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Biology 111 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

most important macromolecule for the continuity of life;

carry genetic material and instructions for functions

A

nucleic acid

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2
Q

synthesis of mRNA–>movement of mRNA into the cytoplasm–>synthesis of protein

A

gene expression

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3
Q

The DNA molecules never leave the nucleus but instead use this intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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4
Q

components of nucleotides

A

a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group

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5
Q

adenine and guanine

A

purines

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6
Q

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

A

pyrimidines

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7
Q

The relationship between proteins and genes

A

protein’s primary structure is determined by genes

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8
Q

Characteristics of DNA

A

double-stranded, adenine,thymine, guanine, cytosine, deoxyribose sugar, genetic info

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9
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A

single-stranded, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

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10
Q

Characteristics of DNA being double-stranded

A

two strands run antiparallel to each other; complementary to each other and form the structure of DNA; each stores the info necessary to reconstruct the other

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11
Q

Applications of DNA in everyday life

A

genetic testing, GMO, used to determine evolutionarily relationships

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12
Q

Experiment done to determine that DNA is genetic material:

A
  • used streptococcus pneumonia
  • infected mice with living S cells (pathogenic, killed the mice)
  • infected mice with living R cells (nonpathogenic, did not kill the mice)
  • Infected mice with heat killed s cells (did not kill the mice)
  • Infected mice with mixture of heat killed S cells and living R cells (killed the mice)
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13
Q

Bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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14
Q

Bacteriophage Experiment:

A
  • radioactive protein and DNA were tested to see if protein or DNA was caused the bacteria to be infected
  • radioactive protein was not found inside the cell
  • radioactive DNA was found to be inside the cell
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15
Q

Helicase

A

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the parents strands

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16
Q

Single-Stranded Binding Protein

A

Bind to unpaired DNA strands, prevent them from re-pairing

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17
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzymes that help relieve the strain of twisting DNA

18
Q

Primase

A

synthesize RNA primers, which start the new strand

19
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

enzymes that synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of pre-existing chain, MAIN DNA POLYMERASE

20
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

enzymes that synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a pre-existing chain, fills in DNA where RNA primers were

21
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments together

22
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors

23
Q

Damage Repair

A

DNA is repaired outside of replication

24
Q

Telomerase

A

enzyme that lengthens telomeres

25
Q

Histones

A

small proteins that contain a lot of positively charged amino acids that bind to the negatively charged DNA

26
Q

Heterochromatin

A

highly condensed chromatin during interphase

27
Q

Euchromatin

A

loosely compacted chromatin that is accessible to transcription machinery

28
Q

Genetic Code

A
  • 4 nucleotides –> need to encode 20 amino acids
  • 3 nucleotides encode 1 amino acid = CODON
  • our bodies can read DNA sequences from other organisms
29
Q

RNA Splicing

A

modification of RNA after transcription

30
Q

Non-coding regions; intervening (get spliced out);

A

introns

31
Q

coding regions; expressing so they are left it

A

exons

32
Q

Point Mutation

A

replacing one nucleotide

33
Q

Insertions

A

inserting a nucleotide or nucleotides

34
Q

Deletions

A

deleting a nucleotide or nucleotides

35
Q

Nucleotide pair substitutions

A

replacement of one nucleotide pair and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

36
Q

Gene Expression

A

which genes are turned on and off

37
Q

Gene expression does not occur when

A

chromatin is tightly packed

38
Q

Gene expression does occur when

A

chromatin is loosely packed

39
Q

Promoters

A

The region directly in front of the start (ATG) of a gene that regulates its expression

40
Q

Enhancers

A

The region not directly in front of the start of a gene that regulates its expression

41
Q

p53

A

this protein is a transcription factor (mutated in 50% cancer)

Biology 111 (3 decks)

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