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A&P 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide; forearm and femur

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2
Q

what is bone

A

an organ

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3
Q

short bones

A

cubelike with roughly equal lengths and widths; wrist and ankle

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4
Q

zygomatic bone

A

cheek bone; irregular bone

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5
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flattened, and usually curved; vertebrae and scapulae

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6
Q

how do bones grow

A

the cartilage in bones grow & over time, it slowly gets replaced by bone w/ the help of calcium (ossification); layer upon layer of calcium and phosphate salts begin to accumulate on cartilage cells

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7
Q

irregular bones

A

variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones; vertebrae and facial bones

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8
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature; decrease in rate of cell division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plate

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9
Q

sesamoid bones

A

usually small and nodular; patella

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10
Q

intramembranous bones

A

originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues; broad, flat bones of the skull

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11
Q

presence of epiphyseal plate indicates

A

you’re not done growing

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12
Q

functions of bone (5)

A

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

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13
Q

long bone - epiphysis

A

on each end of a long bone; distal is farthest from the torso and proximal is closest to the torso

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14
Q

at what age is the human skeleton completely ossified

A

25

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15
Q

long bone - diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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16
Q

what does exercise do for your bones

A

thicken and strengthen

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17
Q

function of red bone marrow

A

blood cell formation

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18
Q

long bone - articular cartilage

A

hyaline covering ends of epiphyses

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19
Q

long bone - periosteum

A

dense fibrous membrane covering surface of bones

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20
Q

function of yellow blood marrow

A

stores fat

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21
Q

long bone - medullary cavity

A

hollow chamber inside bone

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22
Q

another name for joints

A

articulations

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23
Q

myofibrils are composed of

A

myofilaments (proteins); actin and myosin

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24
Q

long bone - endosteum

A

lines the medullary cavity

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25
Q

long bone - bone marrow

A

connective tissue filling the medullary cavity

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26
Q

what gives skeletal muscles their striations

A

sarcomeres

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27
Q

compact bone - osteon

A

formed from osteocytes and extracellular matrix around a central canal

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28
Q

muscle strains are due to

A

ruptured blood vessels

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29
Q

compact bone - central canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves surrounded by loose connective tissue; blood nourishes bone cells; extend longitudinally through bone tissue

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30
Q

tendons vs. aponeuroses

A

tendons are attached to bones; aponeuroses are (broad white sheets) attached to muscles or bones

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31
Q

compact bone - perforating canal (volkmann’s canal)

A

contains large blood vessels and nerves

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32
Q

what are muscle fibers

A

collections of sarcomeres

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33
Q

spongy bone (cancellous bone)

A

made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix; do not have central canals; have trabeculae

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34
Q

neuromuscular junction function

A

acetylcholine is released which causes the muscle fiber to contract; contractions

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35
Q

sliding filament theory

A

actin slides over myosin

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36
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells found in lacunae

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37
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

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38
Q

muscle atrophy

A

lack of muscle activity; reduces muscle size, tone, and power

39
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that erode bone

40
Q

anatomy of cardiac muscle

A

branching muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs; striated; involuntary

41
Q

vitamin a deficiency

A

retards bone development

42
Q

muscles of face used for

A

mastication; chewing

43
Q

vitamin c deficiency

A

fragile bones

44
Q

temporomandibular joint syndrome and cause

A

pain in the jaw (causing a lack of movement); injury to teeth/jaw, misalignment of teeth/jaw, teeth grinding, gum chewing, arthitis

45
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

rickets and osteomalacia

46
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; most bones of the skeleton

47
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

cartilage found at the end of long bones; separates epiphysis and diaphysis; growth plate

48
Q

axial skeleton

A

cranium & facial bones (skull), sternum, rib cage, vertebral column

49
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

all bones in arms and legs, clavicle, scapulae, pelvic girdle

50
Q

height decreases at age

A

30

51
Q

fibrous joints

A

dense connective tissue b/w bones; b/w bones in close contact

52
Q

fibrous - syndesmosis

A

sheet connecting bone; b/w tibia and fibula

53
Q

fibrous - suture

A

b/w flat bones; teeth-like projections with a thin layer of connective tissue; skull

54
Q

fibrous - gomphosis

A

cone-shaped bony process in a socket; tooth in jawbone

55
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

56
Q

cartilaginous - synchondrosis

A

bands of hyaline cartilage connect bones; some are temporary (epiphyseal plate); some are permanent (b/w manubrium & 1st rib, sternum & ribs 2-7)

57
Q

cartilaginous - symphysis

A

pad of fibrocartilage b/w bones; pubic symphysis & joint b/w adjacent vertebrae

58
Q

synovial joints

A

most joints & most complex; allow free movement

59
Q

synovial parts - articular cartilage

A

resists wear & minimizes friction

60
Q

synovial parts - joint cavity

A

filled w/ synovial fluid

61
Q

synovial parts - joint capsule

A

two distinct layers; holds together bones of the joint

62
Q

synovial parts - ligaments

A

reinforce the joint capsule and help bind the ends of bones

63
Q

synovial parts - synovial membrane

A

inner layer of the joint capsule; encloses the synovial cavity which contains the synovial fluid

64
Q

synovial parts - synovial fluid

A

clear fluid that lubricates joint; supplies cartilage with nutrients from blood vessels of the synovial membrane

65
Q

meniscus (also part of synovial)

A

disc of fibrocartilage; cushion and help distribute body weight

66
Q

synovial - ball & socket

A

spheroidal joint; widest range of movement; hip and shoulder

67
Q

synovial - condylar

A

ellipsoidal joint; variety of movement except rotational; metacarpals and phalanges

68
Q

synovial - gliding

A

plane joint; nearly flat; allows sliding back and forth and twisting movements; wrists and ankles

69
Q

synovial - hinge

A

allows movement in only one direction; elbow

70
Q

synovial - pivot

A

trochoid joint; movement limited to rotation around axis; neck

71
Q

synovial - saddle

A

sellar joint; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another bone; carpal and metacarpal of thumb

72
Q

abduction/adduction

A

movement away from and toward the body (respectively)

73
Q

supination/pronation

A

palm up to palm down

74
Q

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

A

up and down movement of the foot

75
Q

shoulder joint ligaments

A

coracohumeral, glenohumeral, transverse humeral

76
Q

elbow joint ligaments

A

radial collateral and ulnar collateral

77
Q

hip joint ligaments

A

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

78
Q

knee joint ligaments

A

patellar, oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal, tibial collateral, fibular collateral, cruciate ligaments in joint capsule

79
Q

osteoarthritis

A

mechanical wear and tear of joints

80
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

body’s immune system attacks the joints

81
Q

functions of muscle

A

produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

82
Q

skeletal muscle anatomy

A

made of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, connective tissue; striated; voluntary; separated by fascia (covering); epimysium surrounds muscle under fascia; perimysium separates tissues into bundles (fascicles); endomysium separates muscle fibers in fascicles

83
Q

skeletal muscle terms

A

muscle fiber - single muscle cell
muscle cell membrane - sarcolemma
sarcoplasm - muscle cell cytoplasm
myofilaments - actin (thin) or myosin (thicc)

84
Q

sarcomeres

A

unit of muscle contraction

85
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad, white sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles or bone

86
Q

what delivers neurotransmitters to muscles and how

A

motor neuron; an electrical impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the axon into the synapse. the neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors. Receptors are located on the dendrites, and they receive and process the message

87
Q

how does skeletal muscle relaxation work

A

when nerve impulses cease, two events relax the muscle fiber: 1) acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that rapidly decomposes remaining Ach in the synapse & the muscle impulse stops 2) when Ach breaks down, stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane ceases & the muscle fiber relaxes

88
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells/fibers it stimulates

89
Q

smooth muscle vs. cardiac muscle vs. skeletal muscle

A

smooth muscle: walls of organs, blood vessels, skin
- involuntary and not striated
cardiac muscle: wall of heart
- involuntary and striated
skeletal muscle: usually attached to bones
- voluntary and striated

90
Q

movable end of muscle

A

insertion

91
Q

prime mover

A

muscle primarily responsible for movement

92
Q

what other muscles ASSISTS the prime mover

A

synergists; antagonists RESIST the prime mover’s actions

93
Q

main myofibrils in muscle tissue

A

actin (thin)

myosin (thick)

94
Q

bursae (also part of synovial)

A

synovial fluid-filled sacs; cushion and aid movement of tendons

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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