Exam 3

Question 1

reciprocal socialization

Answer 1

the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them

Question 2

early relationships impact on later relationships (continuity)

Answer 2

romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children

Question 3

parental monitoring

Answer 3

• to help adolescents become independent decision makers, parents must be effective managers
• supervising an adolescents choice of social settings, activities, and friends

Question 4

parenting styles

Answer 4

authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, indulgent

Question 5

authoritative

Answer 5

• encourages independence but still places limits and controls
• extensive verbal give and take is allowed
• warm nurturing toward adolescent

Question 6

authoritarian

Answer 6

• restrictive, punitive style
• urges adolescent to follow parents directions and to respect work and effort
• firm limits and controls
• little verbal exchange

Question 7

neglectful

Answer 7

-parent is uninvolved in the adolescent’s life

Question 8

indulgent

Answer 8

• parents highly involved

- few demands or controls

Question 9

type of parenting associated with the most positive outcomes

Answer 9

• authoritative
• balance between control and autonomy
• engage adolescents in verbal give in take
• allow to express views
• express their views
• receptiveness

Question 10

emotional autonomy

Answer 10

the capacity to relinquish childlike dependencies on parents

Question 11

emerging adult’s relationship with parents

Answer 11

• usually improve when leaving home
• challenges involve increasing autonomy while still somewhat dependent on parents
• successful is separating but not completely cutting off ties

Question 12

3 important characteristics of sibling relationships (Judy Dunn)

Answer 12

• emotional quality
• familiarity and intimacy
• variation in siblings

Question 13

characteristics associated with birth order

Answer 13

• first borns: adult oriented, helpful, conforming, achieving, conscientious, self controlled
• later borns: complicated to characterize, better relationships with peers
• last borns: sometimes too dependent
• middle borns: more diplomatic
• only child: achievement oriented and display desirable personalities

Question 14

latchkey child

Answer 14

-do not see parents from them time they leave for school until about 6 or 7

Question 15

effect of divorce on adolescent adjustment

Answer 15

• poorer adjustment
• problems at work and in romantic relationships
• unstable relationships
• low levels of education

Question 16

step father

Answer 16

mother has custody and introduces new father figure

Question 17

step mother

Answer 17

father has custody and introduces new mother figure

Question 18

blended/complex

Answer 18

both parents bring children from previous marriages into the new family

Question 19

boundary ambiguity

Answer 19

uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system

Question 20

adjustment of adopted children

Answer 20

• early adoption has fewer problems than late adoptions
• vast majority adjust well
• adolescents particularly difficult

Question 21

adjustment of adopted children

Answer 21

• early adoption has fewer problems than late adoptions
• vast majority adjust well
• adolescents particularly difficult

Question 22

peer

Answer 22

individuals who are about the same age or maturity level

Question 23

conformity in adolescence

Answer 23

-occurs when individuals adopt the attitudes of behavior of others because of real or imagined pressure from them

Question 24

factors that influence conformity

Answer 24

• low self esteem

- high social anxiety

Question 25

sociometric status

Answer 25

• the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer groups
• popular, average, neglected, rejected, controversial

Question 26

functions of friendship

Answer 26

companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, intimacy/affection

Question 27

friendship changes from childhood to adolescence

Answer 27

• teens prefer smaller number of more intense and intimate friendships
• increase in psychological importance and intimacy of close friends
• quality of friendship more linked to well being
• support sense of personal self worth and build a sense of identity

Question 28

social cognition

Answer 28

-children acquire more social knowledge as they become adolescents, a lot of individual variation

Question 29

Dodge’s social information processing model

Answer 29

• difficulty with peer relations come from lack of appropriate social cognitive skills
• decoding of social cues, interpretation, response search, selection of optimal response, enactment

Question 30

how do adolescents who are more aggressive/not fitting in with peer groups tend to interpret ambiguous social situations

Answer 30

-more likely to perceive it as hostile

Question 31

conglomerate strategies for improving social skills

Answer 31

the use of a combination of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents social skills; also called coaching

Question 32

effectiveness of improving social skills

Answer 32

-younger age

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Question 33

controversial children

Answer 33

frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked