EXAM 3 Flashcards
brain damage & memory
Precentral Gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Controls movement on contralateral side of body. Damage = inability fine finger movement, speed/strength in arms/hands
Precentral Gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Controls movement on contralateral side of body. Damage = inability fine finger movement, speed/strength in arms/hands
Premotor Area
Rapid serial ordering of movements, DYSDIADOCHOKINESIS (malfunction disorder)
Frontal Eye Fields
Regulates eye movements, primarily connected to angular gyrus & superior colliculus.
Prefrontal Cortex: 3 REGIONS?
- Dorsolateral PFC (front, sides, top)
- Orbital PFC (just above the eyes)
- Medial PFC (between the hemispheres)
4 basic regions of frontal cortex?
- Precentral gyrus(primary motor cortex)
- Premotor area
- Frontal Eye fields
- Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex -
Regulates behavior, EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING, temporal organization of behavior, combines working memory with long term memory, current behavior, and long term goals. Self organizing system.
What does the ✊👌✋ fist edge palm test asses?
Ability to use invention to guide behavior in learning a new motor task.
Go/no go tasks?
Assesses ability to inhibit behavior.
Perseveration: 2 types?
- Motor
- Cognitive
» Continues wrong behavior when knowing the right one «
Procedural learning
Skills, processes
Declarative leaning (Semantic, episodic, autobiographical)
LONG TERM
Events, facts, history, personal experiences, world knowledge, etc.
Emotional memory
Fear, attraction, avoidance
Pain memory
Learned pain
Working memory
Auditory, visual, somatosensory
Recall?
Ability to recall information that is not currently in conscious awareness.
Recognition
Identifying information when it is presented, even when it can’t be recalled.
Relearning (reconsolidation)
Quicker leaning because information is ALREADY stored
Explicit vs. implicit memory?
Explicit: conscious, intentional remembering of fact based semantic/episodic memories.
Implicit: (procedural, priming, conditioning) nonconscious, nonintentional learning.
Cerebellum helps what memory?
Procedural learning, like learning ton play the piano.
Amygdala helps what memory?
Emotional memory
Head trauma to the hippocampus results in
Anterograde amnesia
Trauma to the temporal Lobe results in
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of conscious head trauma results in
Retrograde
Hippocampal injury results in anterograde amnesia and what else?
Episodic, autobiographical problems, & imagining future events.
Parkinson’s and memory?
Procedural learning problems
Alzheimer’s and memory?
Retrograde amnesia worsens
Anterograde in early stages, followed by the retrograde
(Deteriorating of the temporal lobe early on, followed by the parietal and frontal cortex)
INFANTILE AMNESIA?
Inability to recall early childhood, due to development of procedural learning BEFORE episodic learning.
Anterograde Amnesia?
Inability to consolidate new memories. Learning is impaired.
Retrograde Amnesia
Recall for past events is affected. Inability to recall may range from seconds to years.
Old memories affected more than new memories.
Korsakoff Syndrome: who’s likely to get it?
Common in alcoholics and people with a vitamin B1 deficiency.
6 symptoms of Korsakoff Syndrome?
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Confabulation
- Meager conversation content
- No insight
- Apathy
CONFABULATION
Not just making things up, but an inability to distinguish among correct/incorrect memories
Cerebellum involved in
Classical conditioning, motor skills
INTERPOSITUS NUCLEUS
Amygdala involved in
Fear conditioning, autonomic responses
Amygdala damage abolishes emotional learning only
Penetrating head injuries
Focal injuries from damaged area of brain.
Bullets, shrapnel, tools, etc.
CLOSED HEAD INJURIES
Impact
Countercoup injury (opposite side of injured brain is damaged)
May cause hematoma
Rotation of head worsens injury
Unconsciousness
Swelling. Comas.
Problems with working memory, speed of thinking, concentration, and executive functioning.
Long term effects of head injury?
Increased risk of future injuries, Alzheimer’s
Recovery takes 6-9 months OR years
Personality changed and difficulty with working memory and executive functioning
Glasgow Coma Scale?
Measures depth of coma
Eye opening, motor and verbal responses
Glasgow Coma Scale range?
3-15
Lower than 9 = Severe
Higher than 12 = mild
Alzheimer’s is characterized by
Amyloid plaques (extracellular deposits that contain a good deal of protein call B amyloid)
Neurofibrillary tangles (consist of dying neurons that have dense amounts of abnormal Tau protein)
What does an APP Gene found on chromosome 21, // 2 presenilin genes found on chromosome 1 and 14 mean?
Alzheimer’s Disease
Genetic Alzheimer’s sign?
Early onset and rapid progression
What main lobes suffer atrophy(deterioration) in Alzheimer’s?
Parietal and temporal
ApoE €4 allele means what?
Increased risk of Alzheimer’s
ApoE €4 allele means what?
Deceased risk
28% of US has 1 ______?
€4 allele
2% of US has 2 copies of ________ allele?
€4
2 copies of €2 allele decreases AD risk by _____%?
40%
40-50% of AD cases have what allele?
ApoE €4
Frontotemporal degeneration
Degeneration of frontal/temporal lobes
most common dementia in ages under 60
Aspects examined by MoCa?
Orientation, attention, executive functioning, working memory, short-term delayed recall, naming, language, visuospatial FUNCTIONING, verbal reasoning
Ischemic strokes
Restricted blood flow
Hemorrhagic strokes
Ruptured vessel
Small Vessel Disease
Associated with diabetes, high blood pressure
What are stents?
They are used to reinforce weakened walls of a vessel
To prevent stroke
Tissue Plasminogen Activator?
Useful for ischemic strokes, must be used early, fatal for hemorrhagic strokes
Thrombosis
Clot/blockage at place where blockage has formed
Embolism
Clot that has come from elsewhere and blocks an artery or arteriole.
Ateriosclerosis
Blockage of and loss of the arteries
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Temporary stroke like symptoms
Arteriovenous malformations
Abnormalities of structure of vessels. (Clumped together or depriving brain of blood supply)
Risk of aneurysms/rupture
Aneurysm
Vascular abnormality involving increased elasticity of a blood vessel. Weakness in vessel wall. Can be present without problems
Small Vessel Disease involves _____
Lesions of white matter. Caused by small infarcts.
Two ways aneurysms treated?
Clipping, coil embolization - SURGICALLY
