area called the stomata

33
Q

Biotrophic pathway

A

Plant cells are a lot different than human cells in terms of immunity response because on every plant cells that have receptors that pick up on pathogens where as we have special leugosites specialized cells that have toll like receptors

34
Q

What is an example of pattern recognition examples?

A

A toll like receptor is an example of patter recognition examples

35
Q

How do pattern recognition receptors know that this is pseudomonas syringae (bad guy)?

A

(pathogen associated)PAMPS (mamps)(microbial associated) you use the same technology that human immune cells use to recognize pathogens . PAMPS(mamps) recognizes lipopolysaccharides or flagellin to alert the rest of the cell that it has picked up on

36
Q

What is a signal that helps begins the transcription of pathogenisis related genes

A

NPR1

37
Q

SA is alerted in the plant cell which turns on what

A

a protein (nonexpressor of pathogenesis)- related genes (NPR1). SA breaks up into little monomers which can then float to the plant nucleus and then regulates the transcroption of pathogenesis related genes

38
Q

necrotrophic pathway

A

JA synthesized in cell and then it binds and degrades into a repressor. A transcriptional activator is bound to a repressor(defense gene that can be activated) that makes sure the genes are actually transcribed.

39
Q

There are different types of defense proteins that are not exactly in the same family as PRP genes or proteins

A

true

40
Q

2 different immune strategies that plants can use to fight off pathogens

A

Pathogens like psudomonas syringae can actually secrete effector molecules into the immune cell that can interfere with plant immune signaling. It uses T3E (large class of effector molecules) and do a lot of interfering with plant immune signalng. They like to stop transcription, puncture organelles, ect. These molecules are called effector molecules, after a cascade of events they are eventually detected by something called a nucleotide binding rich repeat or (NPS,LPI) in a huge class of proteins called R or resistance proteins.

  • Plant has PAMP immunity
  • Pathogen (psud. syr) fights back with effector molecules that it inserts into the cell but the plant cell picks up on the effector molecules
41
Q

Resistance genes in plants have very similar nucleotide binding regions and IRR regions in plants as well as animals

A

true

42
Q

Protein starts a cascade that will activate reactive oxygen species

A

this messes up the ion channel and works to try to kill the B cell bacterial cell

43
Q

Plant NB-LRR protein

A

is homologous to animal innate immune cells

44
Q

Hypersensitive response(HR)

A

kills infected cells and stronger physical defenses ex: lignin in neighboring cells [infected cells commit apoptpsis]

45
Q

SAR (system aquired resistance)

A

entire plant then increases resistance via SA and PR proteins

46
Q

P syringae also has ice nuclei active proteins (lnaz) which make (lattice) into ice crystals

A

true

47
Q

Hypersensitive response

A

releases reactive oxygen chemicals which kills the cells apoptosis and signals stronger neighboring defenses (enhances lignin) cell wall polymer to ensure pathogen cannot get into neighboring cells

48
Q

something that can happen after hypersenstive responses is systematic accquired resistance (SAR) entire plant then increases resistance via SA and PR proteins

A

true

49
Q

SA to travel upstream in the flowen and make sure infection is known

A

true

50
Q

SAR

A

is ready to fight off whatever resistance there is

51
Q

What expresses almost all of the proteins in the human genome at a fairly low level

A

thymus

52
Q

What happens if t cells in the thymus dont really respond to anything

A

they commit apoptosis

53
Q

What are the most effective types of antigens

A

peptides, because they are much more uniquely shaped

54
Q

Where do MHC1 proteins present antigens

A

from the inside of the cell

55
Q

Two major kinds of adaptive immunity strategies

A

cell mediated- antigens are presented to a T helper cell then the t helper c recruits a t killer cell to come and attack whatever it is that has those antigens
humeral- involves B cells ( B cells are lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow) B cells are the cells that are able to produce antibodies

Microbiology UAB exam 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions