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IR > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Troubles

A

Late 1960s - 1998

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2
Q

Gérard Prunier

A

1999

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3
Q

Genocide was prepared for as far back as 1992 when Habyarimana began negotiating with the RPF

A

Prunier 1999

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4
Q

Linda Melvern

A

2004

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5
Q

Genocide began planning in 1990 when the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) expanded from 10000 to 30000

A

Melvern, 2004

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6
Q

FAR

A

Rwandan Armed Forces

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7
Q

RTLMC

A

Radio Television Libre des Milles Collines

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8
Q

10% of violence

A

Yanagizawa-Drott, 2014

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9
Q

Importation of machetes on a large scale

A

1993

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10
Q

Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana

A

6 April 1994 with Cyprien Ntaryamira

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11
Q

Assassination of PM ______ in ______

A

Agathe Uwilingiyimana 7 April 1994

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12
Q

Dallaire 2005

A

By noon on 7 April, the moderate political leadership of Rwanda was dead or in hiding, the potential for a future moderate government was utterly lost.

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13
Q

Habyarimana coup

A

1973

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14
Q

RPF

A

Rwandan Patriotic Front

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15
Q

Ugandan Bush War

A

1986 with the National Resistance Army with Yoweri Museveni

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16
Q

Leader of RPF

A

Paul Kagame since 1991

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17
Q

Formation of Extremist Hutu groups

A

1993

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18
Q

UNAMIR

A

United Nations Mission for Rwanda 1993

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19
Q

Habyarimana wife

A

Agathe

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20
Q

Akazu

A

Informal organisation of Hutu extremists

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21
Q

Hutu Power

A

Anti Tutsi Agenda (Prunier 1999)

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22
Q

Hutu Power vehicles

A

Kangura magazine,
Hutu 10 Commandments
1992 Coalition for the Defense of the Republic

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23
Q

CDR

A

Coalition for the Defense of the Republic 1992

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24
Q

impuzamugambi

A

CPR youth militia

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25
Q

Bahutu Manifesto

A

1957 by Hutu Scholars. First document to label Hutu and Tutsi as separate. Call for transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on Statistical Law.

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26
Q

Belgian interference

A

Early 1960s.
Replaced most Tutsi chiefs with hutu
organised elections for hutu majority
Deposed King

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27
Q

Rwanda Independence

A

1962

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28
Q

Inyenzi

A

Cockroaches (armed Tutsi refugee groups in Burundi Uganda Zaire and Tanzania
By 1964 more than 300 000 Tutsi fled Rwanda

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29
Q

OG Hutu and Tutsi migration

A

700BC - 1500 AD

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30
Q

collective name for population

A

Banyarwanda

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31
Q

Assigning Rwanda and Burundi to Germany

A

Berlin conference of 1884

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32
Q

Germany in Rwanda

A

1897 pact with the King

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33
Q

Belgian control

A

1926 Direct Ruke

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34
Q

The Belgians_____

A

modernised the economy, but Tutsi supremacy remained, leaving the Hutu disenfranchised. (Prunier 1999)

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35
Q

Introduction of identity cards

A

1935 labelling each individual as either Tutsi Hutu Twa or Naturalissdd.

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36
Q

Blanket and Dirty Protests

A

1980 and 81

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37
Q

Hunger Strike

A

1981

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38
Q

Bobby Sands Funeral

A

Over 100000 people attended his funeral in West Belfast

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39
Q

IRA received arms from

A

Gaddafi

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40
Q

Brighton Bombings

A

12 October 1984

5 killed 34 Injured

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41
Q

Loyalist receiving arms from

A

South Africa

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42
Q

Gerry Adams as leader of Sinn Fein

A

1983

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43
Q

Downing Street Bombins

A

7 Feb 1991 against John Major

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44
Q

Shankill Road Bombing

A

October 1993 killing 9

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45
Q

UDA mass shootings locations

A

Grey steel and Castlerock

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46
Q

Dock lands Blmbing

A

9 Feb 1996 killing 2 injuring 39 causing £85mill

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47
Q

Manchester bombing

A

1996 injuring 200 and £411mill

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48
Q

RIRA Omagh Bombings

A

August 1998 killing 29

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49
Q

GFA main points

A

restore self government to NI on the basis of power sharing
Executive with 4 main parties
Reform of the RUC to PSNI with a requirement to recruit at least 50% Catholic’s over the next 10 years
Progressive closing of redundant BA barracks and observation towers

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50
Q

50th Anniversary of Easter Rising parades

A

March/April 1966

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51
Q

UVF firmed

A

Shankhill 1966 by Gusty Spence
Declared War in IRA on 21 May
killed 5 Catholic Civilians

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52
Q

Civil Rights Campaign

A

Mid 1960s

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53
Q

CRC aims

A 
ending job discrimination
ending housing discrimination
ending gerrymandering
one man one vote
reform of police force (90% port)
repeal special powers act
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54
Q

Peoples Democracy March

A

1 January 1969 from Belfast to Derry

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55
Q

Water and Eldcticity Bombing by loyalists

A

March and April 1969

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56
Q

Resignation of Terrence O’Neill

A

28 April 1969

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57
Q

Battle of the Bogside

A

12-14 August 1969

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58
Q

9 year old in Divis Tower

A

Patrick Rooney

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59
Q

British troops deployed in Derry

A

15 August 1969

8 Dead 750 injured

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60
Q

Peace Wall built between Shankhill and Falls

A

10 September 1969

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61
Q

IRA border campaign

A

1956-62

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62
Q

Irish Volunteers firmed

A

1913

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63
Q

Signing of the Ulster Covenant

A

1912 Edward Carson

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64
Q

Easter Rising

A

1916 Padraig Pearse and James Conolly

15 executed

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65
Q

Last General Election in Ireland

A

1918

Sinn Fein 47%

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66
Q

Irish war of independence

A

1919-21

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67
Q

Irish Counties

A

32
26 Republic
6 Northern

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68
Q

Rwandan Genocide

A

7 April and 15 July 1994
500-1000 000 killed
70% of Tutsi population

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69
Q

Troubles as ‘irregular war’ or ‘low level war’

A

Taylor 2014

70
Q

Died in Teoubles

A

3500
52% civilians
32% soldiers
16% members of paramilitaries

71
Q

Structural causes of violence

A

Long term or systemic causes of violent conflict that have become built into the norms, structures and policies of a society. Root causes.

72
Q

Proximate causes

A

more recent causes that change more quickly and can accentuate structural causes. problems in the social and political institutions. crucial element in determining potential for violence.

73
Q

trigger causes for violence

A

single key acts (or their threat) that could set off a conflict

74
Q

Galtung

A

1990

75
Q

Galtung main points

A

Direct violence is an event
Structural violence a process with ups and downs
Cultural violence an invariance/permenance

cultural violence exists in religion, ideology, language, art, science. it transforms slowly. includes those aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimise direct or structural violence.

76
Q

Burton

A

1990 OR 2001

77
Q

Burton 2001

A

Human needs reflect universal motivations - identity, security, recognition

the suppression of a desire for self fulfilment and human development provides a socio-political context of intractable conflict.

78
Q

Burton 1990

A

Human needs theory serves as a framework to analyse the root causes of conflict. The pursuit of individual needs is the reason behind the formation of identity groups in search of dignity and security.
Conflict resolution will not be achieved without responding to gross inequalities and high levels of alienation

79
Q

Intractable Conflict

A

Conflict whose affects have become widespread in almost every dimension of human life with the threat of annihilation accompanied by an entrenched and dangerous process of escalation.
The persistence is characterised by sporadic outbreaks of violence.

80
Q

Volkan

A

2006
The longevity of conflict is ascribed to the accumulation of animosities and other negative emotions that are often supported by collective memory

81
Q

Elite unit of Rwandan Army

A

Presidential Guard

82
Q

Majority of the actual killings

A

in the countryside were committed by ordinary civilians under orders from their leaders (Prunier, 1999)

83
Q

Prunier on how mass complicity came about

A

Hutu being taught that Tutsi were dangerous
Culture of unbending loyalty to authority
Duress (jill or be lulled)

84
Q

First President of Kosovo

A

Ibrahim Rugova

85
Q

Milosevic becomes president of the presidency of Serbia

A

8 May 1989

86
Q

Kosovo Assembly announces independence

A

2 July 1990

87
Q

Serbian assembly dissolves Kosovo

A

5 July 1990

88
Q

Milosevic elected President of Yugoslavia

A

26 December 1990

89
Q

Albanian referendum for independence

A

September 1991

90
Q

unofficial elections for Kosovo president and assembly

A

24 May 1992

91
Q

Memorandum

A

Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 1986

92
Q

Memorandum points

A

“physical, political, legal and cultural genocide”
“open and total war” since 1981
Kosovo’s Serb’s status in 1986 is worse defeat than any seen since the liberation from Ottomans in 1804
200 000 Serbs had fled in the past 20 years
“Objective and permanent conditions for the return of the expelled Serbian nation to be created”

93
Q

Death of Tito

A

4 May 1980

94
Q

Mass Albanian Demonstrations

A

March and April 1981

95
Q

Major Kosovo Albanian Riots

A

March 1981

Orthodox church desecrated several Serb deaths

96
Q

Expulsion of Albanaiand

A

1877-77

97
Q

Previous instances of Serb/Alb violence

A

First balkan war 1912-13
WWI
WW2

98
Q

Tito full name

A

Josip Broz Tito

99
Q

Student demonstrations

A

1968 greater Albanians representation and language

100
Q

Kosovo declared province

A

1974

101
Q

Kosovo War

A

Feb 1998 to 11 June 1999

102
Q

Rwanda population drop

A

40%

103
Q

Kagame reforms

A

removal of ethnicity from ID cards
persecution of those responsible
speech laws against divisionism

104
Q

Gacaca courts

A

Low level traditionally tribal community courts

105
Q

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

A

1994-2015

106
Q

Killings by RPF

A

1995 Kibeno Massacre, Aus UNAMIR 4000 Govt 338

107
Q

RPF take Kigali

A

4 July 1994

108
Q

Drumble 2012

A

“rape squads” “slow, inexorable death”

109
Q

Gikondo Massacre

A

9 April 110 Tutsi in Polish church. First UNAMIR evidence.

110
Q

European troops land in Rwanda

A

9 April 1000

111
Q

Nyonge massacre

A

12 April 1994 1500 Tutsis in Catholic Church.

112
Q

Rwandan death toll

A

2mill displaced

Prunier: 800 000 Rwandans may have been murdered in the first 6 weeks a rate 5 time’s higher than during the Holocaust

113
Q

Realism 4 pillars

A

States are central actors
Until system is anarchic
States act in rational self interest
States desire power to ensure self-preservation (Goodin 2010)

114
Q

Hobbes 1651

A

human nature is egocentric

115
Q

Offensive Realism

A

States want to be hegemonies

Mearshomer 2001

116
Q

Defensive Realism

A

States want to be safe

Waltz 1979

117
Q

Liberalism 3 pillars

A

Power politics is NOT the only possible outcome of international relations
we can have mutual benefits and international cooperation
international organisations and non governmental actors are good

Shiraev 2014

118
Q

Liberalism 3 factors that encourage cooperation

A

institutions
trade
democracy

Shiraev 2014

119
Q

Constructivism

A

Significant aspects of international relations are historically and socially constructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential characteristics of world politics (Jackson, 2002)

120
Q

Wendt 1999

A

The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by those shared ideas rather than given by nature”

121
Q

Falls Curfew

A

August 1970

122
Q

Death toll NI 1972

A

Over 500 people, mostly civilians

123
Q

Free Derry

A

1972

124
Q

Internment introduces

A

1971

first 350 all catholic’s

125
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

30 Jan 1972

13 dead

126
Q

PIRA Offensive Campaifn

A

early 1971

127
Q

1972 Stats for IRA

A

killed 100 soldiers
wounded 500
carried out 1300 bombing
O’brien 1995

128
Q

Bloody Friday

A

21 July 1972
22 bombs in Belfast city centre
7 civilians died 2 soldiers

129
Q

British troop concentrations 1972

A

20:1000

Highest in any counterinsurgency (Moore 2013)

130
Q

Stormont Suspended

A

1972

131
Q

Birmingham Pub Bombings

A

Nov 21 1974

21 killed 182 injured

132
Q

Lord Mountbatten

A

27 August 1979

133
Q

Kosovo casualties

A

12 000
1.2 million displaced Albanians
164 000 Serbs left in the 7 weeks following NATO’s arrival

134
Q

Further Kosovo violence

A

HRW 1000 cases of Albanians beating and torturing minorities
Further unrest in 2000 and 2004

135
Q

Yugoslavic Army withdrawal

A

3 June 1999

136
Q

Nato Arrival

A

12 June 1999

137
Q

NATO bombing campaign

A

24 March to 11 June
1000 aircraft
“serbs out, peacekeepers in, refugees back”

138
Q

Nato Authorise Air Strikes

A

30 Jan 1999

139
Q

Kosovo Peave Talk conference

A 
Rambouillet Conference 6 Feb 1999
Nato administration of Kosovo as an autonomous province within YGSLV
30 000 NATO troops 
right of passage
immunity
140
Q

Serbians accept not really the terms of the agreement

A

23 March 1999

141
Q

Holbrooke photographed with KLA

A

June 1999

142
Q

Orahovac

A

17 July 1998

Orthodox monasteries looted and raided

143
Q

Gornje Obrinje

A

26 September 1998 21 Albanians massacred. Image of a child’s doll and streams of displaced people spread around the world (Albert 2012)

144
Q

Judah 2000

A

For the entire time I was in Kosovo, I never saw an enemy soldier and my unit was never once involved in firing at enemy targets. The tanks which cost 2.5 million each were used to slaughter Albanian children. I am ashamed.

145
Q

UN expresses Grace Conxedn

A

23 September 1998

146
Q

How many displaced af Grace Concern time

A

250000 Albanians, 30000 in the woods

147
Q

International community demands to Kosovo

A

Yugoslav ends it’s offensive against the KLA

KLA drop bid for independence p

148
Q

Racak Massacre

A

15 Jan 1999 45 Albanian farmers

149
Q

First President of Kosovo

A

Ibrahim Rugava

150
Q

KLA first real attack

A

22 April 1996 4 attacks on Serbian military personnel

151
Q

Leader of KLA

A

Jakup Krasniqi
KLAs goal was the unification of all Albanian inhabited lands.
Der Spiegel July 1998

152
Q

Judah 1999 diaspora

A

KLA received financial am material support from Albanian diaspora

153
Q

International Comminity gives Bosnia and Herzegovina sweeping powers

A

Dec 1997

154
Q

Massive Firefight

A

March 5 1998 60 Albanians of which 18 women 10 minors

155
Q

Operation

A

Determined Falcon June 1998

156
Q

Richard ____

A

Holbrooke

What’s left of your country will implode

157
Q

Invasion of Ireland by Norman’s

A

1169

158
Q

Ulster Plantations

A

1609

159
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

1690

160
Q

Acts of Union

A

18007

161
Q

Irish Famine

A

1845-52

162
Q

Entire Island in their Constituon

A

Dixon 2008

163
Q

NI Casualties

A

3500 killed
47 500 injured
1 500 000 population
CAIN 2019

164
Q

Security related killings

A

158 to April 2018 (Nolan 2018)

165
Q

GFA institutionalised segregation

A

Whereby political parties must denote themselves as either Nationalist or Unionist politicians continues to reinforce sectarian politics. The GFA, whose aim was to bring down barriers, has actually continued to reinforce them. Cummer 2019

166
Q

Struggle over identity can take on a similar meaning as the struggle over power or resources

A

Muldoon et al 2007

167
Q

14 year old british protestant male

A

The Irish are always making trouble and always use violence

168
Q

The potential for future danger influences behaviour and manifests in avoidance

A

Smith 2019

169
Q

NIRA plays into the fears of the other side

A

Morrison 2016

170
Q

Sarah Canning

A

Lyra manages to get Mary Lou McDonald and Arlene Foster into Creggan without any high security or barricades. Those politicians stood amongst us today and that really is the power of Lyra.

171
Q

Lyra death

A

18 April 2019

IR (1 decks)

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