Exam 3 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
long bones
A
longer than they are wide; forearm and femur
2
Q
what is bone
A
an organ
3
Q
short bones
A
cubelike with roughly equal lengths and widths; wrist and ankle
4
Q
zygomatic bone
A
cheek bone; irregular bone
5
Q
flat bones
A
thin, flattened, and usually curved; vertebrae and scapulae
6
Q
how do bones grow
A
the cartilage in bones grow & over time, it slowly gets replaced by bone w/ the help of calcium (ossification); layer upon layer of calcium and phosphate salts begin to accumulate on cartilage cells
7
Q
irregular bones
A
variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones; vertebrae and facial bones
8
Q
pituitary dwarfism
A
lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature; decrease in rate of cell division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plate
9
Q
sesamoid bones
A
usually small and nodular; patella
10
Q
intramembranous bones
A
originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues; broad, flat bones of the skull
11
Q
presence of epiphyseal plate indicates
A
you’re not done growing
12
Q
functions of bone (5)
A
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
13
Q
long bone - epiphysis
A
on each end of a long bone; distal is farthest from the torso and proximal is closest to the torso
14
Q
at what age is the human skeleton completely ossified
A
25
15
Q
long bone - diaphysis
A
shaft of a long bone
16
Q
what does exercise do for your bones
A
thicken and strengthen
17
Q
function of red bone marrow
A
blood cell formation
18
Q
long bone - articular cartilage
A
hyaline covering ends of epiphyses
19
Q
long bone - periosteum
A
dense fibrous membrane covering surface of bones
20
Q
function of yellow blood marrow
A
stores fat
21
Q
long bone - medullary cavity
A
hollow chamber inside bone
22
Q
another name for joints
A
articulations
23
Q
myofibrils are composed of
A
myofilaments (proteins); actin and myosin
24
Q
long bone - endosteum
A
lines the medullary cavity
25
long bone - bone marrow
connective tissue filling the medullary cavity
26
what gives skeletal muscles their striations
sarcomeres
27
compact bone - osteon
formed from osteocytes and extracellular matrix around a central canal
28
muscle strains are due to
ruptured blood vessels
29
compact bone - central canal
contains blood vessels and nerves surrounded by loose connective tissue; blood nourishes bone cells; extend longitudinally through bone tissue
30
tendons vs. aponeuroses
tendons are attached to bones; aponeuroses are (broad white sheets) attached to muscles or bones
31
compact bone - perforating canal (volkmann's canal)
contains large blood vessels and nerves
32
what are muscle fibers
collections of sarcomeres
33
spongy bone (cancellous bone)
made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix; do not have central canals; have trabeculae
34
neuromuscular junction function
acetylcholine is released which causes the muscle fiber to contract; contractions
35
sliding filament theory
actin slides over myosin
36
osteocytes
mature bone cells found in lacunae
37
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
38
muscle atrophy
lack of muscle activity; reduces muscle size, tone, and power
39
osteoclasts
cells that erode bone
40
anatomy of cardiac muscle
branching muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs; striated; involuntary
41
vitamin a deficiency
retards bone development
42
muscles of face used for
mastication; chewing
43
vitamin c deficiency
fragile bones
44
temporomandibular joint syndrome and cause
pain in the jaw (causing a lack of movement); injury to teeth/jaw, misalignment of teeth/jaw, teeth grinding, gum chewing, arthitis
45
vitamin d deficiency
rickets and osteomalacia
46
endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; most bones of the skeleton
47
epiphyseal plate
cartilage found at the end of long bones; separates epiphysis and diaphysis; growth plate
48
axial skeleton
cranium & facial bones (skull), sternum, rib cage, vertebral column
49
appendicular skeleton
all bones in arms and legs, clavicle, scapulae, pelvic girdle
50
height decreases at age
30
51
fibrous joints
dense connective tissue b/w bones; b/w bones in close contact
52
fibrous - syndesmosis
sheet connecting bone; b/w tibia and fibula
53
fibrous - suture
b/w flat bones; teeth-like projections with a thin layer of connective tissue; skull
54
fibrous - gomphosis
cone-shaped bony process in a socket; tooth in jawbone
55
cartilaginous joints
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
56
cartilaginous - synchondrosis
bands of hyaline cartilage connect bones; some are temporary (epiphyseal plate); some are permanent (b/w manubrium & 1st rib, sternum & ribs 2-7)
57
cartilaginous - symphysis
pad of fibrocartilage b/w bones; pubic symphysis & joint b/w adjacent vertebrae
58
synovial joints
most joints & most complex; allow free movement
59
synovial parts - articular cartilage
resists wear & minimizes friction
60
synovial parts - joint cavity
filled w/ synovial fluid
61
synovial parts - joint capsule
two distinct layers; holds together bones of the joint
62
synovial parts - ligaments
reinforce the joint capsule and help bind the ends of bones
63
synovial parts - synovial membrane
inner layer of the joint capsule; encloses the synovial cavity which contains the synovial fluid
64
synovial parts - synovial fluid
clear fluid that lubricates joint; supplies cartilage with nutrients from blood vessels of the synovial membrane
65
meniscus (also part of synovial)
disc of fibrocartilage; cushion and help distribute body weight
66
synovial - ball & socket
spheroidal joint; widest range of movement; hip and shoulder
67
synovial - condylar
ellipsoidal joint; variety of movement except rotational; metacarpals and phalanges
68
synovial - gliding
plane joint; nearly flat; allows sliding back and forth and twisting movements; wrists and ankles
69
synovial - hinge
allows movement in only one direction; elbow
70
synovial - pivot
trochoid joint; movement limited to rotation around axis; neck
71
synovial - saddle
sellar joint; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another bone; carpal and metacarpal of thumb
72
abduction/adduction
movement away from and toward the body (respectively)
73
supination/pronation
palm up to palm down
74
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
up and down movement of the foot
75
shoulder joint ligaments
coracohumeral, glenohumeral, transverse humeral
76
elbow joint ligaments
radial collateral and ulnar collateral
77
hip joint ligaments
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
78
knee joint ligaments
patellar, oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal, tibial collateral, fibular collateral, cruciate ligaments in joint capsule
79
osteoarthritis
mechanical wear and tear of joints
80
rheumatoid arthritis
body's immune system attacks the joints
81
functions of muscle
produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat
82
skeletal muscle anatomy
made of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, connective tissue; striated; voluntary; separated by fascia (covering); epimysium surrounds muscle under fascia; perimysium separates tissues into bundles (fascicles); endomysium separates muscle fibers in fascicles
83
skeletal muscle terms
muscle fiber - single muscle cell
muscle cell membrane - sarcolemma
sarcoplasm - muscle cell cytoplasm
myofilaments - actin (thin) or myosin (thicc)
84
sarcomeres
unit of muscle contraction
85
aponeurosis
broad, white sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles or bone
86
what delivers neurotransmitters to muscles and how
motor neuron; an electrical impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the axon into the synapse. the neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors. Receptors are located on the dendrites, and they receive and process the message
87
how does skeletal muscle relaxation work
when nerve impulses cease, two events relax the muscle fiber: 1) acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that rapidly decomposes remaining Ach in the synapse & the muscle impulse stops 2) when Ach breaks down, stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane ceases & the muscle fiber relaxes
88
motor unit
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells/fibers it stimulates
89
smooth muscle vs. cardiac muscle vs. skeletal muscle
smooth muscle: walls of organs, blood vessels, skin
- involuntary and not striated
cardiac muscle: wall of heart
- involuntary and striated
skeletal muscle: usually attached to bones
- voluntary and striated
90
movable end of muscle
insertion
91
prime mover
muscle primarily responsible for movement
92
what other muscles ASSISTS the prime mover
synergists; antagonists RESIST the prime mover's actions
93
main myofibrils in muscle tissue
actin (thin)
| myosin (thick)
94
bursae (also part of synovial)
synovial fluid-filled sacs; cushion and aid movement of tendons
