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PSYC 350 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of obsession

A

Recurrent intrusive thought, impulse or image that causes anxiety and can’t be dismissed or put out one’s mind

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2
Q

common themes of obsession

A

Aggression, contamination, religious/blasphemy, pathological doubt/loss, sexuality, symmetry

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3
Q

definition of compulsion

A

Repetitive action (ritual) person feels compelled to do, interferes with function & cause clinical stress

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4
Q

what’s required for DSM diagnosis of OCD

A

either obsession or compulsion

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5
Q

OCPD

A

personality disorder people are perfectionist, anal, controlling, neat-freaks

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6
Q

ACC and OCD

A

dysfunction leads to sense that something is always wrong (compulsions seek to relieve this anxiety)

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7
Q

serotonin and OCD

A

increased serotonin production can calm the ACC down

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8
Q

exposure & ritual prevention treatment for OCD (response rate)

A

86% response

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9
Q

antidepressant treatment of OCD (response rate)

A

40% response

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10
Q

PANDAS

A

immune system can get so aggressive getting rid of strep, it can attack basal ganglia (attention fixation) and its inhibitory circuits; link to OCD

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11
Q

definition of trauma

A

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

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12
Q

major symptoms of PTSD

A

intrusion, avoidance, altered cognition/mood, hyperarousal (SNS)

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13
Q

prevalence rate of PTSD

A

7%

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14
Q

heritability of PTSD

A

genetic vulnerability explains 30% of incidences

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15
Q

adverse childhood experience study

A

more adverse events as a child, greater chance for issues in adulthood; shorter life expectancy for 6 or more traumatic experiences

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16
Q

epigenetic changes

A

early experience of trauma changes brain and sometimes permanently sensitizes fight/flight/freeze response

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17
Q

predictors of PTSD

A

lack of social support, perceived severity, use of physical violence in trauma, DSM comorbidity

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18
Q

benign world schema

A

if a person believes the world is a safe place experiences trauma, they face a greater risk of PTSD because traumatic event shatters their worldview

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19
Q

psychological predictor of suicidality

A

hopelessness

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20
Q

four elements of suicide risk assessment

A

ideation, intent, plan, means

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21
Q

social contagion

A

increased risk of suicide after a high-profile suicide

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22
Q

sleep architecture and depression

A

increased REM sleep, decreased slow-wave sleep (repairing to brain, replenishing of resources takes place during slow-wave sleep)

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23
Q

Left frontal cortex and depression

A

reduced left frontal activity (reduced initiative/drive to achieve goals)

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24
Q

inflammation and depression

A

cortisol short-term release is anti-inflammatory, but chronic cortisol elevation- loss of cortisol sensitivity- inflammation- immune system attacks body and brain (BDNF) - shutdown

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25
Q

BDNF and depression

A

found in hippocampus, responsible for memory consolidation; long-term cortisol release destroys BDNF/forming of new neurons

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26
Q

CRH (master protein)

A

Regulates neurotransmitter function in brain, coordinates stress response

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27
Q

serotonin

A

social drive, stress response, amygdala, anterior cingulate

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28
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure/reward, goal-directed activity, initiative, motivation (also Glutamate, norepinephrine, acetylcholine)

29
Q

Beck’s cognitive model of depression

A

negative event - automatic thoughts( involuntary negative interpretation) + logical errors (give rise to automatic thoughts; all or nothing) + schemas (core beliefs, taken as a given; I’m unlovable) - depression

30
Q

SSRIs

A

Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil (paroxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram)

31
Q

SNRIs

A

Effexor (venlafaxine), Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine)

32
Q

efficacy rates of antidepressants

A

full recovery 25-35%, favorable response 40-60%; meds beat placebo in fewer than half of studies

33
Q

omega 3

A

part of TLC; anti-inflammatory, has antidepressant qualities

34
Q

bright light therapy

A

10,000 lux

35
Q

environmental mutation model

A

humans lived in hunter gatherer conditions for 99% of human existence, modern day Kaluli people rarely get depressed; the more modern a society, the higher rate of depression

36
Q

depression symptoms

A

depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure in activities, change in sleep, change in weight/appetite, loss of energy, psychomotor retardation (or agitation), excessive guilt or worthlessness, concentration difficulty, suicidality

37
Q

serotonin transporter gene

A

determines how much serotonin a person will have; Short version of allele gene: less serotonin transporters
Long=protective, short = risk (SS has highest risk)

38
Q

diathesis stress model

A

innate vulnerability + stressors could trigger onset of depression

39
Q

perimenopause

A

drastic hormonal changes (levels of estrogen) increase women’s likelihood of onset of depression

40
Q

symptoms of mania

A

1 week or more of elevated/irritable mood, & increased energy/activity & 3 or more of:
Grandiosity/inflated self-esteem (e.g., may think they are God)
Decreased need for sleep (0-4 hours a night)
Pressured speech; extreme talkativeness
Racing thoughts/flight of ideas
Extreme distractability

41
Q

hypomania

A

symptoms of mania, but less severe and no functional impairment

42
Q

mixed episode

A

symptoms of both mania and depression

43
Q

Bipolar I

A

mania (with or without depression history), more disabling

44
Q

Bipolar II

A

hypomania (with depression history)

45
Q

suicidality and bipolar

A

At least 12% (1/8) of people with bipolar- 3 times higher than unipolar depression

46
Q

heritability and bipolar

A

strong genetic contribution: heritability quotient > 70%

47
Q

divergent thinking

A

start with something you know and take it somewhere new, novel

48
Q

convergent thinking

A

connecting two distinct ideas in a novel way

49
Q

amygdala and bipolar

A

excessive reactivity (intensity of emotion)

50
Q

glutamate and bipolar

A

mania: this neurotransmitter is out of control in the left frontal cortex more so than the right (left>right)
depression: vice versa (left

51
Q

lithium

A

treatment for bipolar; 1 year full remission rate 30-40% (not much higher than placebo)

52
Q

anticonvulsants

A

Lamictal, Trileptal, Topamax

53
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon, Abilify

54
Q

kindling hypothesis

A

Robert Post: Each episode of depression/mania is neurotoxic (brain damaging); over time, episodes get more easily triggered and more severe

55
Q

Type III Bipolar

A

mania induced by drugs (antidepressants, stimulants, etc)

56
Q

Triggers for mania/hypomania

A

sleep deprivation, major life events, light

57
Q

Rapid cycling

A

4+ episodes in a year (12 month period)

58
Q

ultra-rapid cycling

A

episodes occur every few days or weeks (multiple times per month or per week)

59
Q

Percent of people with Bipolar Disorder on disability/welfare

A

40%

60
Q

Percent of people with Bipolar Disorder unemployed

A

50%

61
Q

Parasuicidality

A

self-harm behavior

62
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Loss of interest/pleasure in activities

63
Q

Depression Sub-types

A

A. Melancholic (neuro-vegetative symptoms: anergia, anhedonia, diurnal mood variation)
B. Atypical (hypersomnia, weight gain, anxiety)
C. Psychotic (delusions or hallucinations – only present during depressive episode)

64
Q

How many suicide attempts are lethal?

A

only about 1/8 suicide attempts lethal

65
Q

What percent of suicides involve firearms?

A

Over 50% of all suicides

66
Q

Reproductive hormones and depression

A
  1. Estrogen modulates serotonin fx, sharp drops –> depression
  2. Progesterone ~ Allopregnanolone modulates GABA -> lowers anxiety
  3. Testosterone –> hits multiple transmitters –> lowers anxiety & depression
67
Q

Psychodynamic Model of Depression

A

For Freud, depression = “anger turned inward”

Personality factors: oral or anal fixation –> dependency, perfectionism

68
Q

Cognitive Model of Depression

A

Beck’s model: depression caused by negatively biased thoughts
• Automatic thoughts – involuntary negative interpretation of events
• Logical errors – give rise to automatic thoughts (ex: “all-or-nothing thinking”)
• Schemas – core beliefs, taken as a given (“I’m a loser; No one will ever love me”)

PSYC 350 (3 decks)

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