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Plant Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular cambium

A

produces part of the secondary body of the plant: the secondary xylem (wood) and the secondary phloem (part of the bark - the corkcambium produces the rest of the bark)

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2
Q

Cambium

A

a sheetlike fundamental type of meristem. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem; the cork cambium (phellogen) produces the cork tissue of the bark. Both cambia are considered to produce secondary tissues.

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3
Q

Cambial region

A

a term that is usually employed to designate a cambium and the most recently produced derivatives

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4
Q

Biseriate cambium

A

a theory that the vascular cambium consists of two parallel layers of cells, one producing the secondary xylem, the other producing the secondary phloem

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5
Q

Uniseriate cambium

A

theory that the vascular cambium consists of one layer that is able to produce both xylem and phloem

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6
Q

Bifacial

A

derivatives produced in both directions in uniseriate cambium

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7
Q

Fusiform initials

A

cells of the vascular cambium that produce axially elongated or oriented elements of the wood or inner bark

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8
Q

Ray initials

A

cells of the vascular cambium that produce the radially oriented rays

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9
Q

Proliferative divisions

A

when fusiform initials divide with longitudinal, periclinal walls to produce new derivatives

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10
Q

Multiplicative divisions

A

when fusiform initials divide with anticlinal, longitudinal walls to produce more initials rather than derivatives

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11
Q

Nonstoried cambium

A

vascular cambium in which the fusiform initials are not aligned with each other as they are in a storied cambium, where the ends of one fusiform initial are even with those around it

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12
Q

Storied cambium

A

fusiform intials are aligned with each other laterally and form stories or tiers, rare and only occurs in some advanced dicots

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13
Q

Stratified cambia

A

another name for storied cambia

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14
Q

Nonstratified cambia

A

another name for nonstoried cambia

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15
Q

Pseudotransverse divisions

A

divisions that start out with the appearance of a longtitudinal division, but the phragmoplast and cell plate do not reach the far ends of the cell

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16
Q

Domain

A

all the fusiforms in a large region

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17
Q

Declining initial

A

a fusiform initial that becomes progressively shorter and is finally converted to a ray initial or is expelled from the cambium

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18
Q

Declining tier

A

– a row of axial cells in the secondary xylem or phloem that are progressively shorter because the fusiform initial is itself becoming shorter

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19
Q

Fasicular vascular cambium

A

this structure develops in a portion of each strand in the procambium in plants that will become woody

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20
Q

Aggregate rays

A

a mixture of fusiform initials, uniseriate ray initials, and multiseriate ray intials that have the appearance of a large ray

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21
Q

Interfascicular vascular cambium

A

cambium that develops between the vascular bundles

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22
Q

Annual rings

A

annual increments resulting from the periodic activity of the vascular cambium

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23
Q

Sapwood

A

the outer, conducting layers

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24
Q

Heartwood

A

inner, nonconducting rings

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25
Q

Tyloses

A

first means of blocking a vessel that is formed when a living parenchyma cell pushes part of its wall and cytoplasm through a pit into the lumen of the vessel

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26
Q

Gummosis

A

the second method of blocking a vessel; paratracheal parenchyma cells produce gums that flow through the pits and fill the lumen

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27
Q

Homocellular rays/homogenous

A

conifer rays consisting of parenchyma cells only

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28
Q

Ray tracheid

A

special cell accompanying parenchyma in conifer ray

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29
Q

Heterocellular rays/erogenous

A

conifer ray with ray tracheid and parenchyma cells

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30
Q

Crossfield pitting

A

pitting that interconnects rays with the axial system

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31
Q

Fenestriform pit

A

when a pit chamber is very wide so there is only enough space available for one pit in the cell wall

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32
Q

Primary rays

A

rays initiated by cells of the interfasicular region or the procambium

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33
Q

Secondary rays

A

rays which have their origin in the conversion of fusiform initials to ray initials in the vascular cambium

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34
Q

Softwood

A

wood lacking libriform fibers, containing on tracheids

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35
Q

Spring wood/early wood

A

wood formed when growing conditions are ideal that contains wide and relatively thin walled tracheids

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36
Q

Summer wood/late wood

A

wood produced later in the season that contains narrow, thick walled tracheids to provide extra strength and reduce risk of cavitation

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37
Q

Growth ring bridges

A

bordered pit-pairs on tangential walls found in cells at the boundary between the late wood of one year and the early wood of the subsequent year

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38
Q

Crassulae

A

prominent dark bands above and below most circular-bordered pits of tracheids in all conifers except the Araucariaceae

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39
Q

Bars of Sanio

A

another word for crassulae

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40
Q

Pycnoxylic wood

A

wood that contains very little parenchyma, either axial or ray parenchyma

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41
Q

Manoxylic wood

A

wood containing very large amounts of parenchyma, characteristic of cycads and some advanced dicots

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42
Q

Upright cells

A

specialized ray parenchyma cells with an upright shape that facilitate transfers between radial and axial conducting systems

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43
Q

Procumbent cells

A

wider cells that facilitate transfer between radial and axial conducting systems

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44
Q

Primitively vesselless

A

wood of primitive dicots that retains many gymnosperm features, primarily the absence of vessels

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45
Q

Secondarily veselless

A

small number of species that has “lost” vessels

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46
Q

Ring Porous

A

wood in which the springwood contains very large vessels and distinct rings are easily visible

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47
Q

Diffuse porous

A

wood with vessels occuring more uniformly through the annual ring

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48
Q

Hardwood

A

dicot wood with fibers

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49
Q

solitary

A

vessels that don’t occur in clusters

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50
Q

multiples

A

vessels that are grouped together

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51
Q

Paratracheal parenchyma

A

parenchyma cells immediately adjacent to the vessels

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52
Q

Apotracheal parenchyma

A

parenchyma cells scattered among the fibers and tracheids

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53
Q

Diffuse parenchyma

A

if the apotracheal parenchyma cells occur as idioblasts or as isolated uniseriate strands

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54
Q

Banded/metatracheal parenchyma

A

if Apotracheal parenchyma form large clusters or bands

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55
Q

Initial parenchyma

A

if there’s a concentration of apotracheal parenchyma at the inner boundary of the annual ring

56
Q

Terminal parenchyma

A

if there’s a concentration of apotracheal parenchyma located at the outer boundary of the annual ring

57
Q

Scanty paratracheal parenchyma

A

if paratracheal parenchyma doesn’t form a complete sheath around the vessel

58
Q

Unilaterally paratracheal parenchyma

A

if located on one side of the vessels

59
Q

Vasicentric parenchyma

A

surrounds vessels completely

60
Q

Aliform parenchyma

A

if the parenchyma of one group of vessels is not confluent with the parenchyma of other vessels

61
Q

Confluent parenchyma

A

if several vessel clusters lie within a single large band of parenchyma

62
Q

Air seeding

A

drawing air bubble into a vessel

63
Q

Septate fibers

A

undergo normal growth except stay alive and undergo several subdivisions

64
Q

Compression wood

A

when reaction wood forms on the lower side of the branch where the tissues are compressed

65
Q

tension wood

A

when reaction wood forms on the upper side

66
Q

gelatinous fibers

A

found in reaction wood of dicots

67
Q

g-layer (gelatinous layer)

A

contains more cellulose but small amt of lignin

68
Q

compact tension wood

A

when gelatinous fibers occur clustered together

69
Q

diffuse tension wood

A

when gelatinous fibers occur side by side or in small groups

70
Q

Cauliflorous

A

They produce flowers on older branches or the trunk. Thier flowers and fruits are major sinks and may require large-volume transport through the secondary phloem

71
Q

Primary Sclereids

A

sclereids that differentiate and mature at the same time as the other cells

72
Q

Secondary Sclereids

A

sclereids that appear only later, arising after conduction has stopped

73
Q

Dilatation

A

The circumferential expansion of the secondary phloem that allows it to avoid being torn apart by the accumulation of secondary xylem interior to it.

74
Q

Dilatation Tissue

A

The formation of dilatation tissue effects dilatation

75
Q

Prolifertive Tissue

A

A type of dilatation tissue formed by cell division in the axial parenchyma of the secondary phloem.

76
Q

Expansion Tissue

A

A type of dilatation tissue formed by cell division in the phloem rays

77
Q

Periderm

A

The technical term for bark; the periderm contains the cork (phellem) that is produced by the cork cambium (phellogen) and any epidermis, cortex, and promary or secondary phloem that might be exterior to the cork cambium.

78
Q

Phellogen/Cork Cambium

A

The cork cambium of the bark. The phellogen contains only cuboidal or short columnar cells, it usually produces only cork (phellem) to it’s exterior, but in some species it also produces a small amount of parenchyma (phelloderm) to its interior.

79
Q

Phellem (Cork Cells)

A

Cork, specifically the rather large amounts produced by a phellogen. The individual cork cells that occur in grass leaves are never considered phellem

80
Q

Bark

A

The layers of secondary phloem and periderm on stems, roots, and rarely leaves

81
Q

Lenticels

A

A region in the bark that allows the diffusion of oxygen into the plant.

82
Q

Inner Bark

A

The layers of living tissue in the bark, located between the vascular cambium and the innermost cork cambium.

83
Q

Outer Bark/Rhytidome

A

The outer, dead portions of the bark, located to the exterior of the innermost cork cambium.

84
Q

Phelloderm

A

Small amounts of parenchyma cells produced on the inner side

85
Q

Phelloid

A

A thin-walled cell, that wasn’t converted to phellum, located among the cork cells of phellem.

86
Q

Suberin Layer

A

A layer of the hydrophobic material, suberin, on the inner surface of a cell wall; this is found in cork cells.

87
Q

Closing Layer

A

A layer of cork cells firmly attached to each other; located in a lenticel.

88
Q

Storied Cork

A

A type of periderm formed by the limited cell division of cortical parenchyma cells, with little or no expansion of the daughter cells.

89
Q

Wound Periderm

A

The layers of cork cells that are induced to form when most plant tissues are cut or otherwise damaged.

90
Q

Common Type

A

Fossil groups and some extant genera that do have vascular cambia and secondary growth that differ significantly from what can be termed the common type.

91
Q

Bidirectional Cambium

A

The common type of cambium that produces secondary xylem to one side and secondary phloem to the other

92
Q

Continuous Cambium

A

The common type of cambium that continues to function for the entire life of the plant.

93
Q

Successive Cambium

A

The cambia that function for a limited time.

94
Q

Included Phloem

A

Any secondary ploem that is located interior to secondary xylem.

95
Q

Conjunctive Tissue

A

The pithlike tissue that forms the matrix surrounding the vascular bundles of a monocot root or stem.

96
Q

Secondary Cortex

A

Formed when the surrounding tissues become quiescent and the cambium finally becomes distinct it is located centrally, forms newly produced parenchyma on the outside

97
Q

Secondary Bundles

A

contains only tracheids, not vessel elements

98
Q

Sporophyte

A

generation in the life cycle of plants that produces the spores

99
Q

Gametophyte

A

generation in the life cycle of plants that produces the gametes

100
Q

Spores

A

single cells that function in reproduction by germinating and growing into a new plant, the gametophyte; in all vascular plants spores are produced by meiosis and are haploid

101
Q

Alternation of Heteromorphic Generations

A

alternation of generations in which the diploid generation is easily distinguishable from the haploid generation

102
Q

Microgametes

A

smaller of the gametes in oogamy; often called a sperm cell

103
Q

Megagametes

A

larger of the gametes in oogamy; often called an egg cell

104
Q

Zygote

A

the cell that is produced after an egg is fertilized (diploid)

105
Q

Microgametophyte

A

a gametophyte (haploid plant) that produces the microgametes (sperm cells)

106
Q

Megagametophyte

A

a gametophyte (haploid plant) that produces the megagametes (egg cells)

107
Q

Microspores

A
  • in plant species with heterosporous reproduction, the smaller spore type; microspores germinate and grow to become microgametophytes
108
Q

Megaspores

A

in plant species with heterosporous reproduction, the larger spore type; megaspores germinate and grow to be megagametophytes

109
Q

Archesporial Cells

A

a cell in a sporangium that is reputed to be the initial for the formation of all the spore mother cells and some of the surrounding sterile cell layers

110
Q

Primary Sporogenous Layer

A

the layer of cells that are produced by division of the archesporial cell

111
Q

Endothecium

A

in microsporophylls the hypodermal layers formed by the primary wall layer

112
Q

Tapetum

A

inner most layer of sterile cells that surrounds the sporogenous tissue in a microsporophyll

113
Q

Integument

A

a jacket of cells that covers the central mass of cells in an ovule

114
Q

Nucellus

A

the central mass of cells in an ovule

115
Q

Chalaza

A

the basal portion of the nucellus, the point at which it attaches to its stalk

116
Q

Micropyle

A

the small hole in the integument at the apex of an ovule through which pollen or pollen tubes enter

117
Q

Generative Cell

A

in a pollen grain or pollen tube, the cell that will divide to produce two sperm cells

118
Q

Filament

A

the stalk of a stamen

119
Q

Anther

A

portion of the stamen that contains the sporogenous tissue and surrounding sterile tissues

120
Q

Pariental Tapetum

A

a tapetum in whcih the cells remain on the periphery of the anther loculus

121
Q

. Invasive Tapetum

A

a tapetum in which the walls break down and the tapetal protoplasts surround the microspore mother cells

122
Q

Periplasmodium

A

the large mass of fused tapetal protoplasts that form around the developing pollen grains in an anther that has an invasive tapetum

123
Q

Pollinium

A

all the pollen grains of an anther sac of orchids stick together, forming a pollinium

124
Q

Massula

A

all the pollen grains of an anther sac of milkweed stick together, forming a massula

125
Q

Intine

A

the innermost wall of a spore or pollen grain.

126
Q

Extine

A

the outermost wall of a spore or pollen grain.

127
Q

Stigma

A

the uppermost portion of a carpel that receives pollen grains

128
Q

Style

A

the portion of a carpel between the stigma and the ovary; elevates the stigma to a position that facilitates pollination

129
Q

Ovary

A

lower most portion of the carpel that contains the ovules and develops into the fruit

130
Q

Transmitting Tissue

A

tissue in the style through which pollen tubes grow

131
Q

Pseudosyncarpous Styles

A

a compound style in which each component style still has its own region of transmitting tissue

132
Q

Eusyncarpous Styles

A

a compound style in which the component styles are completely fused together and only one mass of transmitting tissue is present

133
Q

Placenta

A

regions of a carpel where the ovules are attached

134
Q

Funiculus

A

stalk of an ovule

135
Q

Atropus (orthotropous)

A

an ovule that is straight, not bent, such that the micropyle is directed away from the funiculus

Plant Anatomy (2 decks)

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