Exam 3 Flashcards
fringed sage
artemisia fridiga
artemisia tridentata
big sagebrush
What is similar to swainsonine?
Selenium poisoning
Selenium poisoning is_______ and seen in_______.
Rare and seen in horses
Which species get locoed vs. saged?
Horses, cows and sheep get locoed and horses get saged
What are the symptoms of locoed and saged?
Ataxia, hypermetria, abnormal rxn to menace stimulus
What is the recovery of locoed vs. saged?
Locoed= not usually 100% Saged takes 1-2 mo for full recovery
What are the 2 traditionally associated disorders with selenium toxicity?
Alkali disease and blind staggers
Where is ST found/distributed?
Alkaline soils – minimal rainfall, shale and glacial deposits
What are the chemical forms of selenium?
Selenite and selenide
Plant uptake of selenium is affected by..?
Total Se is not a good indicator. Soil pH, temp etc affected the rate plants accumulate Se and moisture and species of plant
Obligate accumulators require?
Selenium for growth and tissues store excess
Obligate accumulators have how much Se?
10 x whats in soil– 10,000 ppm in foliar tissue
What are some obligate anerobes?
Two-grooved milk vetch Rayless Goldenweed Woody Aster Prince’s plume
Describe facultative accumulators
Do not require Se for growth, uptake in high Se soils, 5-40 ppm
What are some facultative accumulators?
White prairie aster, gumweed, saltbrush, indian paintbrush, beard tongue and broom snakeweed
What is the mechanism of selenium poisoning?
Degeneration and necrosis of keratinocytes (Se replaces sulfur in hair, hooves, etc. and destabilizes)
What animals is selenium toxic in?
HORSES, cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry
Describe chronic selenosis
Forages +/- cereal crops grown in Se soils; 5-50 ppm
Describe the symptoms of Alkali disease
Symptoms include breakage of hair. Horses show lameness due to rapid, uneven growth of hooves, circular ridges, severe cracking, loosening of hoof wall. Cattle have defective growth of hooves. Sheep have decreased fertility (Keratin- related issues not common)
How do you diagnose alkali disease?
submit forage and water and serum and liver samples (western wheatgrass); 1-4 ppm in serum: chronic selenosis. Lasts 6-12 mo after removed from source; 8-2- ppm in hair/hoofwall
How do you treat alkali disease?
Remove from plant and feed high sulfur containing AA diet
Describe acute selenium toxicity symptoms
>50 ppm; sudden death from cardiac insufficiency, pulmonary edema; postmortem- congestion and edema, major lesions in lungs, liver and kidneys
Describe the blind staggers myth
Thought to be selenium ACTUALLY sulfate poisoning; symptoms include front leg weakness, staggering gait, eventual inability to stand (Two-grooved milk vetch)
Locoweed
Oxytropis spp
Two grooved milk vetch
astragalus bisculatus
fringed sage
artemisia frigida
big sagebrush
artemisia tridentata
rayless goldenweed
oonopsis engelmannii
woody aster
xylorrhiza glabriuscula
princes plume
stanleya pinnata
white prairie aster
aster falcatus
broom snakeweed
gutierrezia sarothrae
gumweed
grindelia spp
saltbrush
atriplex spp
indian paintbrush
castilleja spp
beardtongue
penstemon spp
Locoweed
(oxytropis spp)
two-grooved milkvetch
(astragalus bisculatus)
Fringed sage
(Artemisia frigida)
Big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata)
rayless goldenweed
(oonopsis engelmannii)
Woody aster
(xylorrhiza glabriuscula)
Prince’s plume
(stanleya pinnata)
White prairie aster
(aster falcatus)
broom snakeweed
(gutierrezia sarothrae)
Gumweed
(Grindelia spp)
Saltbrush
(Atriplex spp)
Indian paintbrush
(Castilleja spp)
Beardtongue
(Penstemon spp)
Sloths
Comes to the ground once a week to defecate
Allows leaves to digest for a long, time moves very slowly, naps constantly to save energy
Broad leaf trees appeared_______ years ago.
No mammal can digest _________ on its own. Those that eat plants use _____ to do so.
Broad leaf trees appeared 100 mil years ago
No mammal can digest cellulose on its own (those that eat plants use bacteria to do so)
Tapirs
Largest mammal in South America
Use dilution to avoid lethal doses of poisonous plants
Also eats clay that binds to poisons
Pika
Collects a variety of plants and dries them to reduce poison
South African Buffalo/Bush Buck/Elephant:
Lick salt in caves
Elephants use tusks to gouge out the salt
Plains of Africa
- Grass with tiny spines on leaves + silica in them
- Grazers tend to have continuously growing teeth to counteract the wear from silica
- Migrate to eat short grass plains when it is highest in phosphorus
- Acacia tree more threatening to grasses than grazing of animals
- Dik dik deer have evolved to eat them despite the spines
- Gerenuk also eat them by standing on their hind legs
- Girafes too
- Have indigestible seeds so when animals eat the pods, they transport the seeds
- Elephants knock them down to eat them
- Meals in elephants stomach stay there for ~3 days to allow woody plants to be digested
- Grazers gather together in large numbers to avoid predation
Why was the swainsonine case important?
- First case of swainsonine poisoning in Europe
Where was the case located and what was the subject?
-
Location
- Belgium
-
Subject
- 20 yr old male, retired jumping horse
- Swainsonine poisoning in horse
What are the symptoms of swainsonine poisoning?
-
Symptoms
- Highly reactive, ataxia, hypermetria, stiff gate, no urine
- Excitement, exaggerated fright reactions and trembling, mild cerebellar ataxia and renal tubular lesion
How do you treat swainsonine poisoning? How do you diagnose it?
-
Treatment
- Supportive, IV fluids w/ K, Dopamine for increased urine output, Diazopam to calm
-
Diagnosis
- Toxin found in serum sample- 2 daysà confirm on property
What is the mechanism of swainsonine poisoning?
- Mechanism
- Prevents cells from getting rid of waste.
- Stored in vacuoles and vacuoles get bigger and eventually there’s no room to perform any other function
- Prevents cells from getting rid of waste.
How does selenium work?
- Complex effects on cellular function
- Alters division and growth
