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Poisonous Plants > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

fringed sage

A

artemisia fridiga

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2
Q

artemisia tridentata

A

big sagebrush

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3
Q

What is similar to swainsonine?

A

Selenium poisoning

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4
Q

Selenium poisoning is_______ and seen in_______.

A

Rare and seen in horses

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5
Q

Which species get locoed vs. saged?

A

Horses, cows and sheep get locoed and horses get saged

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of locoed and saged?

A

Ataxia, hypermetria, abnormal rxn to menace stimulus

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7
Q

What is the recovery of locoed vs. saged?

A

Locoed= not usually 100% Saged takes 1-2 mo for full recovery

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8
Q

What are the 2 traditionally associated disorders with selenium toxicity?

A

Alkali disease and blind staggers

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9
Q

Where is ST found/distributed?

A

Alkaline soils – minimal rainfall, shale and glacial deposits

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10
Q

What are the chemical forms of selenium?

A

Selenite and selenide

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11
Q

Plant uptake of selenium is affected by..?

A

Total Se is not a good indicator. Soil pH, temp etc affected the rate plants accumulate Se and moisture and species of plant

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12
Q

Obligate accumulators require?

A

Selenium for growth and tissues store excess

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13
Q

Obligate accumulators have how much Se?

A

10 x whats in soil– 10,000 ppm in foliar tissue

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14
Q

What are some obligate anerobes?

A

Two-grooved milk vetch Rayless Goldenweed Woody Aster Prince’s plume

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15
Q

Describe facultative accumulators

A

Do not require Se for growth, uptake in high Se soils, 5-40 ppm

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16
Q

What are some facultative accumulators?

A

White prairie aster, gumweed, saltbrush, indian paintbrush, beard tongue and broom snakeweed

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of selenium poisoning?

A

Degeneration and necrosis of keratinocytes (Se replaces sulfur in hair, hooves, etc. and destabilizes)

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18
Q

What animals is selenium toxic in?

A

HORSES, cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry

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19
Q

Describe chronic selenosis

A

Forages +/- cereal crops grown in Se soils; 5-50 ppm

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20
Q

Describe the symptoms of Alkali disease

A

Symptoms include breakage of hair. Horses show lameness due to rapid, uneven growth of hooves, circular ridges, severe cracking, loosening of hoof wall. Cattle have defective growth of hooves. Sheep have decreased fertility (Keratin- related issues not common)

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21
Q

How do you diagnose alkali disease?

A

submit forage and water and serum and liver samples (western wheatgrass); 1-4 ppm in serum: chronic selenosis. Lasts 6-12 mo after removed from source; 8-2- ppm in hair/hoofwall

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22
Q

How do you treat alkali disease?

A

Remove from plant and feed high sulfur containing AA diet

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23
Q

Describe acute selenium toxicity symptoms

A

>50 ppm; sudden death from cardiac insufficiency, pulmonary edema; postmortem- congestion and edema, major lesions in lungs, liver and kidneys

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24
Q

Describe the blind staggers myth

A

Thought to be selenium ACTUALLY sulfate poisoning; symptoms include front leg weakness, staggering gait, eventual inability to stand (Two-grooved milk vetch)

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25
Q

Locoweed

A

Oxytropis spp

26
Q

Two grooved milk vetch

A

astragalus bisculatus

27
Q

fringed sage

A

artemisia frigida

28
Q

big sagebrush

A

artemisia tridentata

29
Q

rayless goldenweed

A

oonopsis engelmannii

30
Q

woody aster

A

xylorrhiza glabriuscula

31
Q

princes plume

A

stanleya pinnata

32
Q

white prairie aster

A

aster falcatus

33
Q

broom snakeweed

A

gutierrezia sarothrae

34
Q

gumweed

A

grindelia spp

35
Q

saltbrush

A

atriplex spp

36
Q

indian paintbrush

A

castilleja spp

37
Q

beardtongue

A

penstemon spp

38
Q
A

Locoweed

(oxytropis spp)

39
Q
A

two-grooved milkvetch

(astragalus bisculatus)

40
Q
A

Fringed sage

(Artemisia frigida)

41
Q
A

Big sagebrush

(Artemisia tridentata)

42
Q
A

rayless goldenweed

(oonopsis engelmannii)

43
Q
A

Woody aster

(xylorrhiza glabriuscula)

44
Q
A

Prince’s plume

(stanleya pinnata)

45
Q
A

White prairie aster

(aster falcatus)

46
Q
A

broom snakeweed

(gutierrezia sarothrae)

47
Q
A

Gumweed

(Grindelia spp)

48
Q
A

Saltbrush

(Atriplex spp)

49
Q
A

Indian paintbrush

(Castilleja spp)

50
Q
A

Beardtongue

(Penstemon spp)

51
Q

Sloths

A

Comes to the ground once a week to defecate

Allows leaves to digest for a long, time moves very slowly, naps constantly to save energy

52
Q

Broad leaf trees appeared_______ years ago.

No mammal can digest _________ on its own. Those that eat plants use _____ to do so.

A

Broad leaf trees appeared 100 mil years ago

No mammal can digest cellulose on its own (those that eat plants use bacteria to do so)

53
Q

Tapirs

A

Largest mammal in South America

Use dilution to avoid lethal doses of poisonous plants

Also eats clay that binds to poisons

54
Q

Pika

A

Collects a variety of plants and dries them to reduce poison

55
Q

South African Buffalo/Bush Buck/Elephant:

A

Lick salt in caves

Elephants use tusks to gouge out the salt

56
Q

Plains of Africa

A
  • Grass with tiny spines on leaves + silica in them
  • Grazers tend to have continuously growing teeth to counteract the wear from silica
  • Migrate to eat short grass plains when it is highest in phosphorus
  • Acacia tree more threatening to grasses than grazing of animals
    • Dik dik deer have evolved to eat them despite the spines
    • Gerenuk also eat them by standing on their hind legs
    • Girafes too
    • Have indigestible seeds so when animals eat the pods, they transport the seeds
    • Elephants knock them down to eat them
      • Meals in elephants stomach stay there for ~3 days to allow woody plants to be digested
  • Grazers gather together in large numbers to avoid predation
57
Q

Why was the swainsonine case important?

A
  • First case of swainsonine poisoning in Europe
58
Q

Where was the case located and what was the subject?

A
  • Location
    • Belgium
  • Subject
    • 20 yr old male, retired jumping horse
    • Swainsonine poisoning in horse
59
Q

What are the symptoms of swainsonine poisoning?

A
  • Symptoms
    • Highly reactive, ataxia, hypermetria, stiff gate, no urine
    • Excitement, exaggerated fright reactions and trembling, mild cerebellar ataxia and renal tubular lesion
60
Q

How do you treat swainsonine poisoning? How do you diagnose it?

A
  • Treatment
    • Supportive, IV fluids w/ K, Dopamine for increased urine output, Diazopam to calm
  • Diagnosis
    • Toxin found in serum sample- 2 daysà confirm on property
61
Q

What is the mechanism of swainsonine poisoning?

A
  • Mechanism
    • Prevents cells from getting rid of waste.
      • Stored in vacuoles and vacuoles get bigger and eventually there’s no room to perform any other function
62
Q

How does selenium work?

A
  • Complex effects on cellular function
    • Alters division and growth

Poisonous Plants (8 decks)

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