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Biology 115 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

produces somatic cells - one “parent” cell divides to become TWO genetically identical daughter cells (46 chromosomes each)

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

produces gametes - one “parent” cell divides and ultimately becomes FOUR genetically different daughter cells that each have half as much DNA as the parent cell (23 chromosomes each)

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3
Q

Where does mitosis take place?

A

all over the body

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4
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

reproductive organs

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5
Q

M (mitotic) phase

A

chromosomes are condensed

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6
Q

Interphase

A

chromosomes are uncoiled

cells are growing and carrying out their specialized functions

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7
Q

What are the three phases within interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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8
Q

What two events take place in the M phase?

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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9
Q

During Mitosis

A

the two sister chromatids separate to form independent daughter chromosomes
one copy of each chromosome goes to each daughter cell

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10
Q

What are the five subphases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and coil upon themselves to produce thick stands of DNA

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12
Q

Prometaphase

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

the chromosomes attach to microtubules, and then lineup in the middle of the cell

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes (chromatids are split into two chromosomes and are then pulled to their respective sides of the cell)

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15
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis

A

Nuclear envelope reforms after the chromosomes get on their respective sides and the chromosomes decondense. The cell will then undergo a cleavage (cytokinesis) creating two separate cells

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16
Q

A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase, would after mitosis, produce two nuclei containing how many chromosomes each?

A

46

17
Q

What is MPF?

A

mitosis promoting factor that is composed of two subunits

  • cyclin
  • cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
18
Q

Cyclin

A

a protein that is present in different concentrations throughout the cell cycle

19
Q

CDK

A

a protein kinase enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein

20
Q

What are the G1 checkpoints?

A
  • cell size is adequate
  • nutrients are sufficient
  • social signals are present
  • DNA is undamaged
21
Q

What are the M-phase checkpoints?

A
  • chromosomes have attached to the spindle apparatus

- chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent

22
Q

What are the G2 checkpoints?

A
  • chromosomes replicated successfully
  • DNA is undamaged
  • activated MPF is present
23
Q

How many parts of meiosis are there?

A

Two

24
Q

What are the subparts of Meiosis 1?

A

Interphase, PRophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis

25
Q

What are the subparts of Meiosis 2?

A

Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 & Cytokinesis

26
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes

27
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Alternative alleles of a character segregate from each other and remain distinct.

28
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Different traits segregate independently from each other

29
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype

30
Q

Codominance

A

heterozygote expresses BOTH phenotypes

31
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

when one protein is changed but it doesn’t affect the amino acid produced

32
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

change from one amino acid to another

33
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

instead of another amino acid being produced, it creates a stop amino acid that stops coding

34
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

an enzyme that creates RNA

35
Q

What is sigma?

A

an accessory protein, helps RNA polymerase attach to the DNA at the -35 box and the -10 box

36
Q

What are the stages of Bacterial Transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Biology 115 (1 decks)

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