Exam 3 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Vascular cambium
A
produces part of the secondary body of the plant: the secondary xylem (wood) and the secondary phloem (part of the bark - the corkcambium produces the rest of the bark)
2
Q
Cambium
A
a sheetlike fundamental type of meristem. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem; the cork cambium (phellogen) produces the cork tissue of the bark. Both cambia are considered to produce secondary tissues.
3
Q
Cambial region
A
a term that is usually employed to designate a cambium and the most recently produced derivatives
4
Q
Biseriate cambium
A
a theory that the vascular cambium consists of two parallel layers of cells, one producing the secondary xylem, the other producing the secondary phloem
5
Q
Uniseriate cambium
A
theory that the vascular cambium consists of one layer that is able to produce both xylem and phloem
6
Q
Bifacial
A
derivatives produced in both directions in uniseriate cambium
7
Q
Fusiform initials
A
cells of the vascular cambium that produce axially elongated or oriented elements of the wood or inner bark
8
Q
Ray initials
A
cells of the vascular cambium that produce the radially oriented rays
9
Q
Proliferative divisions
A
when fusiform initials divide with longitudinal, periclinal walls to produce new derivatives
10
Q
Multiplicative divisions
A
when fusiform initials divide with anticlinal, longitudinal walls to produce more initials rather than derivatives
11
Q
Nonstoried cambium
A
vascular cambium in which the fusiform initials are not aligned with each other as they are in a storied cambium, where the ends of one fusiform initial are even with those around it
12
Q
Storied cambium
A
fusiform intials are aligned with each other laterally and form stories or tiers, rare and only occurs in some advanced dicots
13
Q
Stratified cambia
A
another name for storied cambia
14
Q
Nonstratified cambia
A
another name for nonstoried cambia
15
Q
Pseudotransverse divisions
A
divisions that start out with the appearance of a longtitudinal division, but the phragmoplast and cell plate do not reach the far ends of the cell
16
Q
Domain
A
all the fusiforms in a large region
17
Q
Declining initial
A
a fusiform initial that becomes progressively shorter and is finally converted to a ray initial or is expelled from the cambium
18
Q
Declining tier
A
– a row of axial cells in the secondary xylem or phloem that are progressively shorter because the fusiform initial is itself becoming shorter
19
Q
Fasicular vascular cambium
A
this structure develops in a portion of each strand in the procambium in plants that will become woody
20
Q
Aggregate rays
A
a mixture of fusiform initials, uniseriate ray initials, and multiseriate ray intials that have the appearance of a large ray
21
Q
Interfascicular vascular cambium
A
cambium that develops between the vascular bundles
22
Q
Annual rings
A
annual increments resulting from the periodic activity of the vascular cambium
23
Q
Sapwood
A
the outer, conducting layers
24
Q
Heartwood
A
inner, nonconducting rings
25
Tyloses
first means of blocking a vessel that is formed when a living parenchyma cell pushes part of its wall and cytoplasm through a pit into the lumen of the vessel
26
Gummosis
the second method of blocking a vessel; paratracheal parenchyma cells produce gums that flow through the pits and fill the lumen
27
Homocellular rays/homogenous
conifer rays consisting of parenchyma cells only
28
Ray tracheid
special cell accompanying parenchyma in conifer ray
29
Heterocellular rays/erogenous
conifer ray with ray tracheid and parenchyma cells
30
Crossfield pitting
pitting that interconnects rays with the axial system
31
Fenestriform pit
when a pit chamber is very wide so there is only enough space available for one pit in the cell wall
32
Primary rays
rays initiated by cells of the interfasicular region or the procambium
33
Secondary rays
rays which have their origin in the conversion of fusiform initials to ray initials in the vascular cambium
34
Softwood
wood lacking libriform fibers, containing on tracheids
35
Spring wood/early wood
wood formed when growing conditions are ideal that contains wide and relatively thin walled tracheids
36
Summer wood/late wood
wood produced later in the season that contains narrow, thick walled tracheids to provide extra strength and reduce risk of cavitation
37
Growth ring bridges
bordered pit-pairs on tangential walls found in cells at the boundary between the late wood of one year and the early wood of the subsequent year
38
Crassulae
prominent dark bands above and below most circular-bordered pits of tracheids in all conifers except the Araucariaceae
39
Bars of Sanio
another word for crassulae
40
Pycnoxylic wood
wood that contains very little parenchyma, either axial or ray parenchyma
41
Manoxylic wood
wood containing very large amounts of parenchyma, characteristic of cycads and some advanced dicots
42
Upright cells
specialized ray parenchyma cells with an upright shape that facilitate transfers between radial and axial conducting systems
43
Procumbent cells
wider cells that facilitate transfer between radial and axial conducting systems
44
Primitively vesselless
wood of primitive dicots that retains many gymnosperm features, primarily the absence of vessels
45
Secondarily veselless
small number of species that has “lost” vessels
46
Ring Porous
wood in which the springwood contains very large vessels and distinct rings are easily visible
47
Diffuse porous
wood with vessels occuring more uniformly through the annual ring
48
Hardwood
dicot wood with fibers
49
solitary
vessels that don't occur in clusters
50
multiples
vessels that are grouped together
51
Paratracheal parenchyma
parenchyma cells immediately adjacent to the vessels
52
Apotracheal parenchyma
parenchyma cells scattered among the fibers and tracheids
53
Diffuse parenchyma
if the apotracheal parenchyma cells occur as idioblasts or as isolated uniseriate strands
54
Banded/metatracheal parenchyma
if Apotracheal parenchyma form large clusters or bands
55
Initial parenchyma
if there's a concentration of apotracheal parenchyma at the inner boundary of the annual ring
56
Terminal parenchyma
if there's a concentration of apotracheal parenchyma located at the outer boundary of the annual ring
57
Scanty paratracheal parenchyma
if paratracheal parenchyma doesn't form a complete sheath around the vessel
58
Unilaterally paratracheal parenchyma
if located on one side of the vessels
59
Vasicentric parenchyma
surrounds vessels completely
60
Aliform parenchyma
if the parenchyma of one group of vessels is not confluent with the parenchyma of other vessels
61
Confluent parenchyma
if several vessel clusters lie within a single large band of parenchyma
62
Air seeding
drawing air bubble into a vessel
63
Septate fibers
undergo normal growth except stay alive and undergo several subdivisions
64
Compression wood
when reaction wood forms on the lower side of the branch where the tissues are compressed
65
tension wood
when reaction wood forms on the upper side
66
gelatinous fibers
found in reaction wood of dicots
67
g-layer (gelatinous layer)
contains more cellulose but small amt of lignin
68
compact tension wood
when gelatinous fibers occur clustered together
69
diffuse tension wood
when gelatinous fibers occur side by side or in small groups
70
Cauliflorous
They produce flowers on older branches or the trunk. Thier flowers and fruits are major sinks and may require large-volume transport through the secondary phloem
71
Primary Sclereids
sclereids that differentiate and mature at the same time as the other cells
72
Secondary Sclereids
sclereids that appear only later, arising after conduction has stopped
73
Dilatation
The circumferential expansion of the secondary phloem that allows it to avoid being torn apart by the accumulation of secondary xylem interior to it.
74
Dilatation Tissue
The formation of dilatation tissue effects dilatation
75
Prolifertive Tissue
A type of dilatation tissue formed by cell division in the axial parenchyma of the secondary phloem.
76
Expansion Tissue
A type of dilatation tissue formed by cell division in the phloem rays
77
Periderm
The technical term for bark; the periderm contains the cork (phellem) that is produced by the cork cambium (phellogen) and any epidermis, cortex, and promary or secondary phloem that might be exterior to the cork cambium.
78
Phellogen/Cork Cambium
The cork cambium of the bark. The phellogen contains only cuboidal or short columnar cells, it usually produces only cork (phellem) to it’s exterior, but in some species it also produces a small amount of parenchyma (phelloderm) to its interior.
79
Phellem (Cork Cells)
Cork, specifically the rather large amounts produced by a phellogen. The individual cork cells that occur in grass leaves are never considered phellem
80
Bark
The layers of secondary phloem and periderm on stems, roots, and rarely leaves
81
Lenticels
A region in the bark that allows the diffusion of oxygen into the plant.
82
Inner Bark
The layers of living tissue in the bark, located between the vascular cambium and the innermost cork cambium.
83
Outer Bark/Rhytidome
The outer, dead portions of the bark, located to the exterior of the innermost cork cambium.
84
Phelloderm
Small amounts of parenchyma cells produced on the inner side
85
Phelloid
A thin-walled cell, that wasn't converted to phellum, located among the cork cells of phellem.
86
Suberin Layer
A layer of the hydrophobic material, suberin, on the inner surface of a cell wall; this is found in cork cells.
87
Closing Layer
A layer of cork cells firmly attached to each other; located in a lenticel.
88
Storied Cork
A type of periderm formed by the limited cell division of cortical parenchyma cells, with little or no expansion of the daughter cells.
89
Wound Periderm
The layers of cork cells that are induced to form when most plant tissues are cut or otherwise damaged.
90
Common Type
Fossil groups and some extant genera that do have vascular cambia and secondary growth that differ significantly from what can be termed the common type.
91
Bidirectional Cambium
The common type of cambium that produces secondary xylem to one side and secondary phloem to the other
92
Continuous Cambium
The common type of cambium that continues to function for the entire life of the plant.
93
Successive Cambium
The cambia that function for a limited time.
94
Included Phloem
Any secondary ploem that is located interior to secondary xylem.
95
Conjunctive Tissue
The pithlike tissue that forms the matrix surrounding the vascular bundles of a monocot root or stem.
96
Secondary Cortex
Formed when the surrounding tissues become quiescent and the cambium finally becomes distinct it is located centrally, forms newly produced parenchyma on the outside
97
Secondary Bundles
contains only tracheids, not vessel elements
98
Sporophyte
generation in the life cycle of plants that produces the spores
99
Gametophyte
generation in the life cycle of plants that produces the gametes
100
Spores
single cells that function in reproduction by germinating and growing into a new plant, the gametophyte; in all vascular plants spores are produced by meiosis and are haploid
101
Alternation of Heteromorphic Generations
alternation of generations in which the diploid generation is easily distinguishable from the haploid generation
102
Microgametes
smaller of the gametes in oogamy; often called a sperm cell
103
Megagametes
larger of the gametes in oogamy; often called an egg cell
104
Zygote
the cell that is produced after an egg is fertilized (diploid)
105
Microgametophyte
a gametophyte (haploid plant) that produces the microgametes (sperm cells)
106
Megagametophyte
a gametophyte (haploid plant) that produces the megagametes (egg cells)
107
Microspores
- in plant species with heterosporous reproduction, the smaller spore type; microspores germinate and grow to become microgametophytes
108
Megaspores
in plant species with heterosporous reproduction, the larger spore type; megaspores germinate and grow to be megagametophytes
109
Archesporial Cells
a cell in a sporangium that is reputed to be the initial for the formation of all the spore mother cells and some of the surrounding sterile cell layers
110
Primary Sporogenous Layer
the layer of cells that are produced by division of the archesporial cell
111
Endothecium
in microsporophylls the hypodermal layers formed by the primary wall layer
112
Tapetum
inner most layer of sterile cells that surrounds the sporogenous tissue in a microsporophyll
113
Integument
a jacket of cells that covers the central mass of cells in an ovule
114
Nucellus
the central mass of cells in an ovule
115
Chalaza
the basal portion of the nucellus, the point at which it attaches to its stalk
116
Micropyle
the small hole in the integument at the apex of an ovule through which pollen or pollen tubes enter
117
Generative Cell
in a pollen grain or pollen tube, the cell that will divide to produce two sperm cells
118
Filament
the stalk of a stamen
119
Anther
portion of the stamen that contains the sporogenous tissue and surrounding sterile tissues
120
Pariental Tapetum
a tapetum in whcih the cells remain on the periphery of the anther loculus
121
. Invasive Tapetum
a tapetum in which the walls break down and the tapetal protoplasts surround the microspore mother cells
122
Periplasmodium
the large mass of fused tapetal protoplasts that form around the developing pollen grains in an anther that has an invasive tapetum
123
Pollinium
all the pollen grains of an anther sac of orchids stick together, forming a pollinium
124
Massula
all the pollen grains of an anther sac of milkweed stick together, forming a massula
125
Intine
the innermost wall of a spore or pollen grain.
126
Extine
the outermost wall of a spore or pollen grain.
127
Stigma
the uppermost portion of a carpel that receives pollen grains
128
Style
the portion of a carpel between the stigma and the ovary; elevates the stigma to a position that facilitates pollination
129
Ovary
lower most portion of the carpel that contains the ovules and develops into the fruit
130
Transmitting Tissue
tissue in the style through which pollen tubes grow
131
Pseudosyncarpous Styles
a compound style in which each component style still has its own region of transmitting tissue
132
Eusyncarpous Styles
a compound style in which the component styles are completely fused together and only one mass of transmitting tissue is present
133
Placenta
regions of a carpel where the ovules are attached
134
Funiculus
stalk of an ovule
135
Atropus (orthotropous)
an ovule that is straight, not bent, such that the micropyle is directed away from the funiculus
