exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
The Troubles
A
Late 1960s - 1998
2
Q
Gérard Prunier
A
1999
3
Q
Genocide was prepared for as far back as 1992 when Habyarimana began negotiating with the RPF
A
Prunier 1999
4
Q
Linda Melvern
A
2004
5
Q
Genocide began planning in 1990 when the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) expanded from 10000 to 30000
A
Melvern, 2004
6
Q
FAR
A
Rwandan Armed Forces
7
Q
RTLMC
A
Radio Television Libre des Milles Collines
8
Q
10% of violence
A
Yanagizawa-Drott, 2014
9
Q
Importation of machetes on a large scale
A
1993
10
Q
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana
A
6 April 1994 with Cyprien Ntaryamira
11
Q
Assassination of PM ______ in ______
A
Agathe Uwilingiyimana 7 April 1994
12
Q
Dallaire 2005
A
By noon on 7 April, the moderate political leadership of Rwanda was dead or in hiding, the potential for a future moderate government was utterly lost.
13
Q
Habyarimana coup
A
1973
14
Q
RPF
A
Rwandan Patriotic Front
15
Q
Ugandan Bush War
A
1986 with the National Resistance Army with Yoweri Museveni
16
Q
Leader of RPF
A
Paul Kagame since 1991
17
Q
Formation of Extremist Hutu groups
A
1993
18
Q
UNAMIR
A
United Nations Mission for Rwanda 1993
19
Q
Habyarimana wife
A
Agathe
20
Q
Akazu
A
Informal organisation of Hutu extremists
21
Q
Hutu Power
A
Anti Tutsi Agenda (Prunier 1999)
22
Q
Hutu Power vehicles
A
Kangura magazine,
Hutu 10 Commandments
1992 Coalition for the Defense of the Republic
23
Q
CDR
A
Coalition for the Defense of the Republic 1992
24
Q
impuzamugambi
A
CPR youth militia
25
Bahutu Manifesto
1957 by Hutu Scholars. First document to label Hutu and Tutsi as separate. Call for transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on Statistical Law.
26
Belgian interference
Early 1960s.
Replaced most Tutsi chiefs with hutu
organised elections for hutu majority
Deposed King
27
Rwanda Independence
1962
28
Inyenzi
Cockroaches (armed Tutsi refugee groups in Burundi Uganda Zaire and Tanzania
By 1964 more than 300 000 Tutsi fled Rwanda
29
OG Hutu and Tutsi migration
700BC - 1500 AD
30
collective name for population
Banyarwanda
31
Assigning Rwanda and Burundi to Germany
Berlin conference of 1884
32
Germany in Rwanda
1897 pact with the King
33
Belgian control
1926 Direct Ruke
34
The Belgians_____
modernised the economy, but Tutsi supremacy remained, leaving the Hutu disenfranchised. (Prunier 1999)
35
Introduction of identity cards
1935 labelling each individual as either Tutsi Hutu Twa or Naturalissdd.
36
Blanket and Dirty Protests
1980 and 81
37
Hunger Strike
1981
38
Bobby Sands Funeral
Over 100000 people attended his funeral in West Belfast
39
IRA received arms from
Gaddafi
40
Brighton Bombings
12 October 1984
| 5 killed 34 Injured
41
Loyalist receiving arms from
South Africa
42
Gerry Adams as leader of Sinn Fein
1983
43
Downing Street Bombins
7 Feb 1991 against John Major
44
Shankill Road Bombing
October 1993 killing 9
45
UDA mass shootings locations
Grey steel and Castlerock
46
Dock lands Blmbing
9 Feb 1996 killing 2 injuring 39 causing £85mill
47
Manchester bombing
1996 injuring 200 and £411mill
48
RIRA Omagh Bombings
August 1998 killing 29
49
GFA main points
restore self government to NI on the basis of power sharing
Executive with 4 main parties
Reform of the RUC to PSNI with a requirement to recruit at least 50% Catholic’s over the next 10 years
Progressive closing of redundant BA barracks and observation towers
50
50th Anniversary of Easter Rising parades
March/April 1966
51
UVF firmed
Shankhill 1966 by Gusty Spence
Declared War in IRA on 21 May
killed 5 Catholic Civilians
52
Civil Rights Campaign
Mid 1960s
53
CRC aims
```
ending job discrimination
ending housing discrimination
ending gerrymandering
one man one vote
reform of police force (90% port)
repeal special powers act
```
54
Peoples Democracy March
1 January 1969 from Belfast to Derry
55
Water and Eldcticity Bombing by loyalists
March and April 1969
56
Resignation of Terrence O’Neill
28 April 1969
57
Battle of the Bogside
12-14 August 1969
58
9 year old in Divis Tower
Patrick Rooney
59
British troops deployed in Derry
15 August 1969
| 8 Dead 750 injured
60
Peace Wall built between Shankhill and Falls
10 September 1969
61
IRA border campaign
1956-62
62
Irish Volunteers firmed
1913
63
Signing of the Ulster Covenant
1912 Edward Carson
64
Easter Rising
1916 Padraig Pearse and James Conolly
| 15 executed
65
Last General Election in Ireland
1918
| Sinn Fein 47%
66
Irish war of independence
1919-21
67
Irish Counties
32
26 Republic
6 Northern
68
Rwandan Genocide
7 April and 15 July 1994
500-1000 000 killed
70% of Tutsi population
69
Troubles as ‘irregular war’ or ‘low level war’
Taylor 2014
70
Died in Teoubles
3500
52% civilians
32% soldiers
16% members of paramilitaries
71
Structural causes of violence
Long term or systemic causes of violent conflict that have become built into the norms, structures and policies of a society. Root causes.
72
Proximate causes
more recent causes that change more quickly and can accentuate structural causes. problems in the social and political institutions. crucial element in determining potential for violence.
73
trigger causes for violence
single key acts (or their threat) that could set off a conflict
74
Galtung
1990
75
Galtung main points
Direct violence is an event
Structural violence a process with ups and downs
Cultural violence an invariance/permenance
cultural violence exists in religion, ideology, language, art, science. it transforms slowly. includes those aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimise direct or structural violence.
76
Burton
1990 OR 2001
77
Burton 2001
Human needs reflect universal motivations - identity, security, recognition
the suppression of a desire for self fulfilment and human development provides a socio-political context of intractable conflict.
78
Burton 1990
Human needs theory serves as a framework to analyse the root causes of conflict. The pursuit of individual needs is the reason behind the formation of identity groups in search of dignity and security.
Conflict resolution will not be achieved without responding to gross inequalities and high levels of alienation
79
Intractable Conflict
Conflict whose affects have become widespread in almost every dimension of human life with the threat of annihilation accompanied by an entrenched and dangerous process of escalation.
The persistence is characterised by sporadic outbreaks of violence.
80
Volkan
2006
The longevity of conflict is ascribed to the accumulation of animosities and other negative emotions that are often supported by collective memory
81
Elite unit of Rwandan Army
Presidential Guard
82
Majority of the actual killings
in the countryside were committed by ordinary civilians under orders from their leaders (Prunier, 1999)
83
Prunier on how mass complicity came about
Hutu being taught that Tutsi were dangerous
Culture of unbending loyalty to authority
Duress (jill or be lulled)
84
First President of Kosovo
Ibrahim Rugova
85
Milosevic becomes president of the presidency of Serbia
8 May 1989
86
Kosovo Assembly announces independence
2 July 1990
87
Serbian assembly dissolves Kosovo
5 July 1990
88
Milosevic elected President of Yugoslavia
26 December 1990
89
Albanian referendum for independence
September 1991
90
unofficial elections for Kosovo president and assembly
24 May 1992
91
Memorandum
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 1986
92
Memorandum points
“physical, political, legal and cultural genocide”
“open and total war” since 1981
Kosovo’s Serb’s status in 1986 is worse defeat than any seen since the liberation from Ottomans in 1804
200 000 Serbs had fled in the past 20 years
“Objective and permanent conditions for the return of the expelled Serbian nation to be created”
93
Death of Tito
4 May 1980
94
Mass Albanian Demonstrations
March and April 1981
95
Major Kosovo Albanian Riots
March 1981
| Orthodox church desecrated several Serb deaths
96
Expulsion of Albanaiand
1877-77
97
Previous instances of Serb/Alb violence
First balkan war 1912-13
WWI
WW2
98
Tito full name
Josip Broz Tito
99
Student demonstrations
1968 greater Albanians representation and language
100
Kosovo declared province
1974
101
Kosovo War
Feb 1998 to 11 June 1999
102
Rwanda population drop
40%
103
Kagame reforms
removal of ethnicity from ID cards
persecution of those responsible
speech laws against divisionism
104
Gacaca courts
Low level traditionally tribal community courts
105
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1994-2015
106
Killings by RPF
1995 Kibeno Massacre, Aus UNAMIR 4000 Govt 338
107
RPF take Kigali
4 July 1994
108
Drumble 2012
“rape squads” “slow, inexorable death”
109
Gikondo Massacre
9 April 110 Tutsi in Polish church. First UNAMIR evidence.
110
European troops land in Rwanda
9 April 1000
111
Nyonge massacre
12 April 1994 1500 Tutsis in Catholic Church.
112
Rwandan death toll
2mill displaced
| Prunier: 800 000 Rwandans may have been murdered in the first 6 weeks a rate 5 time’s higher than during the Holocaust
113
Realism 4 pillars
States are central actors
Until system is anarchic
States act in rational self interest
States desire power to ensure self-preservation (Goodin 2010)
114
Hobbes 1651
human nature is egocentric
115
Offensive Realism
States want to be hegemonies
| Mearshomer 2001
116
Defensive Realism
States want to be safe
| Waltz 1979
117
Liberalism 3 pillars
Power politics is NOT the only possible outcome of international relations
we can have mutual benefits and international cooperation
international organisations and non governmental actors are good
Shiraev 2014
118
Liberalism 3 factors that encourage cooperation
institutions
trade
democracy
Shiraev 2014
119
Constructivism
Significant aspects of international relations are historically and socially constructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential characteristics of world politics (Jackson, 2002)
120
Wendt 1999
The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by those shared ideas rather than given by nature”
121
Falls Curfew
August 1970
122
Death toll NI 1972
Over 500 people, mostly civilians
123
Free Derry
1972
124
Internment introduces
1971
| first 350 all catholic’s
125
Bloody Sunday
30 Jan 1972
| 13 dead
126
PIRA Offensive Campaifn
early 1971
127
1972 Stats for IRA
killed 100 soldiers
wounded 500
carried out 1300 bombing
O’brien 1995
128
Bloody Friday
21 July 1972
22 bombs in Belfast city centre
7 civilians died 2 soldiers
129
British troop concentrations 1972
20:1000
| Highest in any counterinsurgency (Moore 2013)
130
Stormont Suspended
1972
131
Birmingham Pub Bombings
Nov 21 1974
| 21 killed 182 injured
132
Lord Mountbatten
27 August 1979
133
Kosovo casualties
12 000
1.2 million displaced Albanians
164 000 Serbs left in the 7 weeks following NATO’s arrival
134
Further Kosovo violence
HRW 1000 cases of Albanians beating and torturing minorities
Further unrest in 2000 and 2004
135
Yugoslavic Army withdrawal
3 June 1999
136
Nato Arrival
12 June 1999
137
NATO bombing campaign
24 March to 11 June
1000 aircraft
“serbs out, peacekeepers in, refugees back”
138
Nato Authorise Air Strikes
30 Jan 1999
139
Kosovo Peave Talk conference
```
Rambouillet Conference 6 Feb 1999
Nato administration of Kosovo as an autonomous province within YGSLV
30 000 NATO troops
right of passage
immunity
```
140
Serbians accept not really the terms of the agreement
23 March 1999
141
Holbrooke photographed with KLA
June 1999
142
Orahovac
17 July 1998
| Orthodox monasteries looted and raided
143
Gornje Obrinje
26 September 1998 21 Albanians massacred. Image of a child’s doll and streams of displaced people spread around the world (Albert 2012)
144
Judah 2000
For the entire time I was in Kosovo, I never saw an enemy soldier and my unit was never once involved in firing at enemy targets. The tanks which cost 2.5 million each were used to slaughter Albanian children. I am ashamed.
145
UN expresses Grace Conxedn
23 September 1998
146
How many displaced af Grace Concern time
250000 Albanians, 30000 in the woods
147
International community demands to Kosovo
Yugoslav ends it’s offensive against the KLA
| KLA drop bid for independence p
148
Racak Massacre
15 Jan 1999 45 Albanian farmers
149
First President of Kosovo
Ibrahim Rugava
150
KLA first real attack
22 April 1996 4 attacks on Serbian military personnel
151
Leader of KLA
Jakup Krasniqi
KLAs goal was the unification of all Albanian inhabited lands.
Der Spiegel July 1998
152
Judah 1999 diaspora
KLA received financial am material support from Albanian diaspora
153
International Comminity gives Bosnia and Herzegovina sweeping powers
Dec 1997
154
Massive Firefight
March 5 1998 60 Albanians of which 18 women 10 minors
155
Operation
Determined Falcon June 1998
156
Richard ____
Holbrooke
| What’s left of your country will implode
157
Invasion of Ireland by Norman’s
1169
158
Ulster Plantations
1609
159
Glorious Revolution
1690
160
Acts of Union
18007
161
Irish Famine
1845-52
162
Entire Island in their Constituon
Dixon 2008
163
NI Casualties
3500 killed
47 500 injured
1 500 000 population
CAIN 2019
164
Security related killings
158 to April 2018 (Nolan 2018)
165
GFA institutionalised segregation
Whereby political parties must denote themselves as either Nationalist or Unionist politicians continues to reinforce sectarian politics. The GFA, whose aim was to bring down barriers, has actually continued to reinforce them. Cummer 2019
166
Struggle over identity can take on a similar meaning as the struggle over power or resources
Muldoon et al 2007
167
14 year old british protestant male
The Irish are always making trouble and always use violence
168
The potential for future danger influences behaviour and manifests in avoidance
Smith 2019
169
NIRA plays into the fears of the other side
Morrison 2016
170
Sarah Canning
Lyra manages to get Mary Lou McDonald and Arlene Foster into Creggan without any high security or barricades. Those politicians stood amongst us today and that really is the power of Lyra.
171
Lyra death
18 April 2019
