Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 333 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

sound

A

Vibrations that travel through the air or another medium as pressure waves of condensation and rarefaction, and can be heard when they reach a person’s/animal’s ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the fundamental properties of sound, and how are they measured? What do we perceive them as?

A
  • Frequency: Number of cycles per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Perceived as pitch.
  • Amplitude: Magnitude of the pressure wave, measured in decibels (dB). Perceived as loudness.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to sound when it impinges on objects in the environment?

A

It can be…

  • Reflected by the object, creating an echo
  • Transmitted, with some of the sound going through the object
  • Absorbed by the object
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is sound affected by our head and outer ear?

A

Our head’s position can influence how much sound reaches our ears, and can create a sound shadow if it blocks the sound waves from one ear. The outer ear amplifies the sound and funnels it to the eardrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

outer ear

A

Includes the pinna and ear canal. This is the ear that collects sound, amplifies it, and channels it to the eardrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

middle ear

A

In between the eardrum and cochlea, the middle ear helps protect the inner ear and also performs impedance matching through the use of 3 ossicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

impedance matching

A

More force is required to produce a given vibration in a fluid (such as in the cochlea) than in air, so the ossicles of the middle ear amplify the vibrations of the ear drum by concentrating force from a large area onto a small area (the oval window) and acting like a lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hearing

A

The detection and analysis of vibrations transmitted to the ear as pressure waves in a medium such as air. A specialized form of mechanoreception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

simple sound

A

A pure tone, containing only 1 frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

complex sound

A

A sound containing more than one frequency with different amplitudes and relative phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spectrum of a sound

A

The frequency composition of a sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

harmonics

A

frequencies in a sound that are integer multiples of some fundamental frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

timbre

A

The character of a sound (beyond its pitch and loudness), determined by the spectrum of harmonics in the sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fundamental frequency

A

The frequency in a sound that is perceived as the pitch, and which all the other harmonics are multiples of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fourier analysis

A

The mathematical process of breaking down a complex waveform into its component sine waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inner ear

A

The part of the ear that completes transduction and spectral frequency analysis, as well as balance. The vestibular system in the inner ear works on balance. The cochlea contains the receptor cells for hearing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when pure tones of different frequencies are presented simultaneously?

A

They interact with each other. If they’re in-phase with each other (their waveforms line up), they sum together. If they’re out-of-phase (their waveforms are exactly opposite), they cancel each other out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cochlea

A

The site at which vibrations of the stapes and inner ear fluid are transduced to neural responses. Divided into 3 fluid-filled compartments, with the scala vestibuli above the scala media, and the scala tympani below that, separated from the media by the basilar membrane, on which rests the organ of Corti.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

organ of Corti

A

On the basilar membrane below the scala media, the organ of Corti has 3 rows of outer hair cells and 1 row of inner hair cells (the receptor cells for hearing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hair cells

A

The auditory receptor cells, located on the organ of Corti. Top is covered in hair-like stereocilia, which contact the tectoral membrane and are bent according to the movement of it and the basilar membrane. Contacted by afferent projections of spinal ganglion cells from deep within the cochlea, as well as efferent nerve endings from the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the steps of transduction in the auditory system?

A
  • Vibrations from the stapes against the oval window of the cochlea cause upward and downward movement of the scala media
  • Basilar membrane moves with the scala media, more than the tectoral plate moves, creating shearing forces on the hair cells
  • Hair cells’ tip-links stretching causes K+ channels to open, allowing potassium to flow in
  • Entry of K+ opens voltage-gated calcium channels
  • Calcium influx triggers graded release of glutamate from vesicles at the base of the hair cell
  • Ganglion cells fire action potentials (or don’t) depending on amount of glutamate received
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What sound parameter is mapped throughout the auditory system?

A

Frequency (through the tonotopic map)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the cochlea accomplish frequency analysis?

A

The basilar membrane is stiffer at the base, and wider and looser at the apex. This causes high frequencies to cause max vibration at the base, and low frequencies to cause max vibration at the apex. This results in an internal tonotopic map of frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Links the middle ear with the naso-pharyngeal cavity so that the middle ear can adjust to changes in atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 ossicles in the middle ear

A
  • Maellus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)

The stapes is the bone that presses against the membrane of the oval window to send vibrations into the cochlear fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

perilymph

A

The fluid in the scala tympani and scala vestibuli in the cochlea, similar to extracellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endolymph

A

The fluid in the scala media in the cochlea, high in K+ ions

28
Q

spiral ganglion cells

A

The first neurons in the auditory system. Contact the hair cells and generate APs depending on the amount of glutamate they receive from hair cells. Cell bodies are located in the center of the cochlea’s spiral.

29
Q

stereocilia

A

Hair-like structures at the tops of hair cells. Connected to neighboring stereocilia by tip-links, which open and close K+ channels depending on stretching.

30
Q

human hearing range

A

20-20,000 Hz and 0 dB absolute threshold

31
Q

Why do large animals generally have good hearing for low frequencies?

A

A larger cochlea allows more space for the low frequencies to travel across and be perceived

32
Q

phase-locking of auditory nerve fibers

A

Auditory nerve fibers sensitive to low frequencies fire at the same part (phase) of every cycle. This is important to hearing because…

33
Q

frequency tuning curve

A

The combination of frequencies and intensities to which an auditory nerve fiber responds. This is the traditional way of characterizing a neuron’s filter properties, and could be thought of as a non-spatial receptive field

34
Q

What cues are used to determine the location of a sound source in the horizontal (azimuthal) dimension? Where in the brain are these cues processed? What is the neural circuitry that compares sounds at the two ears?

A

Interaural Time Differences and Interaural Intensity Differences between the two ears, for low frequency and high frequency sounds, respectively. These cues are processed in the Superior Olivary Complex. In the medial superior olive (MSO), neurons are tuned to specific ITD’s, and act as coincidence detectors for low-frequency sounds. In the lateral superior olive (LSO), neurons receive excitatory info from one ear and inhibitory info from the other. The summation of these signals determines its output.

35
Q

What two aspects of neural activity convey information about the pitch of a sound?

A

Firing rate and which neurons are firing (neurons are tuned to specific frequencies)

36
Q

Can the activity of a single auditory nerve fiber provide unambiguous information about sound amplitude? Why or why not? What about pitch?

A

No, because the same number of AP’s in a single neuron can be evoked by multiple combinations of frequency and intensity. We need to reference the population code to actually determine amplitude and frequency.

37
Q

In what ways are the auditory and somatosensory systems similar? In what ways are they different?

A

Similar:

  • Mechanoreception
  • Maintain organization at multiple levels

Different:

  • Auditory system neurons have non-spatial receptive fields, while somatosensory receptive fields are related to a specific point on the body.
  • Auditory system involved with stimuli far from our bodies
38
Q

In what ways are the auditory and somatosensory systems similar? In what ways are they different?

A

Similar:

  • Mechanoreception
  • Maintain organization at multiple levels

Different:

  • Auditory system neurons have non-spatial receptive fields, while somatosensory receptive fields are related to a specific point on the body.
  • Auditory system involved with stimuli far from our bodies
39
Q

precedence effect

A

When two sounds occur at different locations, within about 70 msof one another, the sound is perceived as coming from the location of the first sound. Helps localize sounds in an environment with significant echoes.

40
Q

How is auditory perception influenced by other sensory modalities?

A

The movement of our head/bodies influences what we can hear. In owls, the map of the auditory space is compared with the map of the visual space

41
Q

In what ways are the auditory and visual systems similar? In what ways are they different?

A

Different:

  • Visual system relies on both depolarization and hyperpolarization to send messages, auditory system relies only on depolarization
  • Visual system has spatial receptive fields corresponding to space in the visual field, auditory system has receptive fields based on frequency/intensity
42
Q

characteristic temporal response of an auditory nerve fiber

A
  • There is a big burst of APs at the start of a sound
  • Number of APs decays to a sustained steady state for the duration of the stimulus
  • Once the stimulus stops, returns to the spontaneous (normal) firing rate
43
Q

rate-frequency functions

A

A graph in which firing rate is related to frequency/intensity of a sound

44
Q

binaural system

A

Pathway in the Superior Olivary Complex in the auditory brainstem that receives input from both ears and helps answer “Where?” the sound it coming from.

45
Q

superior olivary complex

A

Part of the brainstem. Sound info comes here from the cochlear nuclei of both ears. Composed of medial superior olive (MSO) and the lateral superior olive (LSO)

46
Q

isofrequency contour

A

A sheet of neurons all tuned to the same frequency

47
Q

interaural intensity difference (IID)

A

The difference in sound intensity between the two ears; varies as a function of sound source position. Neurons in the LSO analyze IID from both ears and respond at different IID’s.

48
Q

precedence effect

A

When two sounds occur at different locations, within about 70 ms of one another, the sound is perceived as coming from the location of the first sound. The precedence effect helps localize sounds in an environment with significant echoes.

49
Q

cocktail party effect

A

When there are multiple sound sources, we are able to separate the streams of sound to selectively attend to just one. This is done through the process of auditory stream segregation

50
Q

characteristics of an attention-grabbing sound

A
  • Relatively short (not droning)
  • High contrast with volume of environment
  • Meaningful
  • Novel
51
Q

stream segregation

A

The nervous system processes and organizes the information from many separate frequency channels so that we perceive multiple sound sources in 3-D space, producing meaningful patterns that are separate from one another.

52
Q

spatial separation

A

A binaural cue for auditory stream separation. Frequencies coming from different points in space produce different IIDs and ITDs. Frequency components with the same IID/ITD values will be grouped together. Law of Proximity.

53
Q

spectral separation

A

A monaural cue for auditory stream separation. Tones within a given frequency range are grouped separately from those in a higher or lower range. Law of Similarity

54
Q

harmonicity

A

A spectral cue for auditory stream separation. Frequencies that are harmonically related may be grouped together.

55
Q

spectral profile

A

A spectral cue for auditory stream separation. Frequency components whose relative amplitudes remain constant across the sound may be grouped together may be grouped together. Law of Common Fate / Law of Good Continuation

56
Q

temporal separation

A

A timing cue for auditory stream separation, Frequency components that occur at different times may be separated. (Law of proximity)

57
Q

temporal onsets and offsets

A

A timing cue for auditory stream separation. Frequencies that have the same onset and offset time belong together. Law of common fate.

58
Q

temporal modulations

A

A timing cue for auditory stream separation. Frequency components that change together belong together. Law of common fate.

59
Q

closure in auditory perception

A

AKA picket fence effect. “Filling in” of sounds with gaps as though they are continuous when they are presented with a sound burst in the gaps, because we assume good continuation and think the sound is continuing behind the “masking” sound bursts.

60
Q

McGurk effect

A

What we see influences what we hear.

61
Q

inferior colliculus

A

Receives convergent information from the cochlear nucleus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and superior olivary complex. Has neurons tuned to all kinds of sound parameters. Integrates all of the info from different frequency ranges, from different times, and with different IIDs/ITDs. It sends information to the thalamus and premotor pathways in SC and cerebellum.

62
Q

medial geniculate

A

Region in the thalamus that receives auditory information from the inferior colliculus.

63
Q

FM-direction-selective neurons

A

Neurons in the inferior colliculus that respond only to a sound that changes in frequency from high to low or vice versa.

64
Q

delay-tuned neurons

A

Some neurons in the IC respond selectively to two sounds separated by a specific interval, or “delay” between one sound and the next. They respond poorly or not at all to a single sound.

65
Q

auditory flutter fusion frequency

A

Frequency at which individual stimuli fuse perceptually and are perceived as a single ongoing tone.

66
Q

auditory masking

A

Perception of one sound is changed by the occurrence of another sound.

67
Q

temporal masking

A

the characteristic of the auditory system where sounds are hidden due to maskers which have just disappeared, or even before maskers which are about to appear.

PSYCH 333 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions